Esta pesquisa tem como objetivo analisar a mecânica dos processos políticos internos do Federal Reserve System e sua interação com o Departamento do Tesouro dos Estados Unidos no período entre o auge da crise financeira global no final de 2008 e o impasse sobre a elevação do teto da dívida pública em 2011. Foram analisados documentos oficias das duas instituições, bem como pronunciamentos de seus dirigentes. O estudo mostra que as estratégias desenhadas pelos formuladores de política monetária e fiscal complementaram-se durante a maior parte do período considerado, com a criação e implementação de variados instrumentos e programas de grande impacto. Nesse processo, o papel internacional do dólar foi reforçado. / This research aims at analyzing the mechanics of the internal political processes of the Federal Reserve System and its interaction with the U.S. Department of Treasury between the height of global financial crisis, late 2008, and the deadlock around the debt ceiling raise in 2011. To this end, the study was based on official documents issued by the two agencies and statements made by their representatives. The analysis indicates that the strategies designed by monetary and fiscal policymakers were complementary during most of the period in focus, through the creation and implementation of different policy tools and programs of great impact. In this process, the international role of the dollar was reinforced.

Submitted by Maicon Juliano Schmidt (maicons) on 2015-04-18T15:50:59Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Leonardo Berteli Piveta.pdf: 645229 bytes, checksum: 4c3ca61960531dc468ad5d71e7966d32 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2015-04-18T15:50:59Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Leonardo Berteli Piveta.pdf: 645229 bytes, checksum: 4c3ca61960531dc468ad5d71e7966d32 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2014-01-31 / Nenhuma / Esta dissertação investiga a existência de integração no mercado de ações e mensura as modificações que a crise do subprime pode ter causado entre as relações de mercados emergentes da América Latina e Centro e Leste Europeu. Para isso, são selecionados onze índices de bolsas de valores destes mercados e utilizados os modelos GARCH e de volatilidade estocástica. Os resultados indicaram a presença de integração financeira entre os países e sugerem ainda que a crise intensificou essas relações. / This dissertation investigates the existence of integration in the stock Exchange market as well as it measures the changes that the subprime crisis may have caused in the relations between the emerging markets of Latin America and Central and Eastern Europe. In order to carry out this study, eleven stock exchange indexes of these markets were selected and the GARCH models and stochastic volatility were used. The results indicated the existence of financial integration between countries; furthermore, they suggested that the crisis has intensified these relationships.

Submitted by Silvana Teresinha Dornelles Studzinski (sstudzinski) on 2016-06-13T18:39:30Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Willame Parente Mazza_.pdf: 2513074 bytes, checksum: 4a6dae8850bbfa381a5d3d0f731d851b (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2016-06-13T18:39:30Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Willame Parente Mazza_.pdf: 2513074 bytes, checksum: 4a6dae8850bbfa381a5d3d0f731d851b (MD5) Previous issue date: 2016-02-24 / Nenhuma / Esta tese doutoral tem como mote confrontar o Estado democrático de direito, resultado da transformação social, mormente quanto à inclusão social e à questão da igualdade, com as políticas fiscais neoliberais, delimitada pelas imposições e limites da economia capitalista, na sua fase de financeirização, que orientaram contrarreformas, deixando à margem os direitos sociais. Na primeira Parte, serão contextualizadas as transformações do Estado, o constitucionalismo social e as crises financeiras. Com efeito, das transformações do Estado até a consolidação do Estado democrático de direito, o Estado social se vê aderido ao modelo capitalista, numa relação de inclusão e exclusão, sem se livrar do âmbito individualista, mas procurando promover a inclusão social por meio das políticas públicas. No entanto, tais direitos sociais dividiram espaço, em função das prioridades financeiras do Estado, que depositou no endividamento público os principais objetivos para alimentar o sistema financeiro e a nova fase do capitalismo, antes de produção e, agora, financeiro. Nessa transição é que se destacam as ideias de John Maynard Keynes, que por meio da política fiscal tentava conciliar a desigualdade presente nas sociedades capitalistas com maior justiça social. Em meio às crises financeiras, tal modelo é questionado com a ascensão do neoliberalismo e das políticas monetárias de ajustes fiscais e controle inflacionário, que transformaram o modelo econômico, em especial o tributário e seus princípios equitativos, consagrados nas Constituições. Nesse contexto é que, na segunda Parte, concentra-se a pesquisa no caso brasileiro que, diante de seu projeto constitucional de Estado democrático de direito, reconheceu a questão social e trouxe os meios de financiamento das responsabilidades sociais, encontrando-se inserido nos circuitos mundiais da valorização financeira, que teve como foco a estabilização econômica, o controle inflacionário, o equilíbrio de contas e o ajuste fiscal. Baliza-se na constatação do alinhamento dos sistemas financeiros, econômicos e tributários com os objetivos e fundamentos da Constituição Federal de 1988, que devem guiar a construção desses sistemas, a fim de concretizar o modelo de Estado democrático de direito. Dessa forma, será analisado, a partir da construção democrática que a Constituição de 1988 faz dos direitos sociais e políticas públicas necessários para implementá-los, as alterações constitucionais e legislativas que envolvem federalismo fiscal, renúncias fiscais, orçamento público e sistema da dívida pública, juntamente com a análise de dados coletados pelo autor, sob a hipótese da não finalidade da realização do Estado social, a fim de demonstrar que essas políticas culminaram numa gestão política tutelada pela renda financeira do capital, com prioridade para a dívida pública e a garantia da acumulação de riqueza privada. / This Doctorate Thesis has as its theme to confront the Doctorate State of Law, resulting in the social transformation, especially when considering social inclusion and the matter of equality, with the neoliberism tax policies, designated by the impositions and the limits of the capitalist economy, in its financialism, that directed against reform, leaving a leeway to social rights. In the first part, the transformations of the State will be contextualized, the social constitutionalism and the financial crisis. In the fact of social transformations of State, even the consolidation of the Democratic State of Law the social state sees itself binding to the capitalist model, in a relation to an inclusion and an exclusion, without being free from the individualist ambit, but seeking to promote the social inclusion by means of Public Politics. However such social rights divide spaces, in the role of the financial priorities of State, that deposited in the public indebtedness the principle objectives to nurture the financial system and the new faze of capitalism, before by production and now financial. In this transition the ideas of John Maynard Keynes are what stands out, and by means of the fiscal policies tried to conciliate the inequality present in the capitalist society with bigger social justice. Amid the financial crisis, such model is questioned with the rise of the neoliberism and the monetary politics of fiscal adjustments and the inflationary control, that transforms the economic model, especially the tax and its principle equitables, consecrated in the Constitutions. In this context is that, in this second part the survey is to concentrate in the case of Brasil is that in the face of its constitutional project of the Democratic State of Law, recognized the social question and brought the financial means of the social responsibilites, finding itself inserted in the high financial value of the worldwide circuit, that had as its focus the economic stabilization, the inflationary control, the balance of the accounts and the fiscal adjustment. Limited to the alignment observation of the financial, economic and tributary systems with the objectives and foundation of the 1988 Federal Constitution, and that should guide the construction of these systems, in order to make concrete the model of the Democratic State of Law. In this way, from the democratic construction is that the 1988 Constitution makes the social and public policies necessary to implement them, the Constitutional and Legislative alterations that involve fiscal federalism, fiscal resignations public budget and the public debt system, together with the analysis of data collected by the author, about the hypothesis of the non finality of the accomplishments of the Social State will be analyzed, in order to demonstrate that these politics culminated in a political management protected by the financial earnings of the capitol, with the priority to the public debt and the guarantee of the accumulation of the private wealth.

Made available in DSpace on 2016-04-25T20:21:21Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Ronaldo Frederico.pdf: 4531986 bytes, checksum: f8677522c5bbe15c49f91ea691d62fab (MD5) Previous issue date: 2015-03-18 / This investigation is substantiated in the concept of "Symbolic Enterprisation" (SE)' formulated by this author, that points out the executive and entrepreneur that hold the power to expand the values and principles which guide the corporate activities. As symbolic representatives of the capitalist economic's reality, with interests and specific needs for their company aiming to achieve (and outrun) the financial goals imposed by the market, the media - in this study concentrated on the Exame magazine - constitutes the driving force of the speech's propagation and production to the business entrepreneurs and executives. This work embraces as methodological resource the concept of Media's Representations (MR) that helped in the analysis of 25 editions and 57 published articles, between January and December of 2008, in the Exame magazine, that versed abut the economic crisis and the so called corporate values (accumulation of capital and profitability rising, value creation for shareholders and stockholders, social and profit responsibility, sustainable growth, innovation, competitive advantage, etc.). This investigation point to a paradoxical acting, but not incoherent by the Exame magazine, represented by the high-level company's executive, easing and subordinating the political speeches to the financial interests of the business media. The Exame magazine reenforces and spreads the so called company values and raises the executives and entrepreneurs to a individuals equipped with rare capacities and characteristics category, which are capable of helping the country to transpose the momentum, understood by many as history's biggest financial crisis, and continue their way to growth and, consequentially, the rising of companies' profit margin / Esta investigação está fundamentada no conceito de Empresarização Simbólica (ES), formulada por este autor, que aponta o executivo e o empresário detentores do poder de espraiar os valores e princípios que norteiam as atividades corporativas. Como representantes simbólicos da realidade econômica capitalista, com interesses e necessidades específicas para sua empresa visando atingir (e ultrapassar) as metas financeiras impostas pelo mercado, a mídia - neste estudo concentrado na revista Exame - constitui-se a força motriz da propagação e produção do discurso aos empresários e executivos de negócios. Este trabalho abarca ainda como recurso metodológico o conceito de Representações Midiáticas (RM) que auxiliou na análise de 25 edições e 57 artigos publicados, entre janeiro e dezembro de 2008, na revista Exame, que versassem sobre a crise econômica e os chamados valores empresariais (acumulação de capital e aumento de lucratividade, criação de valor para acionistas e quotistas, responsabilidade social lucrativa, crescimento sustentável, inovação, vantagem competitiva, etc.). Esta investigação aponta para uma atuação paradoxal, mas não incoerente da revista Exame, representada pelo alto escalão executivo da empresa, flexibilizando e subordinando o discurso político aos interesses financeiros da mídia de negócios. A revista Exame reforça e propaga os chamados valores empresariais e eleva os executivos e empresários a uma categoria de indivíduos dotados de características e capacidades raras os quais possuem condições de auxiliar o país a transpor o momento, entendido por muitos como a maior crise financeira da história, e seguir seu rumo em direção ao crescimento e, consequentemente, aumento nas margens de lucro das empresas

Made available in DSpace on 2016-04-26T20:22:34Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Fernando Melo da Silva.pdf: 1545743 bytes, checksum: 86d4d0f058a89e2ad2652a42b87d02f1 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2014-02-18 / The objective of this thesis was to analyze the consumer protection instruments in face of the enterprise financial crisis, in special, the bankruptcy of the supplier entrepreneur, once there is a lack, for the consumers in general, of the legal instruments to regulate the effects their rights suffer from the insolvency declaration, relegating in many cases, a universality of creditors/consumers, that in such context are put as the majority of the passive mass of some debtors, in a situation that lacks the specific and proper regulation. Said thesis is constituted by the analytical research, with a bibliographical character, based on the analysis of the law, from the doctrine and the precedents, in a way to comprehend the legal regulations object of this study, in order to achieve the goals here presented. Throughout the development it was seen that the regulations regarding the consumer rights, as those concerning the bankruptcy law, from a broad perspective, in which one and the other normative system, have, from a common context, to regulate distinctive aspects of the economic relations. Factual circumstances, like the insolvency of the supplier entrepreneur, may extinct the junction of both regulations. From this normative intersection the non-commercial nature of the consumer credit, originated by his subordinate condition if compared with the supplier, expression, thus, of his vulnerability in the law plan, specially the bankruptcy law, situation not recognized by the juridical order, regarding the peculiar dealings given to insolvency matters. These matters were also analyzed under the perspective of the informative constitutional principle of the economic order, that imposes the defense of the consumers before the suppliers of goods and services in the market as one of its paradigms, considering also the specifics and ruling principles of the bankruptcy law in a way to believe that the lack of protection of the consumer credit along with the bankruptcy of the supplier entrepreneur means the transference of the risks of the company to the consumer, denying the protective logic given by the Code of Defense of the Consumers (CDC). It was found in the foreign law, as in the home law, topical rules regarding the defense of the consumers before the entrepreneur crisis, highlighting those foreseen in the specific bankruptcy procedural, as well as those from the art. 119, IX and from the art. 82, of the law 11.101/2005, and even the very CDC, when dealing, in its art. 28, the disregard of the legal entity due to bankruptcy caused by poor administration. At the end it is possible to observe that in order to provide the consumer a proper protection in bankruptcy, needing the Law 11.101/2005 some modifications, to bring the referred protection as it is already done with the workers, another creditor in bankruptcy, in similar conditions with the consumer, once there is no point in talking about the protection of the consumers if such a thing is not present in the bankruptcy procedures / O objetivo desta tese foi analisar os instrumentos de defesa do consumidor diante da situação de crise econômico-financeira da empresa, em especial na falência do empresário fornecedor, eis que aos consumidores em geral faltam instrumentos jurídicos a disciplinar os efeitos da declaração de insolvência sobre os seus direitos, relegando em muitos casos, uma universalidade de credores/consumidores, que nessas hipóteses se colocam como a maioria da massa passiva de alguns devedores, numa situação de ausência de tutela específica e diferenciada. Referida tese constitui-se de pesquisa analítica, de caráter bibliográfico, consistente da análise da lei, da doutrina e da jurisprudência, de modo a interpretar as normas jurídicas objeto do estudo, para o almejo dos fins aqui colimados. Ao longo do desenvolvimento viu-se que as normas tutelares incidentes sobre a relação de consumo, assim como as normas de Direito Concursal, dentro de uma perspectiva mais ampla, sob a qual um e outro sistema normativo tem na verdade um substrato comum, qual seja, a de regularem diferentes aspectos das relações econômicas. Circunstâncias de fato, no caso a insolvência do fornecedor empresário, podem exigir o entrelaçamento de suas normas. Desta intersecção normativa inferiu-se da natureza não negocial do crédito do consumidor, fruto da sua condição de subordinação em relação ao fornecedor, expressão, pois de sua vulnerabilidade no plano do direito, em especial do direito concursal, situação esta não reconhecida pela ordem jurídica, no trato peculiar que dá às questões decorrentes da insolvência. Analisou-se também a questão sob a ótica do princípio informativo constitucional da ordem econômica, que impõe a defesa do consumidor face aos fornecedores de produtos e serviços em geral no mercado como um de seus paradigmas, cortejando-o com os princípios específicos regentes no direito concursal de modo a crer que a ausência de proteção ao crédito do consumidor junto à falência do empresário fornecedor significa transferência dos riscos da empresa ao consumidor, negando a lógica protetiva concebida no CDC. Constatou-se no direito estrangeiro, assim como no direito pátrio regras tópicas de tutela do consumidor face a crise do empresário, com destaque para aquelas previstas nos procedimentos concursais especiais, bem como na falência v.g. aquelas do art. 119, IX e no art. 82 da Lei 11.101/2005, bem como do próprio CDC, ao tratar no art. 28 do seu texto a desconsideração da personalidade jurídica por falência decorrente de má administração. Ao final é possível observar que a par das normas protetivas acima mencionadas, inexiste uma proteção sistêmica do consumidor em geral na falência, carecendo a Lei 11.101/2005 ser alterada para albergar referida tutela a exemplo do que faz com o trabalhador, credor na falência, em condições semelhantes às do consumidor, eis que não há que se falar em facilitação da defesa do consumidor se esta não estiver presente também nos processos concursais

Bakgrund/problemområde: Goodwill har under en lång tid varit underlag för en rad studier om hur företagen redovisar och ska redovisa goodwill. IFRS baserar värderingen av goodwill på att företagsledningarna ska göra subjektiva bedömningar i form av uppskattningar och antaganden. Detta uppmuntrar vissa företag till att välja tillvägagångssätt som ger ett önskvärt resultat hos företagsledningen. Goodwill speglar den framtida intjäningsförmågan hos det förvärvade företaget och relaterar därmed till värderingen av verksamheten som en helhet. Det finns indikationer på att den information som bankerna ger ut gällande framtida goodwillnedskrivningar är avgörande för intressenterna i deras bedömning om bankernas prestationer över tiden. Studien fokuserar på fyra svenska bankers redovisning av goodwill, vilka innehar andelar i Baltikum. I en utgiven artikel av DN (2011-01-20) ”Borg: Vi var illa ute 2009” förklarar finansminister Anders Borg att det inte var många som förstod hur illa ute Sverige var när krisen i Lettland hade blivit ett faktum och Internationella valutafonden väntade. I studien granskades bankernas kvalitet på goodwillredovisningen.Frågor/syfte: Studiens huvudfråga är ”Hur redovisade Swedbank, SEB, Nordea och Handelsbanken goodwillen i Baltikum under år 2006 och 2009?” Huvudsyftet med studien är att genom ett deskriptivt och komparativt sätt se hur bankerna tolkade begreppet goodwill utifrån IFRS. Det vill säga hur de värderade och redovisade goodwillen i Baltikum utifrån IFRS år 2006 och 2009.Metod/teori: I studien antog vi ett tolkande tillvägagångssätt för att undersöka redovisningens kvalitet i de fyra bankernas årsredovisningar. I årsredovisningarna tolkade vi både kvalitativa och kvantitativa redovisningsdata. Vi gjorde en institutionell analys av IASB’s standarder för att se hur dessa tolkades i relation till de svenska normerna och den svenska redovisningskulturen. Senare i studien genomförde vi en deskriptiv och komparativ analys av textmaterialet i bankernas årsredovisningar i förhållande till IFRS och studiens teoretiska referensram. Två värderingsproblem kunde identifieras i litteraturen; (1) goodwillvärderingar baseras på förhandlande, vilket är en mycket subjektiv form vid bedömningen av goodwillens värde, och (2) ledningens ansvar är bortkopplat från goodwillredovisningen, eftersom att upplysningar om nedskrivningsprövningar är ofullständiga om hur goodwillens värde upprätthålls och förbättras.Studiens resultat: För att få kunskap om kvaliteten i bankernas goodwillvärderingar och goodwillredovisningar, så studerade vi de fyra bankernas tillvägagångssätt i samband med värdering och redovisning av goodwill. Vi fick reda på att; (a) det finns variationer i bankernas uppskattningar om värdet av goodwill som är svåra att hitta en rimlig förklaring på, (b) det konstaterades även att ledningarna är beroende av kriterier för nedskrivning och att de hade svårt att uppskatta goodwillens värde, (c) ett annat problem bland bankerna är att de hade svårt att uppskatta goodwillens livslängd, eftersom goodwill består av delar med olika livslängd, och (d) det sista kritiska resultatet är att bankernas upplysningar om goodwillvärderingar är kopplat till vilka upplysningar de ska ge och vilka upplysningar de inte ska ge. På grund av problemen med a, b och c så har de fyra bankerna svårt att lämna tillräckligt kvalitativ information om goodwillvärderingar i årsredovisningarna. / Program: Civilekonomprogrammet

During the 2000s U.S. mortgage borrowing experienced its most volatile cycle in the postwar record, with mortgage debt more than doubling between 2000 and 2008 before declining by more than 10% over the next five years. The consequences of the boom and bust for both borrowers and the wider macroeconomy were significant, with millions losing their homes to foreclosure or their jobs to the ensuing deleveraging-driven recession. Recent research has focused on variations in credit supply as a primary determinant of both the boom in mortgage borrowing and subsequent collapse, as well as the concurrent rise and fall of residential real estate prices and employment. In the wake of the Great Recession many have called for countercyclical policy intervention in the mortgage market, both to restrain over-leveraging during booms and to provide additional access to refinancing credit during busts. Moreover some analysis has placed the blame for the volatile U.S. credit cycle on the policies of Fannie Mae and Freddie Mac, the two largest government-sponsored enterprises, which have been labeled as excessively risky, actively destabilizing, and regressive. Nevertheless, though many have called for their reform these two agencies appear to be a continuing feature of the U.S. housing finance system and are currently well-positioned to implement countercyclical credit supply policies. In my dissertation I propose a novel countercyclical policy intervention by the government-sponsored enterprises and analyze its impact on mortgage borrowers.

Kapitalstrukturen för ett företag är en sammansättning av dess egna kapital och skulder som används för att finansiera företaget. Uppsättningen av ett företags kapitalstruktur skiljer sig mellan företag eftersom varje företag själv väljer hur den ska se ut. Idag består 99 % av Sveriges alla företag av SMF. SMF:s kapitalstruktur skiljer sig gentemot större företag då de är mer beroende av extern finansiering än de större företagen. Generellt sett är SMF beroende av externt kapital för att finansiera verksamheten och vid en konjunkturnedgång minskar möjligheten att få tillgång till externt kapital. Kapitalstrukturen och dess företagsspecifika faktorer kan komma påverkas av en kris vilket studien syftar till att studera, om en specifik branschs kapitalstruktur påverkades av finanskrisen 2008. Det finns tidigare studier kring ämnet men det anses vara ett relativt outforskat forskningsområde.Studien omfattar ett urval på 763 SMF inom byggnadsbranschen i Sverige som varit verksamma under och efter finanskrisen 2008. Tidsperioden som studeras är mellan 2008 och 2015. För att kunna svara på om finanskrisen påverkade kapitalstrukturen hos de utvalda företagen användes deskriptiva, korrelations- och regressionsanalyser för att se sambandet mellan de beroende- och oberoende variablerna i studien. Studiens beroende variabler bestod av långfristiga-, kortfristiga- och leverantörsskulder och de oberoende bestod av storlek, ålder, lönsamhet, tillväxt samt en dummyvariabel som stod för den ekonomiska finanskrisen. Regressionsanalyserna utfördes för att se om kapitalstrukturen hade påverkats av finanskrisen. Analysernas resultat indikerar på att det förekommer en skillnad mellan tidsperioderna, attföretagens kapitalstruktur till viss del har påverkats av konjunkturnedgången. Resultatet tyder på att skuldsättningen minskade bland företagen då finanskrisen pågick. / The capital structure of a company is a composition of its equity and liabilities used to finance the company. A company's capital structure differs between companies as each company chooses its own capital structure. Today, 99% of companies in Sweden consists of SME:s. Capital structure also differs from larger companies as SME:s are relatively more dependent on external funding. Generally speaking, SMEs are dependent to external capital to finance the business, in case of a recession, the possibility to gain access from external capital reduces. The capital structure and its company-specific factors may be affected by a crisis where this paper aims to study as how a specific industry's capital structure was affected by the financial crisis in 2008. There are earlier studies on the subject, but it is considered a relatively unexplored research area.The study comprises a sample of 763 SMEs active in the construction industry in Sweden during and after the financial crisis in 2008. The study period is between 2008 and 2015. In order to answer if the financial crisis affected the capital structure of the selected companies, descriptive, correlation and regression analyzes were used to see the relationship between the dependent and independent variables in the study. The dependent variables of the studyconsisted of long-term, short-term and supplier debt and the independence consisted of size, age, profitability, growth and a dummy variable that accounted for the financial crisis. The regression analyzes were conducted to see if the capital structure had been affected by the financial crisis. The results of the analyzes indicate that there is a difference between the periods of time that the capital structure of the companies had been influenced to a certain extent by the economic downturn. The results indicates that debt decreased among companies when the financial crisis continued.

The aim of the thesis is to quantify the impact of the 2008 financial crisis to U.S. economic growth and also identify potential scenarios for future development. For this purpose, there was selected a sample of historical cases of financial crisis where followed the process of deleveraging. Identified impacts were applied to estimate the future GDP growth. In the period 0-5 years after the crisis GDP typically slowed by 40-45%, in 0-7 year horizon by 28-35%, and in the 10 year horizon by 17-20%. In a case of deducting export effect, slowdown of GDP growth is even higher. For the next 8 years average U.S. GDP growth is estimated to 2.26-2.6%. Compared with the pre-crisis period, slowdown reaches 14-25%. Process of deleveraging is now in the one third of the expected duration. The financial sector and household sector remains vulnerable to return the economy into recession and will deleverage further. Non-financial firms are sound. The greatest risk is hidden in the public sector which is experiencing high deficits and uncontrolled growth of debt. Debt is starting to approach level that may reduce long-term dynamics of GDP growth. The future path is in the hands of government officials. Fiscal consolidation treat the root of the problem, but it is painful and hard to approve. Delays in solving the problem is less painful way, but it can result in massive government debt, as it is now in Japan. Repeating Japan scenario is unlikely. The magnitude of balance sheet recession in Japan was much larger. The measures taken have not been so quick and strong.

In the present work we study the securitized products of ?financial markets with focus on collateralized debt obligations and the impact of fi?nancial crisis on the markets in the world. First part the thesis is focused on the methodology of the reasons behind launching these products, the portfolio, tranches and further on mechanisms how these structures are working. In the second part the thesis teoretically describes the valuation methods for which the Markov chains and copula functions are used. Further on follows the practical part with output from the quantitative analysis and at the end the thesis describes the impacts on economics of di?fferent countries and practically introduces the stress testing as the precaution tool.