Typescript. Errata slip inserted. Bibliography: leaves 360-385.

Les pères s’impliquent aujourd’hui davantage qu’auparavant auprès de leurs enfants. À l’âge préscolaire, les jeux physiques (incluant les jeux de bataille) sont une caractéristique distinctive du style paternel d’interaction. Quelques études tendent à suggérer un lien entre ce type de jeu et l’adaptation sociale des enfants. Cependant,des contradictions se dégagent de la littérature, notamment quant au lien entre la quantité de jeu physique père-enfant et des mesures d’adaptation sociale, quant aux différentes opérationnalisations de la qualité du jeu physique, ainsi qu’en ce qui a trait au genre de l’enfant. Il y a également un débat entourant le degré optimal de contrôle ou de mutualité) au cours du jeu, de même qu’un nombre très limité d’études sur le lien entre le jeu physique père-enfant et l’anxiété/retrait. Dans ce contexte de divergences entre les chercheurs, la présente thèse vise quatre objectifs, soit : 1)vérifier si la quantité de jeux de bataille père-enfant est liée à l’adaptation sociale des enfants d’âge préscolaire (via des mesures de compétence sociale, d’agressivité/irritabilité, d’agression physique et d’anxiété/retrait); 2) tester si des mesures de mutualité ou de contrôle modèrent la relation entre la quantité de jeux de bataille père-enfant et les mesures d’adaptation sociale; 3) explorer le rôle potentiel d’autres indices de qualité du jeu de bataille; 4) clarifier le rôle du genre de l’enfant. L’échantillon est composé de 100 dyades père-enfant de Montréal et les environs. Les résultats des analyses corrélationnelles suggèrent que la fréquence et la durée de jeu de bataille ne sont pas reliées directement à l’adaptation sociale des enfants et mettent en lumière des variables qui pourraient jouer un rôle modérateur. Les régressions pour modèles modérateurs indiquent que la mutualité père-enfant dans les initiations au jeu de bataille et la peur exprimée par l’enfant au cours de ce type de jeu modèrent la relation entre la durée des jeux de bataille et la compétence sociale de l’enfant d’âge préscolaire. La mutualité modère également le lien entre la durée du jeu et l’agressivité/irritabilité de l’enfant. Les initiations autoritaires faites par le père modèrent le lien entre la durée du jeu et les agressions physiques, alors qu’aucune variable ne modère le lien entre la durée du jeu et l’anxiété/retrait des enfants. Les analyses post-hoc donnent davantage d’informations sur la nature des liens de modération. Bien que les pères rapportent ne pas faire davantage de jeux de bataille, ni jouer plus longtemps à se batailler avec leurs garçons qu’avec leurs filles, trois modèles modérateurs sur quatre demeurent significatifs uniquement pour les garçons. Ces données sont interprétées à la lumière des théories éthologique et développementale. Il est suggéré que plutôt que de traiter l’agression et la compétence sociale comme des variables opposées de l’adaptation, une mesure de compétition permettrait peut-être de réconcilier les deux mondes. / Today’s fathers are increasingly more involved with their children. During the preschool years, rough-and-tumble-play (RTP; including play-fighting) is a significant aspect of paternal interaction style. A few studies suggest that this type of play is linked to children’s social adaptation. However, many contradictions remain in the current literature, particularly concerning the link between the quantity of father-child RTP and social adaptation measures, RTP quality indicators and their measurement, and gender differences. There is also a debate regarding the optimal control level (or mutuality) during play. Moreover, very few studies have investigated the link between father-child RTP and children’s anxiety/withdrawal. The current thesis has four objectives: 1) to verify the presence of a link between father-child play-fighting quantity and preschooler’s social adaptation measures (i.e., social competency, aggressiveness/irritability, physical aggression and anxiety/withdrawal); 2) to verify if mutuality or control measures moderate the relationship between father-child play-fighting quantity and social adaptation; 3) to explore the potential role of other play-fighting quality cues; 4) to clarify the role of child gender. The sample consists of 100 father-child dyads from the Montreal region. Correlational analyses suggest that the frequency and duration of play-fighting are not directly linked to children social adaptation. The regressions for moderation models indicate that father-child mutuality in play-fighting initiations, as well as the fear expressed by the child during play, moderate the relationship between playfighting duration and the preschooler’s social competency. Mutuality also moderates the link between play duration and child aggressiveness/irritability. Although fathers do not report a higher frequency or duration of play-fighting according to their children’s gender, post-hoc analyses show that three out of four moderating models are significant only for the boys. iv The data is interpreted according to evolutionary and developmental theories. It is argued that a measure of competition could shed light on the relationship between aggressiveness and social competency in social adaptation, and that these two variables may not systematically be opposed as it is commonly perceived in RTP literature.

Typescript / Errata slip inserted / Bibliography: leaves 360-385 / viii, 385 leaves ; 30 cm. / Title page, contents and abstract only. The complete thesis in print form is available from the University Library. / Thesis (Ph.D.)--University of Adelaide, 1988

In this paper, the author analyses one of the obligations to inform recently implemented in Spain that requires from natural and legal persons to report about assets and properties abroad. Failure to comply with this requirement may make recognition of a gain over incomes and properties values not being declared. These gains will be considered income tax from last tax period. / En el presente trabajo, la autora analiza una obligación de informar recientemente incorporada al ordenamiento español que obliga a toda persona física y jurídica a declarar los bienes y derechos que posea en el extranjero, cuyo incumplimiento conlleva la generación de una ganancia patrimonial en relación con aquellos elementos patrimoniales no declarados que se imputarán al último ejercicio no prescrito.

Submitted by Maria Cecília Gomes Pereira (mariaceciliagp@gmail.com) on 2016-09-13T15:40:16Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Tese Maria Cecília Gomes Pereira 2016.pdf: 2747353 bytes, checksum: 48695c828d10eab16cfbe19d5444e461 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Pamela Beltran Tonsa (pamela.tonsa@fgv.br) on 2016-09-13T16:02:24Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 Tese Maria Cecília Gomes Pereira 2016.pdf: 2747353 bytes, checksum: 48695c828d10eab16cfbe19d5444e461 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2016-09-13T16:34:15Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Tese Maria Cecília Gomes Pereira 2016.pdf: 2747353 bytes, checksum: 48695c828d10eab16cfbe19d5444e461 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2016-08-29 / This thesis discusses the access and distribution of water in rural areas of the Brazilian semi-arid region by comparing two ways of dealing with the issue: 'coexistence with the semi-arid region' (convivência com o semiárido) and 'fighting the drought'. The main objective is to analyze what makes the coexisting practices with semi-arid conditions a viable and widespread alternative of water distribution among the rural populations. Moreover, the research analyses in what way and to what extent water distributions based on the logics of coexistence and of fighting the drought enact different realities. To that end, I analyzed water distribution through the One Million Cisterns Program (P1MC ) of the Brazilian Semi-Arid Articulation (ASA), in contrast to those made to the Santa Cruz do Apodi Irrigation Project of The National Department of Works Against Droughts (DNOCS) and to business irrigated fruit crops. The adopted theoretical approaches were Public Action and Actor-Network Theory. This is a qualitative research with the adoption of praxiography method from a focus on practices, places, materialities and events, encompassing literature review, document analysis and fieldwork conducted in Apodi and Caraúbas in Rio Grande do Norte state. The research shows that coexistence practices with the semi-arid region were created over decades through public actions taken by civil society organizations – from the 'public' to the 'public' – and by initiatives from sectors of a state research center. Since the creation of ASA, some of these practices have become widespread throughout the semi-arid region by creating programs like P1MC promoting rainwater capture in cisterns. The P1MC became a viable and widespread alternative constituting itself as a public action from the 'public' to the 'public', being both collaborative and adversarial – through public pressure – with support from the federal government. Furthermore, it was characterized by: fluidity, capillarity and flexibility. Water distribution made by P1MC promotes decentralization of water access and ways of caring based on the logic of coexistence with the semi-arid region, whilst distributions to the Irrigation Project DNOCS and to business irrigated fruit crops generate concentration of water and accumulation by dispossession, driven by new versions of the fighting the drought logic. The logics of coexistence with the semi-arid conditions and fighting the drought involve different actors, ways of framing problems and solutions related to different development alternatives for the semi-arid region. These alternatives imply different relationships with nature and territories, as well as different distributions and uses of water, which enact different realities. The water and its distribution are multiple. Water distributions are deeply political and do more than just provide a natural resource as they also distribute rights, power, land, income and living conditions, by creating multiple realities that co-exist and interfere with each other. / A presente tese discute o acesso e a distribuição de água nas áreas rurais do semiárido brasileiro comparando duas formas de lidar com a questão: a convivência com o semiárido e o combate à seca. O objetivo central é analisar o que faz das práticas de convivência com o semiárido uma alternativa viável e disseminada no que concerne à distribuição de água para populações rurais difusas, e em que medida e como as distribuições de água baseadas nas lógicas de convivência e de combate à seca coexistem e performam diferentes realidades. Para tanto, analisei a distribuição de água por meio do Programa Um Milhão de Cisternas (P1MC) da Articulação Semiárido Brasileiro (ASA), em contraste com aquelas realizadas para o Projeto de Irrigação Santa Cruz do Apodi do Departamento Nacional de Obras Contra as Secas (DNOCS) e para a fruticultura irrigada empresarial. As abordagens teóricas adotadas foram as discussões de Ação Pública e a Teoria Ator-Rede. Trata-se de uma pesquisa qualitativa, com a adoção do método da praxiografia a partir do foco em práticas, lugares, materialidades e eventos, englobando revisão bibliográfica, análise documental e pesquisa de campo realizada em Apodi e Caraúbas no estado do Rio Grande do Norte. A pesquisa demonstra que as práticas de convivência com o semiárido foram criadas ao longo de décadas por meio de ações públicas de diversas organizações da sociedade civil – do 'público' para o 'público' – e por iniciativas de setores de um órgão de pesquisa estatal. A partir da criação da ASA, algumas destas práticas passaram a ser disseminadas em todo o semiárido mediante a criação de programas como o P1MC que promove a captação de água de chuva em cisternas de placas. O P1MC tornou-se uma alternativa viável e disseminada ao se constituir como uma ação pública do 'público' para o 'público' tanto colaborativa como de pressão, com apoio do governo federal, assim como por apresentar as seguintes características: fluidez, capilaridade e flexibilidade. A distribuição de água no âmbito do P1MC promove a descentralização do acesso à água e formas de cuidado baseadas na lógica de convivência com o semiárido, enquanto as distribuições para o Projeto de Irrigação do DNOCS e para a fruticultura irrigada empresarial geram a concentração do acesso à água e formas de acumulação por espoliação, orientada por novas versões da lógica do combate à seca. As lógicas de convivência com o semiárido e de combate à seca envolvem diferentes atores, formas de enquadrar problemas, e soluções ligadas a distintas alternativas de desenvolvimento para o semiárido. Estas alternativas implicam diferentes relações com a natureza e territórios, assim como distintas distribuições e usos da água que, por sua vez, performam diferentes realidades. A água e suas distribuições são múltiplas. As distribuições de água são profundamente políticas e fazem mais do que apenas prover um recurso natural à medida que também distribuem direitos, poder, terra, renda e condições de vida, criando múltiplas realidades que coexistem e interferem umas nas outras.

Submitted by Emanuel Varela Cardoso (emanuel.varela@ufcg.edu.br) on 2018-08-02T23:16:26Z No. of bitstreams: 1 EDILVAN MORAES LUNA – DISSERTAÇÃO (PPGCS) 2017.pdf: 2863476 bytes, checksum: 1c3274a8fbc00c0e22c0581a3bdbf36d (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-02T23:16:26Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 EDILVAN MORAES LUNA – DISSERTAÇÃO (PPGCS) 2017.pdf: 2863476 bytes, checksum: 1c3274a8fbc00c0e22c0581a3bdbf36d (MD5) Previous issue date: 2017-04-27 / Capes / As discussões sobre questões étnico-raciais no Brasil são polêmicas, principalmente, pelo mal-estar devido ao se falar em raças. Se esta categoria não possui mais fundamentos biológicos, por outro lado, isso não significa que tenha sido descartada, sendo ainda utilizada como uma categoria nativa a orientar relações sociais de indivíduos no seu cotidiano. Em outras palavras, não é porque não possui mais respaldo biológico que as pessoas não utilizem a palavra e o sentido (de diferenças biológicas e culturais a hierarquizar os indivíduos) no dia a dia. Tendo em vista as especificidades históricas de como se pensou raça e de como se gestou no país uma política de branqueamento, a história do Brasil transita de uma visão pessimista sobre seu futuro, por ser aqui uma terra repleta de negros, até a afirmação positiva de que seriamos uma democracia racial. Contudo, o mito da democracia racial, longe de ser uma constatação, foi um mecanismo discursivo-ideológico utilizado pelas elites políticas e econômicas para lidar com as tensões provenientes das desigualdades raciais e forma de criar um discurso hegemônico de identidade nacional. Este mito tem sua força até o dia de hoje, mesmo em face de inúmeros movimentos sociais negros a contestá-lo. A presente pesquisa tem como objetivo estudar o Estatuto da Igualdade Racial (Lei 12.288, de 20 de julho de 2010), desde sua proposta na forma de Projeto de Lei até sua votação final. Neste contexto, a questão que nos move é: como o Estado (este entendido tanto como espaço social como também instância burocrática e administrativa) compreende a questão racial no Brasil em termos de um problema social e operacionaliza essa compreensão nas suas ações políticas, em particular, na lei que trata exatamente sobre a promoção da igualdade racial? Nossa hipótese é que o mesmo é tido como uma legislação simbólica, ou seja, uma legislação cujo caráter ideológico de garantir a legitimidade do Estado como promotor da igualdade social ao mesmo tempo em que reafirma o mito da democracia racial se sobrepõe ao compromisso efetivo com o fim do racismo e a promoção da igualdade racial. Através da Análise de Discurso francesa, em particular, com o conceito de memória discursiva, contextualizaremos o Estatuto, observando seus limites e potencialidades na luta antirracismo. / Discussions on ethno-racial issues in Brazil are controversial, mainly because of the "malaise" due to speaking about races. If this category does not have more biological foundations, on the other hand, this does not mean that it has been discarded, being still used as a native category to guide social relations of individuals in their daily lives. In other words, it is not because it has no more biological support that people do not use the word and the meaning (of biological and cultural differences to prioritize individuals) in the day-to-day. In view of the historical specificities of how a race was conceived and how a racial whitening policy was developed in Brazil, the history of Brazil shifts from a pessimistic view of its future, since it was here a land full of blacks, until the positive affirmation of that we would be a racial democracy. However, the myth of racial democracy, far from being a finding, was a discursive-ideological mechanism used by political and economic elites to deal with the tensions arising from racial inequalities and the way to create a hegemonic discourse of national identity. This myth has its strength to this day, even in the face of countless black social movements to contest it. In that context, the present research aims to study the Estatuto da Igualdade Racial (Law 12.288, July 20, 2010), from its proposal in the form of a bill until its final vote. The question that moves us is: how the State (understood as a social space as well as a bureaucratic and administrative instance) understands the racial question in Brazil in terms of a social problem and operationalizes this understanding in its political actions, in particular, in the law which deals exactly with the promotion of racial equality? Our hypothesis is that it is seen as a symbolic legislation, that is, legislation whose ideological character of guaranteeing the legitimacy of the State as promoter of social equality while reaffirming the myth of racial democracy overlaps with the effective commitment with the end of racism and the promotion of racial equality. Through the French Discourse Analysis, in particular, with the concept of discursive memory, we will contextualize the Statute, observing its limitations and potential in the fight against racism.

The Methodology for inventory of contaminated sites (MIFO) is a method designed by the Swedish Environmental Protection Agency with an aim to facilitate agents and consultants during inventory of contaminated areas. It is structured into two stages, the first phase comprises oriented studies of the area while the second one consists of conceptual studies, such as field testing and analysis. After each phase the object is assigned a risk class that describes the degree of contamination and the risk associated with it. At Sundsvall-Timrå airport, the soil, surface- and groundwater at two fire drilling sites are contaminated with the anthropogenic substance PFOS, a former supplement in extinguishing foam. As a result of this, a number of environmental investigations have occurred over the past seven years which has led to a substantial amount of data in regards to the degree and dispersion of the contamination. However, prior to this date no risk classification according to MIFO phase 2 has been done. In order to appropriately remediate the site, it is essential that this step of the process is completed. Thus the County Administrative Board of Västernorrland in Sweden commissioned this thesis for the purpose of risk classifying Sundsvall-Timrå Airport. This was done by analysing the results from previous environmental investigations made by WSP Environmental and comparing them to the Swedish Geological Institute’s preliminary benchmark value for PFOS. The fact that Sundsvall-Timrå airport is situated in close approximation to a nature reserve and due to the high degree of contamination together with the substance distribution capabilities and high toxicity, the study resulted in the object being assigned risk class 1, very high risk. / Syftet med detta självständiga arbete var att på uppdrag av Länsstyrelsen i Västernorrland göra en MIFO fas 2 riskklassning av ett förorenat område vid Sundsvall-Timrå flygplats. MIFO (Metodik för inventering av förorenade områden) är en metodik framtagen av Naturvårdsverket med ändamålet att vägleda ombud och konsulter vid inventeringar av förorenade områden. Metoden är uppdelad i två steg, fas 1 och fas 2. Den första fasen involverar orienterade studier av området och den andra består av översiktliga studier, som till exempel fältundersökningar och analyser. Efter var fas tilldelas objektet en riskklass utifrån hur allvarlig föroreningssituationen bedöms vara. På Sundsvall-Timrå flygplats är marken, yt- och grundvattnet vid två brandövningsplatser förorenat med det antropogena ämnet PFOS som brukade ingå i släckskum. Som följd till detta har ett flertal miljötekniska mark- och grundvattenundersökningar gjorts i området under de senaste sju åren. Detta har lett till ett betydande underlag av data beträffande halt och spridning av föroreningen men fram tills nu har ingen fas 2 riskklassning av brandövningsplatserna med avseende på PFOS gjorts. Avsikten med arbetet var således att med hjälp av resultaten från tidigare miljötekniska undersökningar och SGIs preliminära riktvärden för PFOS, tilldela objektet en riskklass. Då Sundsvall-Timrå flygplats ligger intill Indalsälvens naturreservat, föroreningsnivån vid brandövningsplatserna anses vara mycket stor samt det faktum att PFOS har höga spridningsförutsättningar och toxicitet, resulterade studien i att området tilldelades riskklass 1, vilket innebär mycket stor risk.

Cette thèse porte sur la relation entre communication et lutte contre le VIH/Sida en Afrique de l’Ouest, plus précisément au Niger. L’objet d’étude est appréhendé dans le champ des Sciences de l’Information et de la Communication, principalement dans le domaine de la « communication d’action et d’utilité sociétale ». Au Niger, la prévalence du VIH demeure faible : 0,7% (Enquête Démographique et de Santé du Niger, 2007). Mais les caractéristiques cumulées de ce pays révèlent un profil qui peut favoriser la propagation de la pandémie (pauvreté, freins socioculturels…). L’incidence du VIH est ainsi une question cruciale de santé publique dont la prévention est à l’heure actuelle la seule solution pour freiner la propagation.Nos travaux consistent d’abord à comprendre les enjeux communicationnels de cette prévention. La problématique questionne les pratiques des émetteurs (acteurs de prévention) qui ambitionnent de changer les comportements des récepteurs. Ensuite, la perspective structurante de ce travail pionnier au Niger est d’associer la communication à l’action, d’étudier d’une part le changement en actes associé au changement de significations et de valeurs et, d’autre part, l’institutionnalisation du changement. Le cadre théorique et méthodologique privilégié est celui du paradigme de la « communication engageante » (Joule, 2000 ; Bernard & Joule, 2004)- le passage des idées aux actes (et réciproquement)- pour combattre la pandémie du VIH/Sida. Enfin, nous étudions la notion de « communication instituante » (Joule & Bernard, 2005 ; Bernard, 2006)- le rôle des médias et des médiations pour instituer les changements en actes et les valeurs favorisant le passage de la responsabilité individuelle vers la responsabilité collective. / This Thesis is in relation between, communication, and the fight against HIV/AIDS in West Africa, precisely in Niger. The subject of this study is apprehended within the Science of Information and Communication field, mainly through the domain of “action of communication and societal utility”.In Niger, the prevalence of HIV stands low: 0, 7% (Health and Demographic survey in Niger, 2007). However, the cumulative characteristics of this country reveal a profile that could advantage the easy spread of the disease (poverty, socio cultural shortages…). The incidence of HIV remains a crucial problem for public health for which the prevention denotes to date the only way to stop the propagation of the disease. Firstly, our studies will involve the understanding of the communicational stakes of the disease prevention. The problematic will question the practices of the performers (those acting for prevention) which expect to change the behaviours of receptors. Secondly, the expected perspective of this work, pioneer in Niger, will be to link communication to action on the one hand, and on the other hand to study both the change in facts connected to the change in meanings and values and the implementation of this change. The theoretical and methodological background privileged is symbolized by the paradigm of the “binding communication” (Joule, 2000; Bernard & Joule, 2004) – going from ideas to facts (and reciprocally) – in order to fight against the HIV/AIDS disease. Finally, we will learn the notion of “establishing communication” (Joule & Bernard, 2005: Bernard, 2006) – the role of medias and mediations to found the changes in facts and values easing the passage from individual responsibility to collective responsibility.

內政部消防署「104年消防白皮書」統計2005年至2014年建築物火災中，以獨立住宅火災最多，工廠火災次之，但工廠火災所造成的損失及使用消防人力、消防車輛數，卻超乎一般建築物甚多，也造成了許多警消及民眾之傷亡，因此有必要將其獨立於建築物火災之外，進行相關之資料分析與研討。 新北市轄區幅員廣闊，以人口數或工廠家數，都是全台灣最多，具有主要交通、消費市場及生產製造多重角色，且各行政區因歷史、環境或文化等因素，嚴然為另一個台灣縮影，與其他縣市相比也較具代表性，因此本研究使用2009至2015年新北市追蹤資料來作迴歸分析，探討消防概念因素(例如:工廠消防檢查次數等4項)、人口及區域概念因素(例如:大學以上教育人口比例等6項)與工廠火災指標【例如:火災發生件數、人員傷(亡)數量、火災件數/列管工廠數量比】關係。 在實證結果內，並扣除掉部分因素可能有內生性影響後，顯示「消防專用蓄水池」、「工廠消防檢查次數」及「老化指數」【(65歲以上年底人口數／0-14歲年底人口數)x100為代表】3項，有影響工廠火災指標。其中消防專用蓄水池與此地區有無發生工廠火災呈負相關，但與老化指數呈正相關。其次發現，消防安檢次數與工廠火災件數呈負相關。最後，工廠火災件數與工廠數量比，和老化指數呈正相關。 / According to the yearly fire report in Taiwan, factory fire has accounted for the highest proportion, and also cause lots of people and firefighters’ casualties. Therefore, it is necessary to separate factory fire from normal building fire cases, and use related data to analyze and discuss independently. New taipei city has a large territory, which including the largest population and highest number of factories in Taiwan, therefore, this study applied New Taipei city panel data from 2009 to 2015 to perform regression analysis,and explore the influence of concept fire factors, population, and conceptual regional factors on the index of factory fire. According to the research, after deducting the suspected endogenous problems, the result shows that fire water reservoir, factory fire safety inspection, and aging index 【(population age number of 65 years above / number of 0-14 years old )X100 】will have influence on factory fire index. Fire water reservoir have an inversely relationship with factory fire within the area, however, the aging index is proportional to factory fire. Second, the increasing number of fire safety inspection will reduce factory fire. finally , the number of factory fire is proportional to the number of factory and aging index.

Pourquoi et comment se battait-on à la fin du Moyen Âge et durant le XVIe siècle ? Avec quelles armes ? Et en suivant quelles règles ou quels principes ?L’objectif de ce travail est de répondre à ces questions en s’interrogeant sur les utilisations théoriques et pratiques de l’armement présent dans les sociétés européennes du Moyen Âge tardif et de la Renaissance. Trois axes principaux seront à l’étude :– tout d’abord, celui de la réalité du terrain à travers l’étude des sources judiciaires, en particulier les lettres de rémission qui attestent de la présence et de l’utilisation d’une arme pouvant conduire à la blessure ou à la mort d’un individu.– ensuite, celui de la théorie des armes à travers l’étude des Fechtbücher, les livres de combat germaniques écrits par les maîtres d’armes du XVe et XVIe siècle. Ces derniers expliquent le maniement des différentes armes tel que celui des épées, des armes d’hast ou de la dague, ainsi que les fondements de l’art de la lutte et de l’escrime à pied et à cheval.– enfin, celui de la pratique contemporaine, c’est-à-dire l’expérimentation gestuelle et la tentative de restitution des techniques et des tactiques anciennes via des méthodes d’enseignement dans un cadre normé. Ceci afin de mieux comprendre les gestes martiaux ludiques du passé.Outre l’apport de la sociologie, ce corpus est complété par l’étude des documents littéraires ou normatifs, illustrant la présence d’armes dans les milieux non militarisés comme ceux des sociétés d’escrimeurs ou des manifestations martiales et sportives. / Why and how we use to fight in the late Middle Ages and during the sixteenth century? With what weapons? Following what rules or principles?The objective of this work is to answer these questions by questioning the theoretical and practical uses of weapons. The ones present in European society in the late Middle Ages and during the Renaissance. Three approaches will be explored :– First, the situation on the ground through the study of legal sources, particularly the remission letters in which the presence and use of a weapon can lead to injury or death of an individual.– Secondly, the theory of weapons through the study of Fechtbücher, Germanic fightbooks written by masters at arms of the fifteenth and sixteenth century. They explain the handling of various weapons such as swords, polearms or daggers. Also the foundations of the art of wrestling and fencing on foot and on horseback.– Finally, the contemporary practice. That is to say, the gesture experimentation and the attempted to return old techniques and tactics through teaching methods in a regulatory framework. The goal is to better understand the playful martial gestures of the past.Besides the contribution of sociology, this corpus is completed by literary or normative documents, showing weapons in non-militarized environments such as corporate fencers or martial and sporting events.