Objectif : L’objectif de ce travail de thèse était de proposer une nouvelle approche pour appréhender l’accessibilité afin qu’elle offre des opportunités réelles aux personnes de se déplacer et de se développer. Cette orientation de recherche s’est appuyée sur l’approche par les capabilités qui fournit un cadre théorique pertinent et original pour atteindre une accessibilité capacitante, c'est-à-dire qui permette le développement des personnes. Dans cette thèse, le cadre applicatif de l’approche théorique est la mobilité des personnes vieillissantes.Méthodes : Après une présentation de l’approche par les capabilités, un état de l’art sur l’accessibilité et la présentation du contexte applicatif de cette thèse, nous présentons trois recherches, qui utilisent une combinaison de méthodes (i.e. atelier, observations, questionnaires, projection situationnelle, technique des incidents critiques).Résultats : Les résultats de ces recherches permettent de définir l’accessibilité capacitante et de concevoir un modèle pour l’appréhender en ergonomie. Ce modèle met en évidence des déterminants de l’accessibilité capacitante tels que les ressources et les facteurs d’usage (i.e. les facteurs de conversion et les facteurs de choix). De plus, il décrit le processus qui peut amener à des activités contraintes et/ou empêchées.Conclusion : En conclusion, une présentation du modèle développé dans ce travail est proposée ainsi qu’une définition de l’accessibilité capacitante. Ensuite, les perspectives de recherches portent d’une part sur les recherches en conception visant l’accessibilité capacitante, et d’autre part, sur les effets à long terme de l’accessibilité capacitante sur les activités méta-fonctionnelles. / Objective: The objective of this work was to propose a new approach for the understanding of accessibility. Through this approach, accessibility is considered as a number of qualities of environments or activities providing real opportunities for development to people. This line of research was based on the capability approach which provides a unique and relevant theoretical framework to achieve enabling accessibility (i.e. accessibility which offers real development opportunities to people). In this thesis, the application context of enabling accessibility is older adults’ mobility. Methods: After a presentation of the capability approach, a state of the art on accessibility and presentation of the application context of this research, we present three studies, which use a combination of methods (i.e. workshop, observations, survey, situational projection, critical incident technique). Results: The results of this research are used to define a model of enabling accessibility and to clarify its position in ergonomics. This model highlights a number of determinants of enabling accessibility (e.g. resources conversion factors, factors of choice). This model also describes a number of process which can constraint or hamper activity. Conclusion: In conclusion, a presentation of the model develops in this work is proposed as well as a definition of enabling accessibility. The prospects for research focuses firstly on the research design for enabling accessibility, and secondly, on the long-term effects of enabling accessibility on meta-functional activities.Keywords: enabling accessibility, capability approach, freedom of choice, older people, mobility

In recent decades, the Swedish welfare system has been characterized by the increasing occurrence of market solutions. One example of this development is the introduction of voucher systems in the elderly care. With the purpose to contribute empirically based knowledge about elderly caretaker’s ability to act in a voucher system, interviews have been conducted with eleven relatives to someone who lives in a residential home. By further focusing on the unique features of the elderly care and putting these in relation to Albert O. Hirschman's concept of exit and voice, several conclusions have been made about the individuals strategies towards the voucher system. The study shows that the individuals relation to the voucher system is characterized by emotions and social relations witch complicates the ability to act rationally towards the market.  The unique character of the elderly care also means that the possibilities for exit (to change residential home when not content) are limited, as it implies a heavy burden for both relatives and caretakers to change residential home. Lack of information about what other options are available also limits the individuals ability to exit. The possibilities of voice (to protest and try to improve the quality of the care) are also limited to the individual as this is an option that takes a lot of energy and dedication. The study shows that protracted voice without improvement ultimately makes the individual give up his attempts to influence the quality of the care. The only option that remains when neither voice or exit is available is for the relative to personally take over the care of the caretaker.

A growing body of international research on urban transport shows that women from all over the world are experiencing safety issues within today’s transport systems. Furthermore, these reports shed light on and discuss how gender bias within the transport sector contributes to this problem. To design future mobility services that everyone will use and enjoy, it is thus important to understand women’s travel needs and to involve a diverse group of users in the development process. With a vision of shaping mobility for a sustainable future NationalElectric Vehicles Sweden (NEVS) is developing a mobility solution consisting of connected, autonomous, and electrified vehicles designed and optimized for shared mobility within city environments. To address this issue in NEVS service this thesis applied an exploitative research approach to examining factors that affect women’s willingness to share rides with others(potential strangers) in a context where there is no driver physically present. The methodology, inspired by the ’Design Thinking’ framework consisted of two main phases:(I) Problem definition and (II) Concept development. To understand women’s safety issues within today’s transport system and frame the design challenge an extensive literature study covering the topics of women’s safety in public transport, technology acceptance, trust, and human-centered design was conducted. To further define user needs and encourage the end-users to take an active role in co-designing solutions for themselves two focus group workshops were held. The initial research and the results from the workshops further formed the basis for the subsequent Concept Development phase. A need for control over the shared travel situation revealed by the participants’ great demand for information led this phase to examine passengers' needs in relation to an In-Vehicle Information System (IVIS). Two prototypes were developed and further tested together with users to evaluate the proposed solutions. The results showed that the anthropomorphic system features used to create a more human-like interaction had a positive impact on the participants’ overall user experience and their perceived safety during a ’shared ride’ scenario. Having a female voice communicating system information made the participants feel less nervous, more comfortable, and more secure compared to when the same information was communicated solely by a visual interface. Other factors that had a major impact on the user experience in general and the perceived security were perceived Ease of Use (PEOU) and freedom of choice. The results showed how not understanding how to interact with the vehicle’s physical features had a negative impact on perceived safety while freedom of choice such as being able to book a specific seat in the vehicle is indicated to have a positive impact on people’s willingness to share their journey with a stranger.

Syftet med denna studie är att bidra med kunskap kring hur lärare och elever reflekterar kring elevernas valfrihet i musikundervisningen.  Tidigare studier visar att elevers delaktighet i den generella undervisningen främjar deras motivation. Motivation kan delas in i inre och yttre motivation där den inre tenderar vara starkast i längden och främja individens välmående.  Data har insamlats genom fyra kvalitativa intervjuer med två lärare och två elever. Relevant material har kategoriserats och analyserats ur ett diskursanalytiskt perspektiv.  Resultatet visar att en musikelevs starkaste motivatorer är nöje och nytta. Att en elev får vara delaktig i valet av arbetsuppgifter, låtar att spela eller liknande, hänger ihop både med nöje och nytta, då elever tendera välja sådant som antingen är roligt eller nyttigt för dem. Om eleverna får välja alltför fritt så finns risken att de väljer olämpliga uppgifter, av till exempel musik av för hög svårighetsgrad, vilket påverkar utbildningens kvalitet negativt.  Detta forskningsresultat kan med fördel användas av lärare och elever för att närmare förstå och effektivare arbeta med att avväga mängden valfrihet för eleverna i musikämnet. / The purpose of this study is to contribute to the knowledge about what teachers and students say about students' freedom of choice in music education. Previous studies show that students' participation in general education promotes their motivation. Motivation can be divided into intrinsic and extrinsic motivation, where the intrinsic tends to be strongest in the long run and promotes the individual's well-being. Data has been collected through four qualitative interviews with two teachers and two students. Relevant material has been categorized from and analyzed through a discourse analytical perspective. The result shows that a music student's strongest motivators are joy and benefit. The fact that a student is allowed to participate in the selection of tasks, songs to play or the like, is related to both joy and benefit, as students tend to choose things that are either fun or useful for them. However, too much freedom of choice may lead to students picking too difficult songs to play, which badly affects the education quality. This research result can be used by teachers and students to better understand and to work more effectively with balancing the amount of freedom of choice for the students in the music subject.

This study aims to examine and observe the discourse around freedom within academia, morespecifically within research pertaining to the choice overload phenomenon. The study isqualitative in nature and would be best described as a discourse,- and ideology analysis. Thestudy observes the current discourse around choice overload and how the phenomenon ispresented and problematized. Furthermore the study aims to examine if there are anyideological influences in this area of research. The studies being analyzed are publishedbetween 2016 to the middle of 2018 and based around the keyword choice overload,. Theresults of this study show that recent research regarding choice overload is in overwhelmingmajority conducted by marketing and hence presented in a market-minded perspective. Thestudy also finds that there seems to exist an indication of two “perspectives” when it comes tothe researchers views on choice overload. In these study these perspectives are categorized byone having a more pragmatic, solution-oriented view in relation to the phenomenon and theother one being more sceptical to its existence at all. The conclusion brings mixed results,whereas while the study shows that there are prevalent tendencies to problematize and presentchoice overload from a profit seeking perspective as opposed to a general societal healthperspective, the controlled nature of the language used in research makes it hard to draw anyconcrete conclusions. The study ends on an encouraging note, leaving suggestions for furthermore in-depth research to contribute to this field of knowledge. / Denna studie syftar till att undersöka och observera diskursen kring valfrihet inom akademia,specifikt inom forskning kring fenomenet choice overload. Denna studie är kvalitativ till sinnatur och kan bäst beskrivas som en diskurs,- och ideologianalys. Studien observerardiskursen kring choice overload och hur fenomenet presenteras och problematiseras. Vidareämnar denna studie att examinera om det förekommer ideologiska strömningar inomforskningsfältet. De studier som analyseras är baserade kring nyckelordet choice overloadoch är publicerade mellan 2016 och första halvan av 2018. Resultaten av denna studie visaratt nylig forskning kring choice overload är dominerad av marknadsföring och därefterpresenterad ur ett marknadsekonomiskt perspektiv. Studien finner även att det tycks existeraen indikation av två olika “perspektiv” när det kommer till hur forskare ser på choiceoverload. I denna studie kategoriseras dessa perspektiv av att ena har en mer pragmatisk ochlösningsorienterad inställning gentemot fenomenet, medan det andra förhåller sig merskeptiska till fenomenets existens. Resultatet av studien är blandat, då fastän studien visar attdet finns tydliga tendenser att problematisera och presentera choice overload ur ettvinst-sökande perspektiv i motsats till ett folkhälso,- och samhällsperspektiv, så förhindrasstudien från att finna konkreta resultat på grund av det kontrollerade språket inom akademiskforskning och problematiken med allmän generalisering. Studien avslutas med förslag förvidare forskning för att bidra till kunskap kring ideologi inom akademia.

In this thesis an explorative study was undertaken with the aim to study how a number of private care providers, as well as politicians and officials from councils in and around the Stockholm and Uppsala counties, think about the future of the Swedish elderly care from a property perspective, i.e. homes for the elderly. The analysis shows that there is a demand for capacity in 6 out of 16 municipalities, and that the property is an important part of this capacity, and the fulfillment of it. This was mainly due to the cost of capital, but also because of several other factors such as lack of land, a wish to guide the design, ideology, and in many cases a wish to use the property as an instrument of domination to control private health care providers. Also, the property was show to be connected to economic competition, to freedom of choice, and to quality. The problems related to the property in the market for elderly care still remains to be solved. The writer of this thesis suggests that, among other things, patients should be treated as customers to a larger extent and problems that counter competition must be solved. Lastly, the writer has analyzed the situation in the Swedish market for elderly care from a value creation perspective. It is suggested that value can be created in both the network and within the company, even if the companies are competing, and thus ought to compete and not cooperate. / I denna uppsats har en explorativ studie företagits med målsättningen att undersöka hur ett antal privata vårdföretag samt politiker och tjänstemän från ett antal kommuner i och runt Stockholms- och Uppsala län tänker kring framtiden för den svenska äldrevården. Utgångspunkten har tagits ur ett fastighetsperspektiv, närmare bestämt vårdboenden. Bakgrunden ligger i det stora behovet av äldrevård som växer fram i Sverige och som beräknas nå sitt maximum kring 2035. Genom intervjuer har respondenterna fått svara på frågor om fastighetsbehovet, om konkurrens samt om, och i så fall hur, fastigheten kunde kopplas till kvalitet, valfrihet och konkurrens. Analysen visade att behov förekom i 6 av 16 kommuner, och att det påverkades av bland annat deras inställning till ägande och privata vårdgivare. Vidare visade sig fastigheten vara en viktig del i behovet och lösningen utav det samma, främst på grund av kapitalkostnaden, men också på grund av faktorer så som markbrist, en vilja att styra utformningen, ideologi och i flera fall en vilja att använda fastigheten som ett domineringsinstrument för att kontrollera privata vårdgivare. Konkurrensen sågs till viss del som ett utbyte framför en tävling. Slutligen framkom att fastigheten, om än som en underordnad komponent, kunde kopplas till konkurrens som nyss nämnda instrument, till valfrihet genom attraktivitet i läge och utseende, och till kvalitet som möjliggörare av effektiv vård och med rätt utformning. Fastighetsproblematiken i stort för vårdmarknaden, speciellt kopplat till LOV, återstår att lösa och författaren föreslår bland annat att vårdtagarna bör ses som kunder i större utsträckning och att konkurrenshämmande problem skall åtgärdas. Avslutningsvis har författaren analyserat situationen på den svenska vårdmarknaden ur ett värdeskapande perspektiv, kopplat till Porters, Stabell och Fjeldstads teorier om värdekedjor. En problematisk situation, sett till konkurrenskrafter på marknaden, iakttogs som orsak till att de privata vårdföretagen tycks medvetet eller omedvetet skapar värde tillsammans genom värdeskapande i nätverk parallellt med verksamhet enligt den traditionella värdekedjan, trots att detta motverkar ökad konkurrens. En möjlig förklaring är en kombination av oplanerat resursinterberoende och att det är ett slags relationsbyggande mellan företagen, orsakat av en imperfekt marknad.

This thesis addresses the conflict traditionally found within moral philosophy between deontological and utilitarian schools of thought. Using the example of the serious moral ambivalence experienced by individuals who are deciding whether to end or continue a difficult pregnancy, it is argued that this ambivalence is the result of both absolute principles (such as the intrinsic value of human life) and outcome based considerations (such as the desire to avoid causing pain and suffering) appearing to be morally reasonable, while also being fundamentally opposed: Each course of action is at once morally defensible on the basis of its own reasonableness, and, conversely, reprehensible due to the reasonableness of the other. This lived experience of moral ambivalence is directly reflected by the tension between deontology and utilitarianism as it occurs at the moral philosophic level, where the deontological emphasis on the unconditional rightness of certain principles is seen to be at irreconcilable odds with the utilitarian emphasis on the attainment of certain ends. The thesis’ central claim is that such ambivalence strongly indicates that human morality is neither exclusively one type or the other, and that both types of moral property are in fact reasonable, and thus have moral value. It is theorised that accounting for this dual reasonableness would lead to the most accurate and helpful representation of the human moral experience – but that the philosophic ‘divide’ between the two types of principle has led to an either/or situation, which has largely prevented this sort of understanding from being developed. The thesis argues that Victorian philosopher Henry Sidgwick developed a view in which neither deontological nor utilitarian principles can be fully realised without reference to the other, precisely on the basis that both can be found to be ultimately rational. This thesis aims to revitalise that theory – represented by the term ‘Rational Benevolence’ - to show that Sidgwick reconciled the divide between absolute and end based principles in such a way that the relationship between them becomes a ‘synthesis’. In this synthesis, deontological and utilitarian concepts are both seen as essential components of morality, that combine to form a dynamic whole in which the value of each principle is both indicated and naturally limited by the value of the other, on account of their respective rationalities. It is argued that this provides a more comprehensive understanding of the reality of the human moral experience, and better moral justification for either course of action in situations of complex and sensitive ethical decision making.

Dans cette thèse nous nous intéressons à la prédiction de la réussite à l’issue de la formation (réussite à l’examen à l’université, insertion de demandeurs d’emplois accueillis en formation) sur la base de mesures subjectives « à chaud » (satisfaction ou apprentissages subjectifs) et de variables dispositionnelles (sentiment d’efficacité personnelle, locus de contrôle, estime de soi, optimisme et évaluation centrale de soi). Les résultats montrent en rapport avec les modèles d’évaluation de la formation que les mesures subjectives « à chaud » ne sont pas de bons prédicteurs de la réussite à l’issue de la formation ou de l’insertion professionnelle. Par ailleurs, la réussite à l’issue de la formation peut parfois être prédite par les variables dispositionnelles dans la mesure où ces dernières ont des valeurs élevées, dans le cas d’obtention au préalable de bonnes notes de la part des étudiants. En effet, l’effet de prédiction disparait lorsqu’est neutralisé l’impact du niveau académique antérieur de l’étudiant. En accord avec les travaux sur la norme d’internalité, ces variables semblent des indicateurs de situations sociales de réussite préexistantes et non des déterminants directs de la réussite sociale (Dubois, 1987, 2003). Dans la seconde partie de notre thèse, nous proposons par le biais de la théorie de l’engagement d’agir sur le contexte au moyen d’une déclaration de liberté ayant pour objet la présence au cours. Des effets positifs de la déclaration de liberté, par opposition à une déclaration de contrainte, sont observés sur plusieurs résultats collectés en fin de formation (satisfaction, apprentissage subjectif). Au niveau théorique, il semble que les retours d’évaluation fournis par les formateurs pourraient affecter les variables dispositionnelles, dont font état les personnes formées, et ainsi les rendre prédictives de la réussite. Les interactions évaluatives réifieraient ainsi le lien entre variables dispositionnelles et situation de réussite. Par ailleurs le contexte de liberté induit pourrait favoriser une élévation des mesures dispositionnelles et initier les processus d’apprentissage. / This research work adresses the prediction of success after a training scheme (success in university examination, integration of job seekers after a training session) on the basis of 1/ subjective indicators at the end of training: satisfaction or subjective learning and 2/ individuals' variables (self-efficacy, locus of control, self-esteem, optimism and core self-evaluation). Our results show that, compared to training evaluation models, subjective indicators at the end of training do not appear to be good predictors of success. In addition, if individuals' variables are sometimes predictable of success, this seems to be related to the mere fact that they represent high values in students with past good results (the effect of prediction disappears when the effect of the student's past academic level is neutralized). In agreement with studies carried out on Internality Norm, such variables appear to be no more than indicators of previous social success situations, but not direct determinants of social success (Dubois, 1987, 2003). In the second part of our thesis, we propose – via the theory of commitment – to impact on participants' commitment, thanks to a statement of freedom (of choice) as to the attendance to classes. Favorable effects derived from such freedom of choice – as opposed to compulsory attendance - are observed on several results collected at the end of the training (satisfaction, subjective learning). At theoretical level, It seems that trainers' evaluation assessments could affect declared trainees' individual variables, thus making them predictive of success. Evaluation interactions are thus thought to reify the link usually considered between individuals' variables and situations of success. In addition, the context of freedom thus induced might contribute to enhanced individuals' variables as well as promote the mechanisms of learning.

Le droit international privé colombien demeure tributaire d’une approche publiciste qui repose sur les principes de territorialité et de souveraineté. Ces principes, pourtant délaissés depuis le début du XXe siècle en droit international privé comparé, constituent encore aujourd’hui le fondement des règles de conflit en matière contractuelle qui forment le droit positif. Bien que la jurisprudence colombienne ait aussi utilisé des méthodes qui s’apparentent à d’autres proposées plus récemment aux États-Unis et en France, le système colombien n’offre pas de solutions satisfaisantes aux problèmes que posent les situations internationales, y compris en matière contractuelle. Le droit international privé colombien doit donc être repensé. À cet égard, il est possible, sur le fondement des textes en vigueur, de justifier tant la transformation de l’approche que l’adoption de nouvelles solutions. En matière de contrats, il est possible d’identifier au sein de l’ordre juridique colombien une tendance favorable à la consécration de la liberté de choix de la loi applicable en tant que solution de principe. En effet, cette solution est conforme au principe constitutionnel d’internationalisation et compatible avec le rôle reconnu à l’initiative privé en droit colombien. Largement répandue en droit international privé comparé, la liberté de choix a les faveurs des institutions internationales et, en 2015, la Conférence de La Haye a publié des principes sur le choix de la loi applicable aux contrats commerciaux internationaux. Cet instrument non contraignant peut servir d’inspiration pour l’élaboration d’une réglementation du choix de loi en droit colombien. / Colombian private international law remains in thrall to a public-law inspired approach resting on the principles of territoriality and sovereignty. These principles, which have been abandoned since the beginning of the twentieth century in comparative private international law, still form the basis of the choice-of-law rules for contractual matters found in positive law. Even though the courts have also used methods that are similar to others put forward more recently in the United States and France, the Colombian system does not offer satisfactory solutions to the issues raised by international situations, particularly in contractual matters. Colombian private international law therefore needs to be rethought. In this respect, it is possible, on the basis of existing texts in Colombian law, to justify both the transformation of the approach and the adoption of new solutions. As far as contracts are concerned, a favorable trend towards the consecration of the freedom of choice of the applicable law as a solution of principle can actually be identified within the Colombian legal order. Indeed, this solution aligns with the constitutional principle of internationalization and is compatible with the role recognized to private initiative in Colombian law. Choice of law, which is widely used in comparative international private law, is also favored by international institutions. In 2015, The Hague Conference thus published its Principles on the choice of law applicable to international commercial contracts. This non-binding instrument can provide inspiration for the development of a choice of law regime in Colombian law.

De nos jours, les comparaisons internationales dans le champ de l’éducation semblent particulièrement d’actualité comme en témoignent la multiplication des ouvrages sur le sujet, l’augmentation des rapports internationaux et la recrudescence des évaluations standardisées sur les compétences des élèves. Dans cette thèse, les systèmes éducatifs sont examinés du point de vue de leur capacité à favoriser l’égalité et à créer des opportunités pour les individus. Nous opérons un focus particulier sur la France et la Suisse, deux systèmes dans lesquels l’organisation de l’éducation est fondamentalement différente. Ces systèmes éducatifs sont comparés à l’aune de la théorie des « capabilités » de Amartya Sen. Cette théorie permet de nous intéresser au degré de liberté que peuvent avoir les individus dans leur parcours et à l’ensemble des possibilités disponibles dont ils bénéficient, ce que nous pouvons appeler leur « espace des possibles ». Nous analysons alors comment les opportunités et les contraintes peuvent s’ouvrir ou se fermer dans le temps dans chaque système éducatif. Dans la mesure où l’analyse de la liberté de choix et des opportunités des personnes nécessitent une approche dynamique, la partie empirique est basée sur deux bases de données longitudinales. Pour la Suisse nous mobilisons les données TREE (Transition de l’Ecole à l’Emploi) et pour la France les données du panel DEPP-EVA (Direction de l’Evaluation, de la Prospective et de la Performance -Entrée dans la Vie Adulte). / International comparisons in the field of education seem to be particularly in vogue at the moment, as reflected in the proliferation of books on the subject, the burgeoning number of international reports and a fresh upsurge in standardised student assessments. In this thesis, education systems are examined from the perspective of their ability to contribute to equality and in particular to create opportunities for individuals. We particularly focus on France and Switzerland, two systems in which organisation of education is fundamentally different. These education systems are then compared in the light of Amartya Sen’s theory of capabilities. This theory allows us to investigate the degree of freedom that individuals have in their trajectories and the range of opportunities available to them, what might be called their ‘opportunities space’. Then we analyse how opportunities and constraints open up and close off over time in each education system. Considering that the analysis of people free choices and opportunities require a dynamic approach, the empirical part is based on two longitudinal database. For Switzerland, we make use TREE (Transition from Education to Employment) and the DEPP-EVA panel for France (Department of Evaluation, Forecasting and Performance - Adulthood Entry).