Ever since internet was available to most people, the use of screens has increased. Members of the society need to be digital literate to be able to use the digital tools and services. In Sweden, public libraries are assigned the task to support that digital literacy by Kungliga biblioteket. As people spend more time online, questions regarding how screen use impact on health increases, together with a growing interest in restricting one’s own use of digital devices and a growing interest in self-help literature on this topic. The aim of this thesis is to contribute with knowledge regarding how screen use is presented in Swedish self-help literature. To do so, a discourse analysis inspired by Michel Foucault’s thoughts on self-technologies, the relation of language-power and power-knowledge, is performed. Findings: Biological-, economic- and health discourses are used when describing the impact of screen use. Focus is on what activities the screen is used for and not so much on the impact from the screen itself. Screen use is talked about as addictive and is accused of leading to sleeping problems and stress. The solution according to the texts is to balance the screen use by performing self-discipline and control.

In this thesis, I argue that a neo-Marxist critical theory perspective on self-driving cars shifts critical conversations from risks and benefits to concerns about the commodification of free time necessary for our human experience of autonomy. First, I outline that neo-Marxist perspective by charting the different types of power exercised by a capitalist in order to increase their surplus. I then analyze Karl Marx's conception of time in economic exchange to show that, under capitalism, power is exercised over labor through the commodification of workers' free time. I then introduced Michel Foucault's concept of biopower to transition to the commodification not only of labor but also of bodies. Then, I introduce contemporary German philosopher Byung-Chul Han's concept of psychopolitics as a neo-Marxist critique of the exercise of power over the psyche of individuals in order to increase their surplus. These philosophers' models shift commodification from labor to bodies to information. In the final section, I apply Han's contemporary critique of power dynamics to the case of self-driving cars (SDCs) to show that the technologies they represent may serve to perpetuate the negative implications of a constantly optimizing society: a continuation of commodification of the very conditions of labor. This analysis illuminates an overlooked possible negative implication of this emerging technology, as contemporary literature focuses heavily on the developer of the self-driving cars rather than the user and glosses over possible concerns of alienation of the workers' time itself. I argue that increases in "free time" proposed by the implementation of self-driving cars will inevitably be used for "auto"-exploitation, or, self-exploitation. This thesis will contribute to developing work on the effects self-driving cars have on their users, rather than emphasizing effects on society or our environments.

Syftet med denna studie var att synliggöra hur diskursen om hot och våld i skolan konstrueras genom diskursiva sanningar i tidningen Läraren, samt hur denna diskurs kan förstås i relation till kompetens inom ramen för läraryrket. Syftet delades in i två forskningsfrågor, där den andra frågeställningen utgick från resultatet av den första: 1. Vilka diskursiva sanningar om hot och våld legitimeras i tidningen Läraren? 2. Hur kan diskursen om hot och våld förstås i relation till lärares kompetens? För att undersöka detta antogs en foucauldiansk diskursanalytisk metod- och teoriansats där det empiriska materialet bestått av 27 artiklar från ovannämnda tidning. Ett centralt antagande inom diskursanalys är att hur vi talar om saker och ting påverkar vårt sätt att uppleva, förstå och handla. Resultatet synliggjorde en problem- och lösningsdiskurs, där det talades om hot och våld som ett akut problem, vilket i sin tur möjliggjorde talet om lösningar kopplat till problemet. Genom språkbruket i artiklarna framställdes hot och våld som ett växande problem som hotar säkerheten i skolan, vilket medför negativa konsekvenser i form av oro, rädsla, sjukskrivningar och uppsägningar. I samband med detta talades det även om hur man ska lösa problemet med hot och våld, exempelvis genom PDV-utbildningar (pågående dödligt våld), krisberedskapsplaner och att förstärka lärares juridiska skydd och rättigheter. Genom talet om lösningarna, framstod hanterandet av hot och våld som lärares ansvar, och därför som en ny nödvändig kompetens inom ramen för läraryrket. I relation till resultatet kan lärarrollen sägas vara i förändring; från att i första hand inneha rollen som ämnes- och undervisningsexpert till att nu också behöva agera säkerhetsaktör.

The purpose of this thesis is to examine the role of the female messenger archetype in Chrétien de Troyes's romances within the context of the rising courtly literature written in France throughout the early twelfth century. The romances by Chrétien that will serve as cases in point for this thesis are Érec et Énide, Lancelot, and Yvain. I analyze the various courtly ladies of the lower nobility to whom Chrétien attributes direct discourse and study how their verbal influence over the plot and the extent to which they are directly involved in the action of that plot correlate to one another. This, as a counterpoint to the queen's traditional role as seemingly powerful, but ultimately passive object in the chivalric paradigm, demonstrates how Chrétien uses the female messenger archetype within his romances. While this study focuses on examining the existence of the female messenger archetype, it also acknowledges the variation amongst the different female characters, even as they fit into the role of the female messenger archetype within Chrétien's individual works. Lastly, the ambiguity of Énide's character, as the oldest example of the female messenger archetype, in comparison with the examples from Chrétien's later works, suggests a possible development in Chrétien's use of the female messenger archetypes, specifically a crystallization of the literary function of both the queen and the female messenger figures in his corpus.

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