La question alimentaire, chez Joris-Karl Huysmans, est une préoccupation centrale. Son œuvre témoigne d’un réel intérêt pour la nourriture et le motif de la quête du repas structure plusieurs de ses écrits. Bien au-delà de la simple question diététique, j’émets l’hypothèse que l’alimentation constitue chez Huysmans un véritable topos qui parcourt l’œuvre et la structure. Depuis la névrose de l’indigeste jusqu’à l’élévation spirituelle des nourritures célestes, elle progresse dans un cheminement toujours plus mystique alors que le mangeur tente d’accéder à la béatitude alimentaire. Afin de mieux cerner cette évolution thématique et discursive, j’examine principalement un corpus restreint comprenant À Vau-l’eau (1882), En Ménage (1881), À Rebours (1884) et Là-bas (1891). Ces quatre œuvres, prises isolément, présentent un contenu particulièrement riche en préoccupations alimentaires; côte à côte, elles dévoilent une réelle évolution textuelle et thématique, développent et amplifient la question alimentaire qui passe de la quête vitale de subsistance à celle d’une nourriture plus spirituelle. / Food is a fundamental concern in Joris-Karl Huysmans’ work. His novels reveal a genuine interest for the edible, and a number of his protagonists embark on a quest for an acceptable meal. But beyond simple dietary preoccupations, I propose that food in Huysmans’ œuvre constitutes a veritable topos that structures and determines the narrative. From the indigestion caused by toxic meals to the spiritual elevation permitted by heavenly foods, eaters engage in an increasingly mystical journey as they attempt to find alimentary bliss. To better understand this thematic and discursive evolution, I analyze a small selection of works comprising À Vau-l’eau (1882), En Ménage (1881), À Rebours (1884) and Là-bas (1891). These four texts, studied separately, present a fecund mise en scène of dietary issues; examined diachronically, they reveal a veritable textual and thematic progression, developing and amplifying the question of food that from a vital quest for subsistence evolves into a search for deeper spiritual fulfillment.

Although historians have written extensively on both the early modern era and the development of an absolute monarchy, the history of Jewish communities in France and the role they played has been largely ignored. Beginning with the French Wars of Religion, this study analyzes to what extent France’s religious situation affected the growth of absolutism and how this in turn affected the Jews. Taking advantage of the fractured nature of the early French monarchy, Jews began settling in provinces along the border of both Spain and the Holy Roman Empire. Affected by economic jealousies and cultural perceptions of Jews, the treatment of these communities by local officials led to requests by Jews for royal intervention in these regions. Perceptions of Jews evolved through the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries as the French Enlightenment influenced the way Jewish characters were presented. This study then ties these perceptions of Jews to the political and economic reality of these communities in an attempt to create a unified history of France’s early modern Jewish population.

The main topic of the master's thesis is the phenomenon of Islamism in the Francophone Maghrebian literature. It focuses on the translation of novels from the region of Maghreb into the Czech language and on the reception of this type of literature in the Czech and French culture and society. The thesis is divided into two parts: theoretical and practical one. The main aim of the theoretical part is to be interdisciplinary; it explains the main concepts of the political science such as the concept of a nation or of immigration policies. Only a good understanding of these policies can lead to the full comprehension of Islamism in Western countries. Moreover, this part presents the main topics of translation studies, i.e. postcolonial studies, after the cultural turn and the main characteristics of the Maghrebian literature. The second part of the thesis deals with the reception of novels about Islamism in France and in the Czech Republic and analyses the Czech translation of a novel written by Boualem Sansal. Key words Arabic culture, Islamism, Francophone literature, Maghreb, translation, reception, Boualem Sansal

Entre 1561 et 1681 plusieurs tragédies et tragi-comédies françaises empruntent leur sujet à un épisode de l’histoire récente de l’Empire ottoman. Si Solyman ou la mort de Mustapha (1639) de Jean Mairet, Ibrahim ou l’illustre bassa (1641-42) de Georges de Scudéry et Bajazet (1672) de Jean Racine sont probablement les œuvres les plus emblématiques de cette tendance, elles ne sont pas les seules. D’autres auteurs issus de milieux littéraires divers et appartenant à des époques différentes ont également souscrit à cette tradition. L’objet de notre thèse est d’explorer le ou les corpus « orientalistes » de la tragédie française, d’en déterminer les origines tout ainsi que, si elles existent, les conséquences — en particulier dans la constitution des intrigues. Les réponses à ces questions doivent nous permettre de définir l’identité de ces tragédies à sujet ottoman. / Between 1561 and 1681 several French tragedies and tragicomedies borrowed their subjects from a recent episode in the history of the Ottoman Empire. Although Solyman ou la mort de Mustapha (1639) by Jean Mairet, Ibrahim ou l’illustre bassa (1641-42) by Georges de Scudéry, and Bajazet by Jean Racine are probably the most emblematic works of this trend, they are not alone. Other authors from different literary circles and belonging to different periods also belonged to the same tradition. The purpose of this dissertation is to explore the corpus of French tragedies with Oriental subjects and to determine their origins and consequences, particularly regarding the construction of plots. The answers to these questions should allow the definition of an identity for these tragedies with Ottoman subjects.

L’influence littéraire exercée par l'Espagne du Siècle d’or sur la France du premier XVIIe siècle est liée à un ample mouvement éditorial. Cette thèse, qui associe histoire du livre et histoire littéraire, étudie les traductions françaises de textes espagnols qui ont circulé en France entre 1600 et 1660 – traductions qui concernent des textes de toute nature (religieux, littéraires, scientifiques, techniques...). Pour évaluer l’ampleur de ce mouvement éditorial, une enquête bibliométrique est d’abord réalisée. Elle permet de reconstituer l’histoire de cette diffusion par l’imprimé. On identifie les principaux foyers de production et on examine la production des officines de librairie engagées dans ce marché. L’analyse se porte ensuite sur l’activité de traduction elle-même, dans la diversité de ses pratiques. Les profils des principaux traducteurs d’espagnol en français sont distingués : le traducteur professionnel, l’amateur éclairé, l’imprimeur, le religieux, le médecin etc. Une attention particulière est accordée aux hommes de lettres qui tentent de concilier un travail de plume mal considéré avec leurs ambitions littéraires. Les pratiques des traducteurs sont enfin cernées par l’analyse des textes et de leur « mise en livre », en comparant différentes traductions (concurrentes ou successives) d’un même texte. Les motivations diverses de ces versions et la spécificité de chaque projet d’écriture et de publication sont ainsi cernées. Portant sur un large pan de la production écrite en français souvent délaissé par l'histoire littéraire, ce travail sur la pénétration de la culture espagnole en France et sur le monde des traducteurs interroge aussi la relation entre écriture et publication, et sur le rôle de « l’éditorial » dans la construction de l’autorité littéraire. / The literary influence exercised by Golden Age Spain on France in the first half of the 17th century is related to a very considerable mass of editorial activity. This thesis, which combines the history of the book and literary history, studies French translations of Spanish texts which circulated in France between 1600 and 1660 - translations concerning texts of all kinds (religious, literary, scientific, technical, etc.).In order to evaluate this editorial activity, a bibliometric enquiry must first be carried out. This enquiry allows us to reconstitute the history of of the circulation of this material in print. The principal centres of production are identified and the production of the workshops of the booksellers’ operating in this market are examined. The analysis then shifts to the activity of translation itself, in all its diversity. The profiles of the different principal translators from Spanish to French are laid out: the professional translator, the enlightened amateur, the printer, the cleric, the physician, etc. Particular attention is paid to men of letters who attempt to conciliate what is perceived as lowly hackwork with their literary ambitions. Finally, the translators’ practices themselves are the object of study, through comparison, using textual analysis as well as examining questions of format and layout, of different (concurrent or successive) translations of the same text. Account is thus made of the diverse motivations of these versions and the specificity of each writing project and publication. Taking as its base a large swathe of writing produced in French often neglected by literary history, this study of the penetration of Spanish culture in France and of the world of translators looks anew at the relation between writing and publication, as well as at the editorial role in the construction of literary legitimacy.

On a souvent considéré qu’au cours du XVIIIe siècle s’opérait une mutation dans l’histoire du genre biographique, qui se manifestait par le passage des « Vies » aux « biographies ». Pourtant d’importantes transformations affectent la manière de raconter la vie dès la fin du XVIe siècle. Ces changements sont particulièrement sensibles dans un sous-genre de la biographie, la Vie d’écrivain. En effet, outre l’affaiblissement de la pression rhétorique qui touche les pratiques narratives dans leur ensemble, celle-ci est modifiée par une nouvelle habitude éditoriale qui consiste à inclure une Vie de l’auteur en avant-propos de l’oeuvre et par l’évolution du statut de l’écrivain qui commence à se différencier des autres hommes de lettres. Pour comprendre la spécificité du genre, il convient de définir les conditions de production de la Vie d’écrivain, liées aux nouvelles exigences de l’historiographie et au développement de la culture mondaine, en particulier de l’art de la conversation. La Vie d’écrivain permet, par ailleurs, de mesurer l’évolution du régime de l’exemplarité, à travers la régression des modèles éthiques traditionnels, l’apparition de nouveaux modèles, mais aussi la recherche de plus en plus affirmée d’une singularité de l’auteur. Il faudra enfin s’interroger sur l’apport particulier des Vies d’écrivains à l’histoire littéraire, en relation avec la place accordée à la narration, qui constitue l’évolution majeure du genre au XVIIIe siècle. Ces différentes questions, rencontrées au fil de notre travail, nous aideront à mieux comprendre les ressorts d’une démarche inhérente à la biographie d’écrivain : le va-et-vient entre la vie et l’oeuvre. / It has often been considered that, throughout the 18th century, there took place a profound change in the history of biographical genre, expressed by the shift from “Lives” to “biographies”. However, important transformations have affected the way of telling life as far back as the end of the 17th century. The changes are particularly noticeable in one subgenre of biography, the Lives of writers. Actually, besides the weakening of the rhetorical pressure which concerns the narrative practices, as a whole, it is altered by a new editorial habit which consists in including a Life of the author as a preface to the works and by the evolution of the status of the writer who, then, starts differing from other men of letters. So as to understand the specificity of the genre, it is advisable to define the conditions of production of the Lives of writers, linked to the new demands of historiography and to the development of society culture, particularly the art of conversation. Furthermore, the Lives of writers allows to assess the evolution of the system of exemplarity, through the regression of traditional ethical models, the appearance of new models, but also the search – more and more emphasized – for the writer’s peculiarity. At last, we shall have to wonder about the particular contribution made by the Lives of writers to literary history, in relation to the place granted to narration, which constitutes the major evolution of the genre in the 18th century.These different questions, raised throughout our work, will help understand the motives of a process inherent in biographies of writers, namely, going back and forth between life and works.

A escritora brasileira Clarice Lispector e a francesa Alice Ferney, embora oriundas de contextos sócio-históricos diferentes, apresentam muitos pontos em comum em seus romances Uma aprendizagem ou o Livro dos prazeres e La conversation amoureuse. As duas autoras abordam o mesmo tema (o amor e o encontro amoroso) entremeando-o de leitmotiven semelhantes (as questões relativas à alteridade; o papel que a linguagem exerce sobre as relações humanas; os embates sujeito-linguagem; o silêncio como contraparte necessária da palavra), com soluções formais que diferem no todo, mas aproximam-se nos detalhes. Este estudo é uma leitura comparativa entre as duas obras e visa mostrar como as autoras abordam o tema do amor, que tem longa tradição na literatura ocidental, e como o reatualizam a partir de recursos formais de uma literatura em crise. A leitura aqui apresentada coloca em evidência as semelhanças que aproximam e as diferenças que individualizam as obras, observando-as e comparando-as de um ponto de vista temático-morfológico. / The Brazilian writer Clarice Lispector and the French writer Alice Ferney, yet coming from different socio-historical contexts, present many common aspects in their novels Uma aprendizagem ou o Livro dos prazeres and La conversation amoureuse. Both writers deal with the same theme (love and the love encounter), filling the novels up with similar leitmotiven (questions concerning alterity; the role language exerts on human relations; the clash subject-language; silence as a necessary counterpart of word), with formal solutions that are different on the whole, but have similarities in the particularities. This study is a comparative reading between the two aforementioned works and aims at showing how the authors deal with the theme of Love, which has a long tradition in Western literature, and how they re-actualize it from certain formal resources of a literature in crisis. This reading puts in evidence the similarities that approximate and the differences that individualize the works, observing and comparing them from a thematic-morphologic perspective.

Estuda-se aqui a escrita do marquês de Sade, sobretudo as três versões de sua personagem virtuosa: Os infortúnios da virtude [Les infortunes de la vertu] (1787), Justine ou as infelicidades da virtude [Justine ou les malheurs de la vertu] (1791) e A Nova Justine ou as infelicidades da virtude [La Nouvelle Justine ou les malheurs de la vertu] (1799). Nelas, investiga-se o modo pelo qual a escrita produz equívocos, campos de ressonância e compossibilidades entre os pares conceituais com os quais trabalha (a saber, virtude/vício; infelicidade/prosperidade; etc). A dramatização dos conceitos e das normas simbólicas que os orientam configura, assim, uma cenografia equívoca, cujo funcionamento consiste em sabotar a univocidade de sentido dos termos que aciona. Essa equivocidade constitutiva da escrita sadiana deixa então em suspenso o próprio posicionamento enunciativo, não se subsumindo à particularização das intenções do Autor e, tampouco a uma determinação unívoca do contexto. Propõe-se, entretanto, singularizar sua indeterminação, ou melhor, a sobredeterminação das torções perspectivas que efetua e os seus equívocos, bem como os reenvios que fabrica e encena em uma rede de enunciações. Para tanto, dramatizam-se aqui dois eixos de análise, nos quais a virtude se faz fundamental: a discussão setecentista sobre a função moralizadora das artes e a política jacobina de Robespierre. Na passagem de uma a outra, é a equivocidade enunciativa de Sade que entrelaça a performatividade do texto literário e a instituição da lei. / This thesis aims to study the writing of Marquis de Sade, especially the three versions of his virtuous character: Les infortunes de la vertu (1787), Justine ou les malheurs de la vertu (1791) and La Nouvelle Justine ou les malheurs de la vertu (1799). In them, the object of inquiry is the way that writing produces equivoques, fields of resonance and compossibilities between conceptual pairs in which it works upon (namely, virtue/vice; infelicity/prosperity, etc). The dramatization of the concepts and symbolic norms that guide them sets an equivocal cenography, whose operation consists in sabotage the univocity of the terms\' meanings that it triggers. This constitutive equivocity of the sadian writing leaves suspended the whole enunciative positioning, not subsuming itself to the particularizations of the author\'s intentions, neither to a univocal determination of the context. However, it is proposed to singularize its indetermination, or better put, the overdetermination of the perspective torsions that it performs and its equivoques, as well as the resends that it fabricates and stages in a network of enunciations. Therefore, this thesis dramatizes two axes of analysis, in which the virtue is fundamental: the discussion in the Eighteenth century about the moralizing function of the arts and Robespierre\'s jacobin politics. In the passage from one to another, it is Sade\'s enunciative equivocity that tangles the literary texts\'s performativity and the institution of the law.

No description available.

La figure du mage charlatan et imposteur constitue, dans la littérature du XVIe siècle, un topos qui reflète la confiance communément accordée à la magie et aux arts hermétiques. Il s'agit d'un personnage novateur, qui apparaît à un siècle où la lutte contre les pratiques magiques se fait progressivement plus intense. Le but de cette recherche est d'analyser les personnages magiques dans différents genres littéraires comme les nouvelles et les comédies, en se concentrant sur la caractérisation linguistique, sur la description du charlatan et de ses complices et les lieux dans lesquels apparaissent le plus fréquemment les imposteurs. En outre, une comparaison est effectuée avec la littérature magique et juridique du XVIe siècle, afin de reconstruire le climat culturel dans lequel les textes étaient produits et diffusés. La représentation du mage-charlatan subit les fréquentes ingérences du pouvoir politique, inquiet du fait qu'une nouvelle hérésie puisse compromettre le fragile équilibre social. Les procès intentés contre les acteurs, dont les pièces vont au-delà du canevas fait de dérision et de moquerie à l'encontre du nécromancien, semblent témoigner de la conviction, enracinée dans le monde intellectuel du XVIe siècle, que les arts hermétiques pourraient nuire aux coutumes des hommes. Cette recherche se propose de trouver des textes littéraires où apparaît la figure du mage escroc et de montrer la précarité de la division entre charlatans et sorciers dans la littérature de l'époque. / The character of the charlatan and impostor magician constitutes in the Renaissance a tòpos who reflects the commonly granted trust to the magic and to the hermetic arts. It deals with an innovative personage, who appears in a century when the struggle against the magician practices was becoming progressively more intense. The aim of this research is the analysis of the personages who represent the magician and the charlatan, focusing on the linguistic and psychological characterisation of the « cerretano » and of his victims. Moreover, a comparison is carried out with the magic and judicial literature of the 16th century in order to reconstruct the cultural atmosphere in which the texts were composed and diffused. The representation of the magician-charlatan was influenced by the usual interferences of political power, worried for the social dangers of a new heresy. In fact, the trials of the actors, whose pieces went beyond the canvas made by derision and mockery of the necromantic, would seem to testify the conviction whereby the hermetic arts could damage the morals. This research aims to find some literary texts where there is the character of the swindler magician and to show the fragility of the division between charlatans and sorcerers in the Renaissance literature.