我國自鴉片戰爭以後，國勢一落千丈。中外學者在論及經濟發展遲緩原因時，大都認 為「文化障礙」及「政府的因循不振」實為兩大主因。行政學者如高斯（John Gaus ）、雷格斯（Fred Riggs）及邁爾（R.S.Milne ）等人皆強調二者交光互影的影響。例如，邁爾認為開發中國家有效行政的主要障礙 是文化。」然筆者認為所謂「過去」、「現在」、「未來」不過是時間上的轉瞬，一 種分類方式而已，事實上是無法分割的。何況文化傳統是個複雜的整體，是阻力抑助 力，操之在「人」。如學者所言，開發中國家行政體系若非社會的全部，亦佔了大部 分。因此行政體系除受到文化的影響外，亦因肩負塑造文化環境及實體環境的責任。 誠如大學所云：「湯之盤銘曰：『苟日新，又日新』。康誥：『作新民。』詩曰：『 周雖舊邦，其命維新。』是故，如何在舊有的基礎上，因應環境變化，從事新的變革 ，此即筆者探討「行政適 」 。本文分為五章，各章節要點如下： 第一章「緒論」：敘述經濟發展、行政改革、行政發展、發展行政及行政適應等相關 概念。並說明研究動機、研究範圍、架構、方法及其限制。 第二章：探討「影響經濟發展的因素」。分別敘述傳統文化及實體環境的變遷，對我 國行政適應的影響。 第三章：探討「經濟行政體系結構的適應」，分為決策機關設計機關及執行機關三個 方面探述，藉以瞭解行政體系寺經濟發展在結構上所作的適應情況。 第四章：探討「經濟行政體系功能的適應」，分為指導性功能、輔助性功能以及管制 功能三部分探述，藉以瞭解行政體系對經濟發展在功能上所作的適應情況。 第五章：「結論」。論述未來經濟發展的行政適應問題與展望，並試擬一行政適應模 型，藉供參考。

Att Försvarsmakten och våra soldater i alla händelser har ammunition till sina vapen kan tyckas vara en självklarhet. Men att skapa de mest optimala och kostnadseffektiva förutsättningarna för att trygga försörjningen av all denna ammunition är en utmaning. Addera därtill att försörjningslösningen ska fungera i både fred, kris och i krig. Den viktigaste slutsatsen är att Försvarsmakten saknar en adekvat försörjningstrygghet inom finkalibrig ammunitionsförsörjning. Den nuvarande försörjningslösningen har enligt författarna inte en sammansatt helhet, som bygger på en genomtänkt och riskanalyserad design, som kan säkerställa tillgången av ammunition i fred, kris och i krig. Författarna har valt att kvalitativt utreda om Försvarsmaktens nuvarande försörjningslösning för finkalibrig ammunition är robust och motståndskraftig. Med en induktiv ansats har författarna genomfört djupintervjuer med respondenter inom både Försvarsmakten, Försvarets materielverk och Försvarsberedningen. Resultaten analyseras därefter deduktivt mot en referensram bestående av forskning inom riskhantering i försörjningskedjan, single- och dubbelloopslärande och tvärfunktionellt arbetssätt. Resultatet av den empiriska analysen är genomgående samstämmigt och tydligt. Det finns övergripande strategier och verktyg för att skapa goda förutsättningar, men det finns ingen genomtänkt och riskanpassad design och helhetslösning för hur hela försörjningslösningen ska fungera i fred, kris och i krig. Författarna ger avslutningsvis ett antal rekommendationer till Försvarsmakten, vilka baseras på arbetets analys och slutsatser.

The aim of this essay was to examine what problems, causes and solutions three Swedish governments identified concerning three decisions of cooperation with NATO, and to understand these decisions with constructivism and hard and soft power as theoretical perspectives. The first was the decision to join Partnership for Peace in 1994. The second decision was to join the Euro-Atlantic Partnership Council in 1997. The third decision was to join a host nation support with NATO in 2016. The analysis showed that problems regarding PfP was an unpredictable security situation, caused by the fall of the Soviet Union. This gave rise to new conflicts, e.g. the conflict in Yugoslavia. Russia was identified as a problem also regarding the EAPC, caused by a Russian superpower identity. Problems identified before joining the HNS was that Russia was aggressive and annexed the Ukrainian peninsula Crimea in 2014. This was caused by the Russian leadership prioritizing the defence sector. The identified problems and causes can be understood with the theory of hard power, since the Russian hard power resources are wielded both within and outside of Russia. Constructivism is useful to understand what solutions the governments proposed, since they often express an ambition to build a common identity, while keeping the Swedish identity as non-aligned. Also, soft power resources made the alliance more attractive for the Swedish governments.

In Fred Chappell’s Kirkman tetralogy, narrator Jess Kirkman synthesizes a multiplicity of perspectives for understanding the nature of truth. Blurring the distinction between art and life, Jess's narrative structure mirrors the imaginative reconstruction of experience; the novels are largely non-chronological emotive interactions with and reflections of his most salient memories and imaginings. Synthesizing an impressive cacophony of voices, Jess's stories both describe and apply the wisdom and tales Jess acquires from and with his family members. Each story informs the prior and the next, and the rhizomatic interaction between language, narrative, and reader explores Jess's numerous identities and understandings as narratives venture through space, time, and imagination.

This paper aims to describe and elaborate on a recent discursive change within the new-age movement. Since the seventies and the publishing of speculative popular science books like The Tao of Physics by Fritjof Capra and The self-aware Universe by Amit Goswami, the idea that quantum physics resonates with spirituality has become the topic of hundreds of books and movies. The quantum-spiritual discourse has three distinct ways to approach quantum physics in its discussion on spirituality: The parallelistic approach which emphasizes the similarities between eastern philosophies and modern physics, the monistic-idealistic approach which tells us that mind is the foundation of matter and the scientific spiritual approach which tries to explain spiritual claims scientifically. In the quantum-spiritual discourse, quantum physical phenomena (e.g. non-locality and entanglement) are being called upon to validate metaphysical statements. The primary assumption of the discourse is that the shift of paradigm due to the establishment of modern physics also is a shift of paradigm of spirituality. With the object to examine the common claims made in the discourse, cross-references between spiritual arguments and facts of quantum physics are being made. A discussion is held about the probable influence of the historical context, with particular focus on the monistic evolvement during the late nineteenth century.

Art.39 är grindvakten som inleder kapitel VII i FN-stadgan och tröskeln vid vilken säkerhetsrådet går från att vara ett multilateralt organ till ett globalt verkställande organ. Konceptet ”threat to the peace” är det bredaste, otydligaste och viktigaste begreppet i art.39 FN-stadgan. Genom att framställa de centrala förutsättningarna för tillämpningen av art. 40-42, öppnar art. 39 för de mest kraftfulla insatser som FN kan frambringa. I det fall säkerhetsrådet fastställer förefintligheten av ett hot mot freden ”any threat to the peace”, ”breach of the peace” eller ”act of aggression” är det säkerhetsrådets uppgift att rekommendera eller vidta åtgärder för att upprätthålla eller återställa internationell fred och säkerhet. Art.39 är portalparagrafen som auktoriserar tillämpningen av våld och tvångsmedel enligt kapitel VII i FN-stadgan och således fungerar fastställandet enligt art.39 som en formell förutsättning för utövandet av kapitel VII befogenheter. Följaktligen har art.39 titulerats den enskilt mest betydelsefulla artikeln i FN-stadgan. Betydelsen till trots finns det inte överdrivet mycket material som utreder hur art.39 tolkas och tillämpas. Frågan om vilka situationer som utgör ett hot mot freden lyser med sin frånvaro och är långtifrån glasklar och oproblematisk.

This study explores the notion of female cultural difference in the context of dominant patriarchal and other oppressive patriarchal structures. Essentially, its focus is on deconstructing stereotypical images of women, who are often perceived as homogenous. Throughout the study I argue that as much as their sensibilities are varied, African and African American women respond differently to the oppressive conditions they find themselves in. The following selected texts provided the opportunities for exploring and evaluating the genealogy of female cultural difference that is central to my research: Anthills of the Savannah (Chinua Achebe); Scarlet Song (Mariama Ba); The Joys of Motherhood and Kehinde (BuchiEmecheta); Their Eyes Were Watching God (Nora Zeale Hurston); Bitches Brew and Seven Steps to Heaven (Fred Khumalo). In the process of analyzing these texts, I demonstrated that the notion of cultural difference is often narrowly and erroneously construed. I discovered that the protagonists in these texts are not only conscious of their oppressed condition but often adopt strategic agency to contest male privileges that silence them. In pursuit of this critical perspective, I have proceeded to apply relevant theoretical frameworks constructed by Cornel West, Hudson-Weems, Bakhtin and a conflation of others whose philosophical tenets support the major theoretical frameworks. The aforementioned literary critics have enabled me to come up with a more comprehensive and richer analysis of the set texts. In my analysis I have advanced the argument that female visibility manifests itself variously and temporally through individual and sometimes sisterly attempts at empowerment, self- definition and esoteric discursive features. I noted that all this is evidence of the nascent creative potential in African women who refuse to be silenced. In my analysis of the Seven texts I have incorporated, modified and developed some of the insights from critical thinkers who engage in the ongoing debate about female cultural difference. This approach has enabled me to come up with new insights that ferret out veneers of African women’s rich cultural diversity, in light of the ever changing nature of women’s operational spaces. It is this transcendental vision that basically informs and resonates with my study. / English Studies / D. Litt. et Phil. (English)

Submitted by Gilvan Almeida (gilvan.almeida@icict.fiocruz.br) on 2016-09-26T14:06:07Z No. of bitstreams: 2 license.txt: 1748 bytes, checksum: 8a4605be74aa9ea9d79846c1fba20a33 (MD5) 154.pdf: 3093937 bytes, checksum: 918716b589d18e1e0f0abe0dcbcc0d98 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Barata Manoel (msbarata@coc.fiocruz.br) on 2016-10-14T13:05:33Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 2 license.txt: 1748 bytes, checksum: 8a4605be74aa9ea9d79846c1fba20a33 (MD5) 154.pdf: 3093937 bytes, checksum: 918716b589d18e1e0f0abe0dcbcc0d98 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2016-10-14T13:05:33Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2 license.txt: 1748 bytes, checksum: 8a4605be74aa9ea9d79846c1fba20a33 (MD5) 154.pdf: 3093937 bytes, checksum: 918716b589d18e1e0f0abe0dcbcc0d98 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2013 / Fundação Oswaldo Cruz. Casa de Oswaldo Cruz. Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brasil. / Esta tese tem como objeto a Campanha Continental para a Erradicação do Aedes Aegypti, lançada pela Organização Sanitária Pan-Americana (OSP), em 1947. As suas origens, contudo, remontam à Campanha Mundial de Erradicação da Febre Amarela, idealizada em 1914 por Wycliffe Rose,o primeiro Diretor da Comissão de Saúde Internacional (CSI) da Fundação Rockefeller (FR), e iniciada oficialmente em 1918, após o término da Primeira Guerra Mundial (19414-1918). A Campanha se desenvolveu entre as décadas de 1910 e 1930, nas América e na África tendo sido marcada por uma série de inflexões até ser reformulada nos anos da Segunda Guerra Mundial (1939-1945) e relançada, em 1947, sob os auspícios da OSP, na época dirigida por Fred Soper, um ex-funcionário da Fundação Rockefeller com uma longa trajetória de atuação na América do Sul, no combate à doenças como ancilostomíase, malária e febre amarela. Desta data até o final dos anos 1960, a meta de erradicar o vetor da febre amarela das Américas foi perseguida, com maior ou menor intensidade, por praticamente todas as Repúblicas americanas. O objetivo é analisar as origens, desenvolvimento histórico,impactos e controvérsias suscitadas por este que foi o primeiro e mais duradouro programa internacional de erradicação de uma doença já implantado. A hipótese é que a Campanha Mundial de Erradicação da Febre Amarela da FR fortaleceu a cooperação interamericana em saúde, estreitando as relações entre as Repúblicas americanas entre as décadas de 1920 e 1940, processo que resultaria na Campanha para erradicação do Aedes aegypti que constitui-se em uma nova fase da campanha da FR, só que em um outro contexto internacional. Assim, através da análise da Campanha, com seus avanços, retrocessos e inflexões,em diferentes contextos políticos e sanitários, se discute a crescente cooperação internacional em saúde que vai se estabelecendo nas Américas ao longo do seu desenvolvimento. / This Ph.D. dissertation focuses on the Continental Campaign for the Eradication of Aedes aegypti, launched by the Pan American Health Organization (PAHO) in 1947. Its origins, however, date back to the Worldwide Campaign for the Eradication of Yellow Fever - conceived in 1914 by Wycliffe Rose, the first Director of the International Health Board (IHB) of the Rockefeller Foundation (RF) - and officially launched in 1918, after the end of World War I (1914-1918). The Campaign was developed between the 1910s and 1930s, in the Americas and Africa, and was marked by a series of inflections until its reformulation during World War II (1939- 1945) and was relaunched in 1947, under the auspices of PAHO, at that time directed by Fred L. Soper (1947-1959), a former official of the Rockefeller Foundation, with a long career in South America, where he fought diseases like hookworm, malaria and yellow fever. From this moment until the late 1960s, the goal of eradicating the vector of yellow fever of the Americas was pursued, with greater or lesser intensity, by practically all the American Republics. My aim is to analyze the origins, the historical development, and both the impacts and the controversies raised by this Campaign, which was the first and most lasting international eradication program already implemented. My hypothesis is that the Rockefeller’s Worldwide Campaign for the Eradication of Yellow Fever strengthened inter-American cooperation in health, narrowing the relationship between the American Republics between 1920 and 1940, a process which resulted, in the aftermath of World War II, in the Continental Campaign for the Eradication of Aedes aegypti which, as I tried to demonstrate, constituted a new phase of the RFcampaign, but in a new international context. Therefore, through the analysis of the Campaign, with its advances, setbacks and inflections, in different political and health contexts, I intend to discuss the growing international cooperation in health which was eventually settling in the Americas throughout its development.

This study has the ambition to examine and compare Angolas failed peace process with Bosnia-Herzegovina’s successful peace process through Kumar Rupesinghes theory in conflict transformation. By comparing the two peace processes through Rupesinghes theory we can get an answer why Angola’s peace failed while Bosnia-Herzegovina’s lasted.   This study has two purposes.   Based on a comparison of Angolas and Bosnia-Herzegovina’s peace processes, how well is it possible to explain the outcome of the two countries peace process?   How useful is Rupesinghes theory?   The study showed that Bosnia-Herzegovina employed factors from Rupesinghes theory, in a much higher sense than Angola. They were especially more successful in employing the economic factors from Rupesinghes theory. This therefore can be a reason why Angola’s peace failed while Bosnia’s lasted. In testing the theory’s usefulness the study showed that the theory is useful in many factors and can be used to give a qualified answer to why a peace lasts or fails. But the theory also has its flaws, some of the steps in the theory need a better explanation and some of the steps are more important depending on which country the theory is applied upon.     Key words: Angola, Bosnia-Herzegovina, Kumar Rupesinghe, conflict transformation, civil-war, peace, peace processes, Bicesse, Dayton

The question if climate change affects the international migration flow from Bangladesh to Sweden has been investigated. Through the usage of the conceptual framework of Black et al (2011), the theory of migration system theory, and the concept of network migration have been presented in an abductive qualitative case study. Semi-structured interviews have been used upon a sample of ten volunteer participants and an in-depth literature review has been done to build credibility towards the findings of this thesis. The data collected provides evidence that there is an indication of climate change affecting the international migration flow, however, due to the scope of this research, there cannot be a clear answer and further research is needed.