The purpose of the essay has been to analyze if the Swedish Army ground forces, can be looked upon as a learning organization as the doctrines declare. This in the perspective that a working, collective Lessons Learned-process does not exist in the Swedish Army with the possible long term effects of diminishing its war-fighting capabilities. The method is a qualitative text analysis of the recently published report from the Swedish Army Land Warfare Center. The report focuses on tactical experiences from the Swedish ground forces perspective through the years 2009-2012, in the over a decade long Afghanistan-operation. The result indicates that the specified organization, the Army and its ground forces, can be seen as a learning organization but with great flaws. The flaws can be seen in all chosen theoretical disciplines, but are the most palpable in the most important one - the system thinking - which is essential for long term learning. But the analysis also gives some good news. The discipline that embraces the most indications of learning is the personal mastery. The inner strength, will and skill sets of the personnel are striking. The analysis points out that a deep learning exists, specifically on individual and lower levels, but is hindered by the system. Hence, the organization is filled with tacit knowledge. The conclusion is that the war-fighting capabilities might actually have been strengthened, but mainly on individual and low level but not as the organization should have. It lacks a working system for it.

FundaÃÃo Cearense de Apoio ao Desenvolvimento Cientifico e TecnolÃgico / Territorial fights between males are frequently observed among insects. However, despite the existence of theoretical models directed at explaining the possible rules adopted to decide the winner, there is little empirical support for these models. The low empirical support may be explained by difficulties in identifying traits that determine the male fighting capacity (RHP- or Resource Holding Potential) and also by the lack of simultaneous tests of different models. In this study we evaluated males traits that may determine RHP in the dragonfly Diastatops obscura. Also, we evaluated the relationship between such characteristics and duration of disputes between pairs of males to test predictions derived from the models War of Attrition (GDA), Sequential Access Information (ASI) and Cumulative Access Information (ACI). Male weight was the main feature related to the winning chances. The dispute duration decreases with increasing weight and presented the opposite pattern for the loser male, rejecting the GDA as the decision rule adopted by males to settle territorial interactions. In addition the duration of the dispute was not related to the loser male weight when we considered only pairs of rivals who presented similar weight differences. This indicates that the rivals make mutual assessment of RHP, as assumed by the model ASI. Since wings are highly melanized, we suggest that males may perform rival assessments of RHP based on wings traits, as occur in odonate species. / Apesar das brigas entre os machos serem frequentes e de existirem modelos teÃricos que postulam possÃveis regras usadas para decisÃo do vencedor, pouco suporte empÃrico direcionado ao entendimento das brigas tem sido encontrado. Provavelmente esse fato ocorre devido à dificuldade em identificar quais caracterÃsticas determinam a capacidade de luta (RHP - Resource Holding Potential) dos indivÃduos e na escassez de testes simultÃneos de diferentes modelos. Neste trabalho, usamos machos da libÃlula Diastatops obscura para identificar caracterÃsticas determinantes do RHP. Posteriormente usamos informaÃÃes sobre a relaÃÃo entre tais caracterÃsticas e a duraÃÃo das disputas entre pares de machos para testar previsÃes derivadas dos modelos Guerra de Atritos (GDA), Acesso Sequencial de InformaÃÃo (ASI) e Acesso Cumulativo de InformaÃÃo (ACI). O peso representou a principal caracterÃstica determinante da chance de vitÃria em uma disputa. A duraÃÃo da disputa diminuiu com o aumento do peso do vencedor e aumentou com o aumento de peso do perdedor, refutando o modelo GDA como explicaÃÃo das regras de resoluÃÃo das brigas. Adicionalmente a duraÃÃo da disputa nÃo esteve relacionada com o peso do macho perdedor quando consideramos apenas pares de rivais que apresentaram diferenÃas semelhantes de peso. Isso indica que os rivais fazem avaliaÃÃo mÃtua do RHP, como presumido pelo modelo ASI. Uma vez que as asas sÃo fortemente melanizadas, sugerimos que eles podem realizar avaliaÃÃes da capacidade de luta ao obter informaÃÃes sobre a coloraÃÃo das asas, como ocorre em outras espÃcies de libÃlulas.

O objetivo do trabalho é compreender como os Estados e os órgãos de segurança articulam-se no combate do crime organizado transnacional. As hipóteses foram analisadas em três perspectivas: 1.) identificação das mudanças ocorridas no crime organizado que levaram à superação do conceito tradicional de organização hierárquica para a sua nova articulação através das redes difusas de atuação econômica, com a abertura de espaço para a atuação de novos atores; 2.) definição da influência da transnacionalização do crime na mudança da percepção dos Estados em relação à segurança, transpondo o debate da perspectiva política para a perspectiva da segurança humana, identificado no processo de securitização proposto pela Escola de Copenhague, através das medidas adotadas no plano interno, regional e internacional; e 3.) observação da influência que os valores compartilhados exercem nos órgãos destinados à manutenção da segurança, possibilitando a criação das comunidades de cooperação policial internacional. Conclui pela necessidade de alterar os paradigmas de análise do crime organizado, traçando novas perspectivas sob o enfoque do processo de securitização, da segurança humana, da cooperação e do consenso, com destaque ao papel exercido pela Interpol e a Europol. / The objective of this work is to understand how the states and the public safety security articulate fight against transnational organized crime. The hypotheses were tested in three perspectives: 1.) Identification of changes in organized crime that led to overcome the traditional concept of hierarchical organization and its new articulation through the diffuse economical networks activity, with the opening of space for the performance of new actors, 2.) Define the crime transnationalization influence in the State changing perception in relation to security, transposing the discussion of political perspective to the perspective of human security, identified in the securitization process, developed by the School of Copenhagen through, and the measures adopted in the internal, regional and international level, and 3.) Observe the influence of shared values on the organs responsible for security maintaining, enabling the creation of international police cooperation. Concluded by the need to change the paradigms of analysis on organized crime, setting out new perspectives in focus of the securitization process, human security, cooperation and consensus, highlighting the role played by Interpol and Europol

Criado pelo Banco Mundial, no bojo das políticas neoliberais de ajuste estrutural, e adotado pelo Estado brasileiro na década de 1990, o modelo de reforma agrária de mercado representa uma tentativa de contensão das tensões sociais no campo por meio da desmobilização dos movimentos sociais de luta pela terra. No entanto, os desdobramentos nocivos dessas ações políticas vão além. A implementação desse modelo, dito de reforma agrária, representa ainda: a expansão do capital financeiro no campo; o aquecimento do mercado de terras e da especulação; inaugura uma nova modalidade de recriação do campesinato, protagonizada pelo mercado; e cria um conflito entre a lógica capitalista de propriedade privada da terra e a concepção de terra de trabalho, na visão camponesa. A presente pesquisa visa analisar a inserção do modelo de reforma agrária de mercado nos municípios de Londrina e Tamarana, localizados na região Norte do estado do Paraná, por meio da análise da produção do espaço agrário dos referidos municípios que favoreceu a penetração do modelo; da avaliação das políticas de desenvolvimento rural propostas pelo Banco Mundial e adotadas pelo Estado brasileiro; e, por meio da análise de elementos, como: sujeição da renda camponesa da terra ao capital, reprodução social e material das famílias assentadas e conflitos existentes no interior das diferentes formas de sociabilidade dos camponeses, verificamos a inviabilidade dos assentamentos rurais criados a partir dos programas de reforma agrária de mercado, pautados na ótica neoliberal de desenvolvimento rural do Banco Mundial. / Created by the World Bank, in the midst of the neoliberal policies of structural adjustment, and adopted by the Brazilian state in the 1990s, the model of market agrarian reform represents an attempt at containment of social tensions in rural areas through the demobilization of social movements fighting the land. However, the harmful consequences of these actions go beyond policies. The implementation of this model, called the \"land reform\", is still: the expansion of financial capital in the field, the \"warming\" of the land market and speculation, inaugurates a new mode of recreation of the peasantry, led by the market and creates a conflict between the logic of capitalist private ownership of land and the design of earth work, vision peasant. This research aims to analyze the inclusion of the model of agrarian market reform in the municipalities of Londrina and Tamarana, located in northern Paraná state, through the analysis of agricultural production space of those counties that favored the penetration of the model; of evaluation of rural development policies proposed by the World Bank and adopted by the Brazilian State, and, through the analysis of elements, such as subjecting the income of peasant land to capital, material and social reproduction of families settled and conflicts within the various forms of sociability of the peasants, we see the inevitability of rural settlements created from the agrarian reform programs in the market, lined the neoliberal perspective on rural development under the World Bank.

Det är viktigt med ett effektivt samarbete och en välfungerande kommunikation i dynamiska miljöer, till exempel vid släckningsarbetet av en brand. Bristande kommunikation i en sådan miljö skulle kunna få förödande konsekvenser. Denna uppsats bygger på material från studien ”Bridging Cultural Barriers to Collaborative Decision Making in On-Site Operations Coordination Centers”, där 32 svenskar samarbetade i olika lagkonstellationer med att släcka simulerade eldar i mikrovärlden C3Fire. Kommunikationsteorier visar på att personer samtalar med varandra efter en viss struktur; deras yttranden tenderar att komma i par, så kallade närhetspar. Denna studie syftade till att undersöka närhetspar i beställningssekvenser, i form av en beställning av vatten och/eller bränsle följd av en bekräftelse. Till sin hjälp hade försöksdeltagarna en datorskärm med en karta samt tillgång till ett e-postverktyg för att kommunicera inom laget. Varje person genomgick åtta spelomgångar, vilket resulterade i totalt 64 spelomgångar. De lag som lyckades släcka elden antogs ha större andel närhetspar i beställningssekvenserna, vilket innebar att de skulle bekräfta varandras beställningar mer kontinuerligt än de lag som inte lyckades släcka elden. För studiet av närhetsparen kategoriserades e-postmeddelandena från samtliga spelomgångar, för att se hur strukturen i kommunikationen såg ut. Resultatet visade på att något annat måste ha påverkat de medverkandes prestation, eftersom det inte fanns någon påtaglig skillnad i andelen närhetspar i beställningssekvenserna mellan de olika lagen. Det uppmärksammades att de inte bekräftade varandras beställningar endast genom e-postmeddelanden utan även genom direkta manipulationer. Anledningen till detta antas vara att alla lagmedlemmar blev presenterade samma information på sina datorskärmar, vilket frambringade en mer implicit kommunikation. / Efficient communication and cooperation is important in dynamic environments, for instance in fire-fighting teamwork. A lack of communication in this environment could cause devastating consequences. This Master’s thesis is based on material from ”Bridging Cultural Barriers to Collaborative Decision Making in On-Site Operations Coordination Centers”, a study where 32 Swedes collaborated in teams conducting fire-fighting exercises in the micro-world C3Fire. Communication theories propose that people talk with each other after a certain structure; their utterances tend to come in pairs, so-called adjacency pairs. The purpose of this study was to examine adjacency pairs in request sequences, in form of a request for water and/or fuel followed by a confirmation. The participants had access to a computer screen with a map together with an e-mail tool, to communicate within the team. Every person participated in eight rounds of the game, which resulted in 64 rounds of the game altogether. The teams who managed to extinguish the fire were assumed to have a larger amount of adjacency pairs in their request sequences than the teams who did not extinguish the fire. For the study of the adjacency pairs, the e-mails were categorized, to see what the structure of the communication looked like. The result showed that some other factor must have influenced the participants’ performance, since there was no obvious difference in the amount of the adjacency pairs in the request sequence between the teams. It was observed that the team members did not confirm each other’s requests just by sending e-mail, but also by direct manipulations. The reason for this is assumed to be that every member of the team was shown the same information on his computer screen, which gave rise to a more implicit communication.

This study has been performed to give light to numerous observations from earlier studies in how characters are represented in video games. Through examination of 884 characters from 60 games and comparing them to each other depending if the game was violent or not, was a fighting game or not and how popular the game was this study was looking to find several answers regarding how the game industry works and how characters are being represented depending on these factors. This study found that the gender distribution has partially levelled out since former studies (Williams, et al., 2009; Downs och Smith, 2010) and that the hypersexualized  representation has decreased for female characters but increased for male characters for some hypersexual variables. Violent and fighting games hade larger male distribution of male characters, but only fighting games had more hypersexualized characters than its counterpart. Analyses regarding how popular the games was in comparison to each other gave no concrete results. / Denna studie har utförts för att ge ljus till flertalet observationer från tidigare studier om hur karaktärer representeras i digitala spel. Genom att undersöka 884 karaktärer från 60 spel och jämföra dem mot varandra beroende på om spelen var våldsamma eller ej, om spelet var ett slagsmålsspel eller ej och hur populärt spelet var söktes det flera svar om spelbranschen och hur karaktärer representeras beroende på dessa faktorer. Studien fann att könsfördelningen hade utjämnats delvis sedan tidigare studier (Williams, m fl., 2009; Downs och Smith, 2010) och att hypersexualiserad representation hade sjunkit för kvinnliga karaktärer men höjts för manliga karaktärer för vissa hypersexualiserade bedömningar. Våldsamma och slagsmålsspel hade större andelar män, men endast slagsmålsspel hade fler hypersexualiserade karaktärer än sin motpart. Analyser som berodde på hur populära spelen var i jämförelse med varandra visade inget konkret.

The diploma thesis is focused on surfactants as compounds of fire fighting foams. Fire fighting foams have several characteristics including foaming, aquatic toxicity and biodegradability, which cause the environmental impact. This diploma thesis deals with the contamination of the soil by the large amount of the extinguishing water. The experimental part of the diploma thesis describes the determination of surfactants by the mobile analysis and the measurement of the methylene blue index.

The operational vehicle cabin design on the basis of T815-7 Tatra chassis shows possible way how the modern special category vehicle could look like. The design proposal corresponds with current factory production and at the same time brings new individual and unique look. The airport fire fighting special was worked up to be the most universal. The vehicle should fulfil the whole spectrum of the requirements which will be put on it. This diploma thesis solves the design as a complex. Therefore, the whole body was designed to show all the constraints and sequences.

The four activities exploring, gathering, building and fighting are common across many genres of video games. Although these activities can come in many different forms such as fighting alone or in groups, against humans, beasts or fictional monsters, gathering sticks and stones to build a shelter or gathering cards to build the perfect deck, most games include at least one of these activities and some genres such as survival games include most of them. A test video game is used to allow participants to experience each activity and report discrete emotions felt during the activity. The purpose of this experiment is to find a link between each activity and a particular discrete emotion. Against our prediction, results indicate that rather than each activity being connected to a single discrete emotion, each activity leans towards either multiple positive emotions or multiple negative emotions. / De fyra aktiviteterna utforska, samla, bygga samt strida förekommer i många genrer av spel. Även om dessa aktiviteter kan visa sig i många olika former, såsom t.ex. att strida ensam eller i grupper, emot människor, djur eller fiktionella monster, samla på sig pinnar och sten för att bygga ett skydd, eller samla på sig kort för att bygga den perfekta kortleken, innehåller de flesta spel åtminstone en av dessa aktiviteter. Vissa genrer såsom överlevnadsspel innehåller de flesta av dem. Ett test spel används för att tillåta deltagare att uppleva varje aktivitet och sedan rapportera diskreta känslor de känt under aktiviteten. Syftet med detta experiment är att hitta en länk mellan varje aktivitet och en viss diskret känsla. Förvånansvärt nog indikerar inte resultaten att inte att varje aktivitet är kopplad till en viss diskret känsla, men snarare att varje aktivitet lutar mot antingen ett flertal positiva känslor eller ett flertal negativa känslor.

Regeringsuppdraget Tillsammans mot brott har ökat prioriteringen av och intresset i myndighetssamverkan. Detta utgör bakgrunden till Operation Klöver där åtta olika aktörer var involverade; Polismyndigheten, Tullverket, Kronofogden, Arbetsmiljöverket, Miljöförvaltningen, Skatteverket, Räddningstjänsten Nordväst samt Försäkringskassan. Men risken med samverkan är att sådana arbetsformer initieras som ett rent egenvärde och utan att ta hänsyn till de nödvändiga förutsättningarna för att samverkan ska ha ett förväntat brottsbekämpade och brottsförebyggande genomslag. Denna studie är en mål-processutvärdering av Operation Klöver. Syftet är att ge de aktörer som är involverade i Operation Klöver en översikt av deras arbete gentemot operationens andra mål, att utveckla myndighetssamverkan. Förhoppningen är att deras arbetsformer kan utvecklas för att om möjligt bli mer ändamålsenlig samt att deras gemensamma brottsbekämpande och brottsförebyggande arbete kan utvecklas och fortsätta även i framtiden. Frågeställningarna är: Vad finns det för riktlinjer eller förutsättningar för samverkan hos de olika aktörerna? samt Hur har de involverade aktörerna upplevt att samverkan har fungerat före, under och efter Operation Klövers genomförande? Resultatet från denna utvärdering visar att aktörerna har väldigt goda förutsättningar för samverkan samt att alla aktörer varit nöjda med varandras arbete samt är positiva till framtida myndighetssamverkan. / The government assignment Tillsammans mot brott has increased the prioritization of and interest in inter-agency collaboration. This forms the background to Operation Klöver where eight different swedish actors were involved; the Police, Customs, Enforcement officer, Work-environment authority, Environmental administration, Tax agency, Northwest rescue service and the Social Insurance Agency. The risk with these kinds of collaborations is that such forms of work are initiated as a pure intrinsic value and without taking into account the necessary conditions needed for their collaboration to enhance their crime-fighting and crime prevention rather than inhibit it. The purpose of this goal-process evaluation is therefore to give the actors involved in Operation Klöver an overview of their work in relation to the operation's second goal, to develop inter-agency collaborations. The hope is that their workmethods can be developed to, if possible, become more suitable for its purpose and that their crime-fighting and crime prevention can be developed and continued in the future. The central queries are: What are the guidelines or conditions for collaboration between the various actors? and How have the involved actors experienced that the collaboration has worked before, during and after Operations Klöver’s implementation? The results from this show that the actors have very good conditions for collaboration and that all actors have been satisfied with each other's work and are positive about future inter-agency collaboration.