The primary purpose of this thesis is to investigate the operation of membership criteria, which are applied against countries that wish to join the European Union (EU). More specifically, the importance of some criteria in comparison to others is considered. To answer this proposal, three questions are posed: What are the EU membership criteria? Are some criteria more important than other criteria? Does the EU treat candidate countries differently in applying the membership criteria? Three countries are used in this analysis, each country representing one recent enlargement round: Poland (2004), Romania (2007), and current candidate country Turkey. Both official documents, such as EU treaties, and unofficial documents such as statements from EU leaders are used to analyze the application of membership criteria. The method that is used in this thesis is idea analysis. The EU has both official criteria, which are found in the foundation treaties, and unofficial criteria, which are the public and political opinions among the candidate countries and current EU member states. It is suggested that none of the criteria are more important than others; a candidate country must fulfill virtually all the official and unofficial criteria in order to gain EU membership. Although all criteria must be met, the application of the criteria is uneven between candidate countries. The EU does not treat countries differently when it comes to the official criteria. However, when it comes to the unofficial criteria, Turkey is treated differently from Romania and Poland. There is greater resistance to Turkey’s future membership, making it much more difficult for Turkey to reach the stage of full EU membership.

This study examines whether the policy breadth and the alternatives in European politics affect variations in voter turnout between member states in elections to the European Union Parliament. The theoretical approach assumes that; a larger political polarization, an increase in EU-skeptical parties and a greater voting mobilization among groups with less means results in higher voter turnout figures. The study also consider four other variables; whether the election is held on weekends or weekdays, whether elections coincide with other national elections, whether a country has held the presidential of the EU during or the immediate term prior to the election and finally the turnout figures from national elections. The research design is based upon a quantitative analysis using data from EP elections, national elections and databases from the European Elections Studies (EES). Study unit is twelve member-state countries and their four latest EP elections (1994, 1999, 2004 and 2009). The selected member-states origin from the EU-15 excluding Belgium, Greece and Luxembourg due to their compulsory voting laws. The study found relationships between higher turnout figures in EP-elections and increase in EU-skeptical parties, greater mobilization among groups with less means, elections held on weekends, elections coinciding with other, national elections and an increase in voter figures in national elections.

Bakgrund: Fitnessbranschen har under senare tid expanderat snabbt och PT erbjuds idag på de flesta anläggningar. Träning med PT har positiva effekter fysiskt men även på beteenden kopplat till träning. För ett positiv utfall av träningen krävs det en god interaktion mellan klient och coach. Syfte: Syftet med studien var att undersöka vad klienter som tränar eller har tränat med en PT det senaste året anser är viktiga egenskaper och faktorer hos en PT. Design och metod: Studien har en kvalitativ deskriptiv design. Datainsamling genomfördes med hjälp av semistrukturerade intervjuer. Kvalitativ innehållsanalys användes för databearbetning. Resultat: Vid dataanalysen framkom 3 teman, 6 kategorier och 17 subkategorier. De teman och kategorier som framkom var: Framstå som kompetent - Utseende och uppvisad erfarenhet, Ge känsla av bred kunskap Coachingstil- Närvaro här och nu, Individanpassning Pedagogiska strategier - Verktyg för att uppnå resultat, Trygghetsskapande Konklusion: Bakgrundsinformation om alla PT bör finnas tillgänglig på hemsida eller anläggning i syfte att klienten ska kunna välja sin en PT utifrån deras personliga önskemål. Detta skulle kunna skapa goda grundförutsättningar för en fungerande arbetsallians. Forskning inom detta område är begränsat och det är därför av intresse att fler större studier genomförs. / Background: During the last years the fitness industry has expanded fast. Today PT is offered at almost every health club. Training with a PT have positive physical effects but it has also shown an influence on behaviour associated with training. A good relation between client and coach is needed for a positive outcome of the training. Purpose: The aim of the study was to investigate what the clients that are training or has trained with at personal trainer during the last year consider as important factors and personal qualities related to personal trainers. Design and method: A qualitative descriptive design was used. Data collection was done by semi-structured interviews. Data was analysed with qualitative content analysis. Results: The analyses resulted in 3 themes, 6 categories and 17 sub categories. The themes and categories were: To appear as competent: Appearance and displayed experience ,Give a feeling of a broad knowledge. Coaching style: To be present here and now, To personalize Pedagogical strategies: Tools to reach results, To create a secure feeling, Conclusion: Background information of the PT should always be available at the health club or on the website. The client should have the opportunity to choose a PT based on their personal requests. This may result in good preconditions for a strong and effective working alliance. Reserach in this area are limited therefor further studies are needed.

This qualitative and descriptive essay discusses pharmaceutical companies’ financial reporting of research and development expenditures, if separate acquisitions and development expenditure for internally generated intangible assets are expensed or capitalized, and the reason for this. The problem statements are: How do pharmaceutical companies report their development and research expenditures? Why do pharmaceutical companies choose to expense or capitalize their separate acquisitions and development expenditures for internally generated intangible assets? Interviews have been conducted with pharmaceutical companies that comply with IFRS in their consolidated reporting and which conduct research and development. It is internally generated intangible assets and separate acquisitions that are in focus of this study. Since 2005 it is mandatory for publicly listed companies in the EU to apply to IFRS (International Financial Reporting Standards) in their consolidated reporting. Since IFRS rules are principle based this allows for a more flexible application of accounting standards, which contributes to a subjective interpretation. Expenditures for research and development should be reported either by direct expensing in the income statement or capitalization as an intangible asset in the balance sheet if certain criteria according to IAS 38 are met. Choice of method affects the company´s key ratios along with the balance and income statements and it is the companies themselves which are to determine whether these conditions are met or not. Institutional theory has been used to establish whether companies’ choice of expensing or capitalizing can be explained through different forms of isomorphism, habits and practices, or if choice of method is based on the organization and its environment´s mutual dependency and how the stake holders will perceive the company. Evidence shows that it is mainly coercive isomorphism through laws and regulations that govern the choice of method, but also habits and practices as well as mimetic isomorphism to achieve legitimacy affect choice of method.

No description available.

Bakgrund: Stroke är en folksjukdom som drabbar ungefär 30 000 personer i Sverige varje år och beräknas kosta samhället runt 18 miljarder kronor. Rehabiliteringen efter stroke är ofta intensiv, mångfacetterad och långvarig. Syfte: Syftet var att beskriva patienters upplevelser i samband med rehabiliteringen efter stroke samt att beskriva undersökningsgruppen i de ingående artiklarna. Metod: En beskrivande litteraturstudie som grundar sig på 12 kvalitativa artiklars resultat. Resultat: Stroke upplevdes som en omvälvande livshändelse och huvudmålet med all rehabilitering var att få återgå till det liv som patienterna levt innan stroken. Hoppet om att återfå förlorade funktioner upplevdes som viktigt och varje tecken på förbättring gav motivation till fortsatt rehabilitering. Det var stor kontrast mellan de patienter som upplevde delaktighet i rehabiliteringsprocessen och de som önskade att de hade haft ett större inflytande. Kvinnor upplevde sig mindre delaktiga än män. Det framkom att patienter upplevde att de hade skrivits ut för tidigt från strokeenheten och inte förberetts tillräckligt inför hemkomsten. Den nedsatta funktionsnivån blev mycket tydligare när de kom tillbaka till sin vardag hemma och de saknade den nära kontakten och erfarenhetsutbytet som de hade haft med andra patienter på sjukhuset. Slutsats: Det framkom att patienter med stroke har skilda upplevelser beträffande mål, stöd, information och delaktighet i rehabiliteringen. Ett individanpassat förhållningsätt till patienters målsättningar är betydelsefullt och adekvat information viktigt. Ändamålsenligt stöd från vårdpersonal bidrar till ökad delaktighet samt ökar patientens förmåga att utföra och klara av aktiviteter i rehabiliteringen. / Background: Stroke is a disease that affects approximately 30,000 people in Sweden each year, and is estimated to cost society around SEK 18 billion. Rehabilitation after stroke is often intense, multi-faceted and long lasting. Aim: The aim of the present study was to describe patients' experiences of rehabilitation after stroke and to describe the study group in the included articles. Methods: A descriptive literature review based on 12 qualitative studies. Results: Stroke was perceived as a disruptive life events and the main goal of all rehabilitation was to return to the life that patients lived before the stroke.The hope of regaining lost functions were perceived as important and any signs of improvement gave motivation to continue rehabilitation.The contrast was considerable between those patients who experienced participation in the rehabilitation process, and those who wished they had a bigger influence.Women felt less involved than men. It was revealed that the patients felt that they had been discharged prematurely from the stroke unit and were not prepared for the homecoming. Their reduced abilities became much clearer when they returned to their everyday lives at home and they lacked the close contact and the exchange of experiences they had had with other patients in the hospital. Conclusion: It was found that patients with stroke have different experiences regarding goals, support, information and participation in rehabilitation. An individualized approach to patient goals is significant and adequate information is important. Effective support from health professionals contribute to increased participation and increase the patient's ability to perform and manage activities in the rehabilitation.

Abstrakt (svenska) Titel: Infertilitet – vems rätt att bestämma? En kvalitativ intervjustudie kring barnmorskors erfarenheter av att arbeta med infertilitet. Författare: Rebecka Kristensen Berlin, Umeå Universitet -Institutionen för Omvårdnad   Syfte: Att undersöka hur barnmorskans erfarenheter av parens reaktioner uppfattas i samband med infertilitetsproblematik. Studiedesign: En kvalitativ intervjustudie innefattande fyra barnmorskor har genomförts på en barnmorskemottagning. Intervjumaterialet analyserades utifrån kvalitativ innehållsanalys, vilket i korthet innebar följande steg: Materialet transkriberades ordagrant och bröts därefter ned i meningsbärande enheter, för att kunna sortera data utifrån innehåll. Kondensering utfördes i syfte att lyfta fram kärninnehållet. Abstraktion utfördes för att få fram koder, i syfte att reducera mängden text men även för att därefter kunna sammanfoga snarlika ämnen till underkategorier, vilka sedan grupperades i huvudkategorier tillhörande ett gemensamt tema. Resultat: De fyra huvudkategorier som uppkom var känslor, kommunikation, rättighet och prevention. Känslor: Oro, stress samt nedstämdhet var vanligt förekommande. Mäns känslor var svårare att identifiera då kvinnor ibland kom ensamma till besöken, samt män ibland dolde känslor bakom aggressivitet. Kommunikation: God information skapade förtroende. Råd om livsstilsförändringar samt vidareremittering var en viktig form av stöd. Rättighet: Ingen har rätt till barn, men alla ansågs ha rätt att försöka få barn. Privatekonomi samt samhällets krav påverkar dock i stor utsträckning paren vid misslyckade försök eller önskan om ytterligare barn. Prevention: Vikten av information kring infertilitet vid undervisning i skolan, vid preventivmedelsamtal och vid cellprovtagning poängterades. Slutsats: Att vara väl införstådd med de känslor som kan uppstå i samband med infertilitet möjliggör att ge tillfredställande stöd. Särskilda ansträngningar behöver göras för att nå män, såväl emotionellt som preventivt. Stort utrymme för förbättring finns gällande preventiva åtgärder, i syfte att fördjupa allmänhetens kunskaper kring infertilitet. Nyckelord: kvinnlig infertilitet; manlig infertilitet; känslor; barnmorska; kvalitativ forskning / Abstract (English)     Title: Infertility. Who´s right to decide? A qualitative interview study regarding midwives experiences to work with infertility. Author: Rebecka Kristensen Berlin, Umeå University- Department of nursing   Objective: To investigate midwives thoughts and experiences regarding couples reactions in connection with infertility.  Study design: A qualitative interview study comprising four midwives have been conducted. The resulting data was analyzed using qualitative content analysis, consisting of the following steps: The material was transcribed verbatim and then broken down into sentences, to aid in sorting the data based on content. Condensation was carried out in order to highlight the core content. Abstraction was performed to obtain codes, in order to reduce the amount of text , but also to subsequently merge similar content into subcategories , which were then grouped into categories. Results: Four main categories emerged. Feelings: anxiety, stress and depression were common. Men’s feelings were more difficult to identify since women sometimes came alone to appointments, and men sometimes concealed their feelings behind aggression. Communication: Good information created trust. Advice on lifestyle changes and referrals were important forms of support. Empowerment: No-one has the right to a child, but the right to try to have a child. Personal and societal demands, however, affect the couples at failure to conceive or desire for additional children. Prevention: The importance of information about fertility in school, at contraception counselling and routine smear exams was emphasized. Conclusion: Awareness of the feelings that infertility may give rise to, enables providing satisfactory support. Further efforts need to be made to reach males emotionally as well as preventatively. There is great possibility for improvement in regards to public awareness about infertility. Keywords: female infertility; male infertility; emotions; midwife; qualitative research

<p>This thesis has investigated and analysed whether or not the Nord Stream Natural Gas Pipeline has affected or changed Europe's security situation. By analysing how the Nord Stream Natural Gas Pipeline has been described as a political or economic project by the EU, one can conclude whether the project has been securitized by the EU or not. This is done through the study of official EU documents. The documents have been analysed using framework for sector analysis  and securitization as theorised by the Copenhagen School of international relations. By distinguishing the different conceptions of threat, security and methods discussed in these documents it is possible to analyse whether arguments belong to either the economic or political sector of sector analysis, and how they can be seen as signs of securitization. This has been done by utilizing qualitative text analysis in a case study framework. The thesis concludes that the  Nord Stream Natural Gas Pipeline has not been securitized as a threat by the EU. On the contrary, the project is endorsed as a part of energy proliferation. The EU insist and encourages upon the project and several similar ones in order to ensure energy security for the EU in the future.</p>

<p>Bakgrund: Tidigare forskning visar att röntgensjuksköterskor som gör patienterna delaktiga genom att tillhandahålla information gör det möjligt för patienterna att förstå och själv ta aktiv roll i sin undersökning vilket leder till mindre oro. Med kunskaper och erfarenheter kunde röntgensjuksköterskorna stödja patienterna i samband med undersökningen vilket skapade förtroende och säkerställde trygg atmosfär. Dock kunde sjuksköterskorna även visa brist på känslomässigt engagemang samt bristande förmåga att kommunicera när de var upptagen med praktiska arbetsuppgifter.</p><p>Syfte: Syftet med studien var att beskriva patientens upplevelse av det korta mötet inom vården, med tanken att finna överförbarhet till möte med en röntgensjuksköterska.</p><p>Metod: Litteraturstudie med en kvalitativ ansats och med en kvalitativ innehållsanalys. Studien inkluderade tio vetenskapliga artiklar, som beskriver möten med vården på röntgen, akut- och operationsavdelning.</p><p>Resultat: Resultatet speglar patienternas upplevelser av korta möten, med tonvikten lagd på möten med röntgensjuksköterskor. I resultatet kan referens till källmaterial och dess kontext, såsom röntgen-, akut- och operationsavdelning, utläsas. Dataanalysen resulterade tre huvudkategorier: <em>att bli bekräftad</em>, <em>att uppleva</em> <em>trygghet</em> och <em>att känna</em> <em>maktlöshet</em>. I kategorierna finns totalt sju subkategorier inkluderade. Patienterna kände sig respekterade och bekräftade som individer när sjuksköterskan lyssnade på dem samt tog deras klagomål och önskemål på allvar. Patienterna upplevde trygghet när sjuksköterskan uttryckte intresse och gav dem relevant information. Patienterna upplevde däremot maktlöshet när det var svårt att få kontakt med sjuksköterskan samt göra sina åsikter hörda.</p><p>Slutsats: Studiens resultat visar att patienternas upplevelser av korta möten med röntgensjuksköterskor är allmängiltiga i den bemärkelsen att de kan sägas gälla för verksamheter såsom röntgen-, akut- och operationsavdelning. Dock är det viktigt att poängtera att varje möte med en patient är unikt, vilket innebär att varje patient ska bemötas på ett sätt som skapar förutsättningar för ett välbefinnande.</p>

<p>The primary purpose of this thesis is to investigate the operation of membership criteria, which are applied against countries that wish to join the European Union (EU). More specifically, the importance of some criteria in comparison to others is considered. To answer this proposal, three questions are posed: What are the EU membership criteria? Are some criteria more important than other criteria? Does the EU treat candidate countries differently in applying the membership criteria? Three countries are used in this analysis, each country representing one recent enlargement round: Poland (2004), Romania (2007), and current candidate country Turkey. Both official documents, such as EU treaties, and unofficial documents such as statements from EU leaders are used to analyze the application of membership criteria. The method that is used in this thesis is idea analysis. The EU has both official criteria, which are found in the foundation treaties, and unofficial criteria, which are the public and political opinions among the candidate countries and current EU member states. It is suggested that none of the criteria are more important than others; a candidate country must fulfill virtually all the official and unofficial criteria in order to gain EU membership. Although all criteria must be met, the application of the criteria is uneven between candidate countries. The EU does not treat countries differently when it comes to the official criteria. However, when it comes to the unofficial criteria, Turkey is treated differently from Romania and Poland. There is greater resistance to Turkey’s future membership, making it much more difficult for Turkey to reach the stage of full EU membership.</p>