Le Traité de Marrakech stipule que le commerce et le développement économique devraient être orientés de manière à permettre l’utilisation optimale des ressources mondiales, conformément à l’objectif de développement durable. Combiné aux dispositions du Protocole de Kyoto et du Traité de Copenhague, les gouvernements poursuivent de politiques nationales favorisant les producteurs nationaux au détriment des étrangers. Cette mémoire propose une analyse des règles de l’OMC, dans le but de déterminer les mesures disciplinaires possibles contre le Canada à l'égard de ses mécanismes de support de l’énergie renouvelable. Une analyse des règles énoncées dans le GATT, l’Accord sur les subventions et les mesures compensatoires et divers accords multilatéraux conclus dans le cadre de l’OMC permet de déterminer si elles pourraient s’appliquer aux mécanismes de support de l’énergie renouvelable. Une analyse des programmes du Québec et de l’Ontario permet une prise de position quant à leur conformité aux règles commerciales de l’OMC. / The Marrakesh Agreement’s preamble states that trade and economic development should be conducted to allow for the optimal use of the world’s resources in accordance with the objective of sustainable development. This, combined with the provisions of the Kyoto Protocol and Copenhagen Accord, allows governments to pursue their domestic policies in such a way as to unfairly favor domestic producers over foreign ones. This thesis provides a review of WTO law to assess the potential for disciplinary measures against Canada with regard to renewable energy support mechanisms. An analysis of the rules outlined in the GATT, the Agreement on Subsidies and Countervailing Measures and various other WTO multilateral agreements allows us to determine whether such rules can apply to renewable energy support mechanisms. Furthermore, an analysis of the programs in support of renewable energy production available in Québec and Ontario sheds light on such mechanisms’ compliance with WTO trade rules.

稀土作為國防工業和科技產品之主要原料，因其材質具有特殊性及不可替代性，故原料供給來源之穩定有其重要性。目前全球稀土90％以上皆產於中國，然中國近年來積極地對於稀土之開採及出口，透過配額及許可證、出口關稅、價格控制、開採量限制等，對稀土採取管制措施，造成各國製造能源科技設備原料短缺，而引發美國、日本、歐盟等科技產品製造大國的不滿。 本文以GATT 1994及中國入會議定書對貨品貿易所作之承諾，作為分析中國稀土出口限制政策之法律依據，並主要參考「中國－原物料案（China-Raw Materials）」之小組裁決，輔以「中國－視聽服務案（China- Audiovisual Services）」之裁決，探究違反中國入會議定書承諾之稀土出口管制措施，是否有援用GATT 1994第20條一般例外條款之正當性，並對於中國稀土出口管制政策於WTO規範下之適法性進行分析，最後作出結論。 / The rare earths are essential for many hundreds of applications. The versatility and specificity of the rare earths has given them a level of technological, environmental, and economic importance considerably greater than might be expected from their relative obscurity. China supplies over 90 percent of rare earths globally, but has applied a series of restraints to limit the exportation and production of rare earths, including export duties and export quotas, and price and production control , leadind to raise serious concerns among industry in the U.S., Japan and European Unions. This thesis takes GATT 1994 and the Protocol of the People’s Republic of China (hereinafter China’s Accession Protocal) as the legal basis to analyze China’s rare earths export restriction measures. And in order to examine whether these dispute measures are pursuant to the WTO’s agreements, and whether Article XX of the GATT 1994 is available as a defense under China’s Accession Protocal, this thesis takes China-Raw Materials and China- Audiovisual Services’s ruling as the main references, and providing the conclusion of the study.

Le Traité de Marrakech stipule que le commerce et le développement économique devraient être orientés de manière à permettre l’utilisation optimale des ressources mondiales, conformément à l’objectif de développement durable. Combiné aux dispositions du Protocole de Kyoto et du Traité de Copenhague, les gouvernements poursuivent de politiques nationales favorisant les producteurs nationaux au détriment des étrangers. Cette mémoire propose une analyse des règles de l’OMC, dans le but de déterminer les mesures disciplinaires possibles contre le Canada à l'égard de ses mécanismes de support de l’énergie renouvelable. Une analyse des règles énoncées dans le GATT, l’Accord sur les subventions et les mesures compensatoires et divers accords multilatéraux conclus dans le cadre de l’OMC permet de déterminer si elles pourraient s’appliquer aux mécanismes de support de l’énergie renouvelable. Une analyse des programmes du Québec et de l’Ontario permet une prise de position quant à leur conformité aux règles commerciales de l’OMC. / The Marrakesh Agreement’s preamble states that trade and economic development should be conducted to allow for the optimal use of the world’s resources in accordance with the objective of sustainable development. This, combined with the provisions of the Kyoto Protocol and Copenhagen Accord, allows governments to pursue their domestic policies in such a way as to unfairly favor domestic producers over foreign ones. This thesis provides a review of WTO law to assess the potential for disciplinary measures against Canada with regard to renewable energy support mechanisms. An analysis of the rules outlined in the GATT, the Agreement on Subsidies and Countervailing Measures and various other WTO multilateral agreements allows us to determine whether such rules can apply to renewable energy support mechanisms. Furthermore, an analysis of the programs in support of renewable energy production available in Québec and Ontario sheds light on such mechanisms’ compliance with WTO trade rules.

This project investigated the current market regarding wireless net and the communication between the tools used for diagnostics/maintenance and an embedded system. Based on documentation obtained through interviews a demo system was created based on Bluetooth Low Energy (BLE) communication between an embedded system and an Android device. This report intends to describe the tools and methods used in the design of the demo system and the result of an analysis of the BLE communication. Bluetooth Low Energy is an exciting protocol with wide applicability within the industrial field. This project investigated the communicational possibilities between a Smartphone and a Raspberry Pi and based on the results that emerged the conclusion can be drawn that BLE is a protocol with many beneficial applications within industrial IT. / Projektet undersökte dagens marknad gällande trådlösa nät samt kommunikation mellan verktyg som används för diagnostik/underhåll och ett inbyggt system. Utifrån underlaget som erhölls genom intervjuer har ett demosystem skapats som bygger på Bluetooth Low Energy (BLE) kommunikation mellan ett inbyggt system och en Android-enhet. Denna rapport avser redogöra för de verktyg och metoder som använts för att konstruera ett demosystem samt resultatet av en analys av BLE-kommunikationen. Bluetooth Low Energy är ett spännande protokoll med stora tillämpningsmöjligheter inom industrin. Detta projekt har undersökt möjligheterna att kommunicera mellan en Smartphone och en Raspberry Pi och utifrån resultaten som uppkommit kan slutsatsen dras att BLE är ett protokoll som kan ha många och fördelaktiga tillämpningar inom Industriell IT.

本文旨在分析「關稅暨貿易總協定」(GATT)之規定，檢討其體制所面臨之難題及未來發展之方向，並說明其對國際經貿體制之影響，與我國應採之對策，兼以透過GATT之規定與精神，以闡明由中山先生「貨能暢其流」之時代意義。全文共分五章，各章要點如次： 第一章：緒論。概述國際經留體制之總體現況與發展趨勢，以指出國際經留爭端之問題癥結與針砭之道，俾說明本文之研究動機與研究目的，此外，亦說明本文之研究方法、研究架構與研究資料來源。 第二章：論述「關稅暨貿易總協定」(GATT)之緣起與展望。本章系從GATT與「國際貿易組織」(ITO)之關係、GATT早期各回合多邊貿易談判(MTN)之成效、甘 迪回合(Kennedy Round) 與東京回合(Tokyo Round) 各項規約之要義、烏拉圭回合(Urnnedy Round)之緣起與結果、及我國與GATT之關係等面向以討論GATT之發展始末。 第三章：分析「關稅暨貿易總協定」(GATT)本文規定之要義，並檢討其體制之問題。 本章在透析GATT本文共四篇卅八條文之規定內容，並綜合各家之論點，以歸納指出GATT體制在當前國際經貿發展趨向下所面臨的不足性，並進而提出強化其體制功能之議。 第四章：闡述中山先生「貨能暢其流」之時代意義。本章除在釐清中山先生上李鴻章書的時代背景並說明其內容外，亦將從民生主義的經濟政策觀點，以申論中山先生「貨能暢其流」之精義及其在我國之實踐與前瞻。 第五章：結論。強調在全球經貿一體化的趨勢下，各國惟有共謀強化GATT之多邊、開放功能，於追求各自經貿發展目標之同時，亦顧及他國之發展需要，方能共榮成長，並維持世界經貿之持續繁榮；另並透過GATT之各項規定及其所揭櫫之精神，以驗證中山先生「貨能暢其流」之時代性。

近幾年來，貿易設限已成為各國公共政策關心的對象。先進國家許多產業經常引用GA TT第十九條之「逃避條款」（Escape Clause ）從而取得免受國外競爭之保護。另外 以雙邊談判模式進行之「自動出口設限」（Voluntary Export Restraints ）亦是先 進國家為規避GATT監視所為之設限方式。此類保護措施通常以進口數量限制方式出現 而對開發中國家之經濟發展造成莫大的損害。本文即對此二方式之進口設限加以研究 ，並以「多邊纖維協定」（Mutifiber Arrangement ）下之紡織品貿易，說明紡織品 數量限制對我國所產生之影響。 全文共分五章，第一章緒論，說明研究動機與範圍。第二章敘述進口數量限制之性質 及其經濟效果。第三章以法律觀點論述GATT逃避條款之運作及其與自動出口設限之關 係。第四章就紡織品貿易數量限制為例。說明多邊纖維協定之主要內容，藉以討論我 國的紡織品貿易問題。第五章為結論與建議。

本論文共分八章，約十萬字，其主要目的在探討國際間對補貼問題之規範，以及為抵 銷國外補貼而採行之平衡稅，其中所隱含之問題。所探討之實體，一為關稅與貿易總 協定（GENERAL AGREEMENT ON TARIFF AND TRADE GATT）；另一為我國最大亦是最重 要之貿易夥伴－－美國。 本論文第一章為緒論，說明研究之範圍、目的、方法及限制。第二章介紹原始GATT對 補貼與平衡稅之相關規定，及實務上對此問題之爭論。一九七九年東京回結束後，各 國簽訂補貼協定（SUBSIDY CODE），對補貼問題有全新之規範。本文第三章對此有詳 細介紹。第四章說明美國平衡稅法之相關規定，並與GATT之條款相對照。隨著我國對 外貿易之開展，我國歷年來遭外國控訴補貼及課徵平衡稅之案例時有所聞。第五章乃 將其整理歸納，並檢討我國可能遭國外控訴為補貼之措施。第六章簡介我國關稅法中 有關平衡稅之規定。第七章說明世界各國，尤其是美國近年來保護主義盛行，對國外 補貼及課徵平衡稅之態度趨於嚴厲，我們應如何因應。第八章為本文之結論及作者對 此問題之建議。

Magister Legum - LLM / The provisions of the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT 1994) generally give favourable consideration to developing and least developed countries.1 Firstly, at the core of these provisions is the principle of special and differential treatment of these countries. As such developing countries are to meet their obligations under the WTO agreements as and when the special needs of their economies permit. The GATT 1994 provisions exempt least developed countries from participating in the obligations under the WTO agreements until such a time that they attain a reasonable level of development.Secondly, the Ministerial Meeting in Doha in November 2001 adopted a development agenda (that described capacity building activities as “core elements of the development dimension of the multilateral trading system”) and called for more co-ordinated delivery of trade related technical assistance and capacity building.2 In this regard, developed members of the WTO have committed to provide technical assistance to developing and least developed members in order to build their capacity to participate effectively under the WTO.The reality of the situation on the ground is that developing and least developed countries still face a lot of challenges which hinder their full participation and realization of the benefits under the multilateral trading system. It must be appreciated, at the same time that developing countries like China and India have been active and influential in the multilateral trading system, and additionally, their economies have and are experiencing overt growth. What lessons does Africa need to learn from China and India?This study examines the causes of the poor performance of Sub Saharan Africa’s developing and Least Developed Countries in the multilateral trading system. In this regard, examples are drawn from two countries, namely, Kenya and Zambia.Further, the study examines the initiatives the WTO provides to enhance the trade capacity of its developing and least developed members. In addition, the study examines African trade capacity building initiatives such the New Partnership for Africa’s Development (NEPAD) and the African Capacity Building Foundation (ACBF) Initiatives, as well as the African Growth and Opportunity Act (AGOA) Initiative in order to establish how these initiatives can assist in enhancing the trade capacity of developing and least developed countries.The study further examines the role of regional trade integration in enhancing the trade capacity building of developing and least developed countries. In this case, examples are drawn from the Southern Africa Development Community (SADC) and the Common Market for Eastern and Southern Africa-Developing Countries (COMESA). In this regard, the study concludes that fully-fledged regional integration has the potential to promote economic growth and industrial development in Africa.The study also demonstrates the importance of the participation of governments and the private sector in improving a country’s participation in the multilateral trading system. This study particularly takes key interest in the crucial role of the public-private partnerships in enhancing competitive forces and competitiveness necessary to maximize trade opportunities, which in turn produces economic development.It is observed and concluded in this study that sustainably financed technical assistance and capacity building programmes have important roles to play in so far as integration of Sub Saharan Africa into the global trading system is concerned; and that developing countries in general and LDCs in particular are to be provided with enhanced Trade-Related Technical Assistance (TRTA) and capacity building to increase their effective participation in the negotiations, to facilitate their implementation of GATT/WTO rules and to enable them adjust and diversify their economies.

No description available.

<p>The Central African Monetary and Economic Community, known by its French acronym CEMAC (Communaut&eacute / Economique et Mon&eacute / taire de l&rsquo / Afrique Centrale), is one of the oldest regional economic blocs in the African, Caribbean and Pacific (ACP) group of states. Its membership comprises of Cameroon, the Central African Republic, Chad, the Republic of Congo, Equatorial Guinea, and Gabon. It has a population of over 32 million inhabitants in a three million (3 million) square kilometre expanse of land. The changes in the world economy, and especially between the ACP countries, on the one hand, and the European Economic Community-EEC (hereinafter referred to as European Union (EU)), on the other hand, did not leave the CEMAC region unaffected. CEMAC region, like any other regional economic blocs in Africa was faced with the need to readjust in the face of a New International Economic Order (NIEO). The region which had benefited from preferential access to the EU market including financial assistance through the European Development Fund (EDF) had to comply with the rules laid down in the World Trade Organisation (WTO). This eventually led to a shift in the EU trade policy, in order to ensure that its trade preferences to developing countries were compatible to the rules and obligations of the WTO.</p>