Esta dissertação de mestrado investiga a violência praticada por garotas de ensino fundamental II em uma escola pública da rede estadual de São Paulo. A pesquisa foi desenvolvida em uma escola na zona norte do município de São Paulo durante o último trimestre de 2006 e contou com enorme participação do corpo docente, discente e equipe gestora. Para tal investigação empírica foram utilizados diversos métodos de coleta de dados: observações em campo, questionários, reuniões com grupos de alunos/as e entrevistas semiestruturadas. Para a análise dos dados coletados foi utilizado como aporte teórico as contribuições de Hannah Arendt no que se refere à educação e violência; a discussão acerca da violência na escola desenvolvida no Brasil desde os anos de 1980 e o conceito de gênero elaborado por Joan Scott. Constatou-se que mais determinante do que o bairro ser ou não violento, é no ambiente doméstico e escolar que as jovens percebem o uso da violência como forma de restauração da ordem, do respeito, da tranqüilidade e, também, da individualidade, entre outras e, também, de rompimento da invisibilidade de gênero da qual são vítimas. Verificou-se, então, que as brigas protagonizadas pelas meninas estavam nesse rol de coisas a serem restauradas e não envolviam, como freqüentemente divulgado na escola, a presença de rapazes como motivo para as agressões. Por fim, foi constatado que a) as agressões praticadas pelas jovens dentro do ambiente escolar desafiam a tarefa histórica da escola educar os/as mais novos/as para a vida em sociedade , b) resistem aos estereótipos de gênero responsáveis por defini-las como frágeis e indefesas, além de mais pacíficas que os rapazes e, ao mesmo tempo, c) reproduzem parte desses estereótipos que compõem a hegemonia masculina: aquela que divulga ser a violência a melhor forma de solução de conflito. / This Masters dissertation investigates the violence committed by girls who are students in middle school in a public institution in the State of Sao Paulo, Brazil. The research was conducted in a school located in the north area of the city of São Paulo along the last term of 2006 and had the strong involvement of teachers, students, and the school management staff. For the empirical investigation, several methods of data collection were utilized: field observation, questionnaires, meetings with groups of students and semistructured interviews. The theoretical approach used to analyze the collected data included the contributions by Hannah Arendt on education and violence; the debate about violence in school taking place in Brazil since the 1980´s, and the concept of gender developed by Joan Scott. The research found that, more important than whether the neighborhood is violent or not, it is in the domestic and school environment that young girls perceive the use of violence as a way of restoring order, respect, tranquility and, also, individuality. It also meant breaking the invisibility of gender which the girls are a victim of. As a result, it was found, too, that fights involving the girls took part in a list of things that need to be restored and did not involve, as often talked about in schools, the presence of boys as a reason for aggressions. Last, it was found that a) aggressions involving young girls in the school ambience are a challenge to the schools historical task educating the youngest so they can live in society , b) resist gender stereotypes which define girls are fragile and defenseless, in addition to being more peaceful than boys and, at the same time, c) they partly reproduce the gender stereotypes that make up the masculine hegemony: the one that discloses violence as the best way of resolving conflicts

Esta dissertação discute e problematiza como corpo e gênero atravessam os discursos que, articulados, justificam a separação de meninos e meninas como um recurso didático-pedagógico adequado e/ou necessário no âmbito da Educação Física escolar. A partir das contribuições dos Estudos Culturais, de Gênero e Feministas, particularmente na sua vertente pós-estruturalista, privilegiando os trabalhos de Michel Foucault, busco visibilizar a separação como uma construção discursiva constituída por e constituinte de significados sobre feminilidade e masculinidade naturalizados nessa disciplina escolar. Como recurso metodológico, enviei questionários para professores/as de Educação Física que lecionavam para os anos finais do ensino fundamental da Rede Municipal de Ensino de Porto Alegre. A partir das respostas obtidas com os questionários, selecionei e entrevistei dez professores/as que realizavam a separação de meninos e meninas em suas aulas. As entrevistas foram gravadas e, posteriormente, transcritas. Para explorar esse material, inspirei-me na análise foucaultiana de discurso, operando com conceitos como gênero, linguagem, cultura, discurso e poder. Ao tomar a Educação Física escolar como uma pedagogia cultural, marco que o discurso biológico atravessa e constitui as justificativas enunciadas pelos/as professores/as sobre a necessidade de separação. Ao mesmo tempo, suspeito dos essencialismos e das naturalizações como mecanismos estabelecidos pelos discursos numa tentativa de fixar o corpo como construto biológico, como origem e explicação da divisão entre estudantes na Educação Física escolar. Além disso, ao operar com gênero como ferramenta analítica, discuto e problematizo como esse conceito é mobilizado e incorporado nas argumentações dos/as professores/as para separar meninos e meninas. Gênero em sua relação com a educação e como organizador da cultura, bem como seus atravessamentos com outros marcadores sociais e seu caráter relacional, são as implicações da assunção utilizada para visibilizar como a Educação Física escolar é constituída e constitui representações generificadas. / This dissertation discusses and problematizes how body and gender cross discourses that, articulated, justify the separation between boys and girls as an adequate and/or necessary didactic-pedagogical resource in school Physical Education. From the contributions of Cultural Studies, Gender Studies and Feminist Studies, especially in their post-structuralist approach, favoring works by Michel Foucault, I have attempted to visualize the separation as a discursive construction constituted by and constituting meanings about femininity and masculinity that have been naturalized in that school subject. As a methodological resource, questionnaires were sent to teachers working in the Municipal Teaching Network of Porto Alegre. From the answers found in the questionnaires, ten teachers that used to separate boys and girls in their classes were selected and interviewed. The interviews were recorded and transcribed. In order to explore this material, a Foucauldian analysis of discourse was used, as well as concepts such as gender, language, culture, discourse, and power. Considering school Physical Education as a cultural pedagogy, I have marked the biological discourse that has crossed and constituted the justifications given by teachers for the need of separation. At the same time, I have suspected of essentialisms and naturalizations as mechanisms established by some discourses in an attempt to fix the body as a biological construction, as origin and explanation for the separation between boys and girls in school Physical Education. Besides that, operating with gender as an analytical tool, I have discussed and problematized how this concept has been mobilized and incorporated into argumentations made by teachers to separate boys and girls. Gender in relation to education, as a culture organizer, as well as its intertwining with other social markers and its relational character, are implications of this assumption that have been used to visualize how school Physical Education has been constituted and has constituted gender representations.

Submitted by Jorge Silva (jorgelmsilva@ufrrj.br) on 2017-06-23T17:57:14Z No. of bitstreams: 1 2016 - Camila Domingos dos Anjos.pdf: 1678010 bytes, checksum: fc61bea8918fef450e39c7005d074af1 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-06-23T17:57:14Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 2016 - Camila Domingos dos Anjos.pdf: 1678010 bytes, checksum: fc61bea8918fef450e39c7005d074af1 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2016-04-25 / CAPES / The present dissertation seeks to analyse the initiatives of coercion to convert the hindu widows and bailadeiras (dancing girls) in Goa, between 1597 to 1606. We will research the pretentions of royal and ecclesiastical agents to convert and integrate the bailadeiras to a Christian project of colonization, from the decrees issued in the five provincial councils of Goa (made in the chronological cut above), of the legislation contained in the ?Book of the Father of the Christians?, from the royal determinations and from the viceroys of the State of India. We will investigate how the interdependence of the political and religious power favored the issuance of decrees that aimed at homogenizing the local societies, precisely the bailadeiras and the hindu widows from a Christian discipline. / A presente disserta??o busca analisar as iniciativas de coer??o ? convers?o de vi?vas hindus e bailadeiras em Goa, entre 1567 a 1606. Pesquisaremos as pretens?es dos agentes r?gios e eclesi?sticos em converter e integrar as bailadeiras a um projeto crist?o de coloniza??o, a partir dos decretos emitidos nos cinco conc?lios provinciais de Goa (realizados no recorte cronol?gico supracitado), da legisla??o contida no ?Livro do Pai dos Crist?os?, das determina??es r?gias e dos vice-reis do Estado da ?ndia. Investigaremos assim, como a interdepend?ncia do poder pol?tico e religioso favoreceu a emiss?o de decretos que visavam homogeneizar as sociedades locais, precisamente bailadeiras e as vi?vas hindus, a partir de uma disciplina crist?.

Orientador: Roberto Teixeira Mendes / Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Ciências Médicas / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-24T02:53:20Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Martins_RenataAugusto_M.pdf: 3282784 bytes, checksum: 6a46851f6f2598c4a5a53d945dbfad6f (MD5) Previous issue date: 2013 / Resumo: Dos primeiros passos até que a criança alcance maturidade suficiente para a marcha biomecanicamente semelhante a do adulto, estará exposta a diversas experiências motoras, cognitivas e sociais. De acordo com a literatura sobre o desenvolvimento motor, a história dos calçados, a definição de saúde de CAPRA (1999) como uma experiência de bem-estar resultante de um equilíbrio dinâmico que envolve aspectos físicos e psicológicos do organismo, assim como suas interações com o meio ambiente natural e social; o calçado pode ser considerado um elemento situado entre o ambiente (como perspectiva externa não-corporal) e a dimensão corporal, com representação própria, constante e perene ao usuário, participando de praticamente todo o processo maturacional da marcha humana, envolvido em condições experienciais às quais a criança em desenvolvimento estará exposta neste período. O calçado é um fator que corrobora a saúde dos indivíduos o que deve ser observado com cuidado principalmente na faixa etária sugerida nesta pesquisa. O objetivo deste estudo é abordar os conhecimentos técnicos quanto à confecção de calçados adequados a meninas hígidas entre 01 e 07 anos de idade e discutir sobre a motivações da escolha de modelos pelas próprias meninas e seus responsáveis na hora da compra. O calçado deve ser elemento de proteção e apoio individual, que poderá tanto representar um recurso auxiliar no processo de aquisição e maturação da marcha humana, quanto interferir negativamente em seu desempenho. A pesquisa de campo utilizará técnicas da Metodologia Qualitativa e será realizada ao abordar as mães em entrevistas semidirigidas, onde, através deste instrumento, pode-se acumular dados descritivos sobre a escolha do calçados e as influências que possam sofrer, desenvolvendo no pesquisador uma ideia de como os familiares que têm condições financeiras de adquirir bons calçados, interpretam a escolha quanto ao aspecto saudável e funcional no desenvolvimento motor de suas filhas em idade de desenvolvimento da marcha / Abstract: From our first steps until the child reaches maturity to the march biomechanically similar to the adult, will be exposed to different experiences motor, cognitive and social. According to the literature on motor development, the history of footwear, the definition of health Capra (1999) as an experience of well-being resulting from a dynamic equilibrium involving physical and psychological aspects of the body, as well as their interactions with the natural environment and social footwear can be considered an element located between the environment (external perspective as non-body) and body size representation, constant and enduring to the user, participating in virtually all the maturational process of human gait engaged in experiential conditions to which the developing child will be exposed during this period. Footwear is a factor that supports the health of individuals which should be carefully observed mainly in the age range suggested in this research. The aim of this study is to address the technical knowledge regarding the making of shoes suitable for healthy girls between 01 and 07 years of age and discuss the motivations for the choice of models for the girls themselves and their parents at the time of purchase. The shoes must be an element of protection and support individual, which may represent either an aid in the acquisition and maturation of human gait, and adversely affect their performance. The field research will employ techniques of Qualitative Methodology and will be held to address the mothers in semi-structured interviews, where, through this instrument, it can accumulate descriptive data on the choice of footwear and the influences that might suffer, the researcher developed an idea how family members who can afford to buy good shoes, interpret the choice as to look healthy and functional motor development of their daughters in developmental age of the march / Mestrado / Saude da Criança e do Adolescente / Mestra em Ciências

Made available in DSpace on 2014-08-20T13:49:06Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Cristina Lessa dos Santos.pdf: 3126227 bytes, checksum: 49e4c139e3505c6036352501435b7568 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2012-03-28 / The aim of this work was to highlight the marks or expressions of the embodiment of girls in residential care situation in the city of Pelotas / RS. The research was carried out at Casa das Meninas 1 where girls aged between 7 and 12 live. Twenty girls who live in the institution. This is a qualitative research, case study, which sought, through participant observation, field diary and drawings with the children understand the question posed in the survey. This study demonstrated through observations, field notes and drawings made by the girls that corporeality expressed by them, occurs in different ways and in various situations. It showed that despite the context in which they live and all the baggage that accompany them, they seek to build their habits and their values through their demonstrations, their expressions of corporeality, whether through play, fights, affections and vanities. So they are building their relationship and their individual scoring. / objetivo desta pesquisa foi o de evidenciar as marcas ou expressões da corporeidade de meninas em situação de acolhimento institucional na cidade de Pelotas/RS. A pesquisa foi realizada na Casa das Meninas 1 que acolhe crianças compreendidas entre a faixa etária de 7 aos 12 anos de idade. O corpus da pesquisa foi 20 meninas residentes na casa. Esta é uma pesquisa qualitativa do tipo estudo de caso, na qual busquei, através de observação participante, diário de campo e desenhos com as crianças compreender a questão proposta pela mesma. Este estudo evidenciou, através das observações, das anotações de campo e dos desenhos feitos pelas meninas que a corporeidade expressada por elas, ocorre de diferentes maneiras e em várias situações. Mostrou que apesar do contexto em que vivem e de toda a bagagem que lhes acompanham, elas procuram construir seus hábitos e seus valores através das suas manifestações, das suas expressões da corporeidade, seja por meio das brincadeiras, das brigas, dos afetos e das vaidades, assim elas vão construindo suas relações e marcando suas individualidades.

Research shows that adolescents are major users of various social media, and adolescent girls who use social media are more likely than adolescent boys to come into contact with so-called Influencer marketing, i.e. a form of marketing in which focus is placed on influential people rather than the target market as a whole. Influencers tend to effect their audience’s consumption habits, and their main audience often tend to be adolescent girls. This caught our attention since influencers are a quite new phenomenon and not much research on has been done on it. The main object of the study is to examine if there any correlations in what extent influencers affect adolescent girls consumption of ”status symbols” given their social class. The second object of the study builds on identifying and explaining differences in adolescent girls and their definitions of status symbols and how this affects their consumption of status symbols given their social class. To do this, we constructed a survey which we posted on the social media Facebook. The survey was only open to persons belonging to so-called ”girl groups”, consisting of girls only. Our respondents consist of adolescent girls at attending at swedish high schools. Our study draws on Pierre Bourdieu’s theory of; habitus, capital and field. We conclude that adolescent girls of a lower social class are more likely to consume status symbols recommended by influencers on social medias. Other conclusions are that adolescent girls regardless of their social class consume the same type of status symbols But also that there are no differences’ in adolescent girls and their definitions of which status symbols they consider to be highly valued.

The purpose of the study was to examine changes in cardiovascular function and neuromuscular performance of primary grade girls after a six-week treatment program. The Kraus-Weber Tests and modified Harvard Step Test were administered to sixty-seven subjects before and after the treatment program, which consisted of exercises and running for the experimental group and sedentary games for the control group. None of the significant differences in recovery heart rate or the Kraus-Weber tests could be attributed to the treatment program. The length of training program was apparently not enough to detect change in fitness level of the subjects. A need exists for exercise tests that are more meaningful and more easily administered.

School-based physical education (PE) has been identified as an effective avenue for addressing issues of inactivity among adolescent girls. However, often times PE courses fail to meet the needs of young women and instead lead to disaffection; ultimately resulting in the majority of adolescent girls dropping out of PE once it is no longer mandatory. Self-Determination Theory (SDT) has proven to be a useful framework for understanding PE motivation among this population. In particular, supporting the need for relatedness among female PE students appears significant for enhancing PE motivation and engagement. Therefore, providing relatedness-supportive learning environments may be an effective way for teachers to encourage continued PE and PA participation among their female students. The purpose of this research study was to gain insight into the experiences of grade 9 and 10 girls participating in a girls-only PE course that employed relatedness-supportive teaching strategies. The goal was to use a case study approach with semi-structured (teacher) and focus group interviews (students) to explore the role of relatedness-supportive learning environments in enhancing PE motivation and enjoyment among adolescent girls, as well as their overall feelings of social relatedness. Findings highlighted the importance of (a) meeting students where they are at, (b) creating open, respectful and active environments, (c) providing opportunities for organic connection-making, and (c) the role of resource and curriculum constraints. / Graduate / 2019-04-12

This study takes a social constructionist approach, using narrative inquiry methods to analyse posts made by teenager girls on an online eating disorder forum. The study draws upon the sociology of childhood, which argues that children should be recognised as social actors, and as both ‘beings’ in the present, as well as future ‘becomings’. The study also draws upon the sociology of diagnosis, which recognizes the contested nature of diagnoses and medical authority in contemporary society. As lay people have increasing access to information, they have more power to challenge the ways in which their bodily experiences are constructed, as well as their potential medicalisation and demedicalisation.The study makes use of data from a website called TeenHelp, focusing specifically on the ‘eating disorders’ forum. Posts were selected from those made by girls aged 13 to 19 over the two years prior to the study (i.e. 1 April 1014 – 1 April 2016). Posts from 12 girls were analysed using narrative inquiry methods.The study identified the following six narratives: 1) identity narratives; 2) health narratives; 3) diagnostic narratives; 4) lay and expert narratives; 5) demedicalisation narratives and 6) recovery narratives. Importantly, these narratives do not exist in isolation from one another, but interact resulting in the ‘co-construction’ of eating disorders. These narratives are also not static, but are contested – constantly being challenged and negotiated on the forum.Overall, the posts analysed in this study showed that these teenage girls are always walking a fine line between being and becoming. They occupy a liminal space between being ‘thin’ and ‘fat’; between being ‘sick’ and ‘healthy’; between being ‘lay patients’ and ‘expert advisers’; between ‘treatment’ and ‘recovery’. The narratives analysed here show how these young women are wrestling with the complex notion of eating disorders as a potential source of identity, a medical diagnosis and condition which they may or may not ever fully recover from.

The overarching aim of this research was to improve understanding of the synergies and trade-offs between economic and domestic food security benefits associated export-oriented shrimp and prawn aquaculture in a fragile developing country environmental context. The research scope covers the entire ‘seafood system’ incorporating production, distribution, trading and consumption in the south-west coastal region under greater Khulna District, Bangladesh. The primary research objective was to understand causal factors in variation of seafood nutritional quality and health outcomes, exploring correlations with seafood consumption across a range of agro-ecological, aquatic farming systems and socio-economic conditions. The study also focused on differences in intra-household allocation with a special focus on adolescent girls, being amongst the most vulnerable members of society. These objectives necessitated a highly inter-disciplinary approach to understand complex interactions between biophysical aspects (e.g. where and which species are most effective in supplying essential nutrients) and the social norms of food allocation. Fieldwork was conducted in Satkhira, Khulna, and Bagerhat Districts of Khulna Province over 17 months during 2012 to 2015. Four villages across a peak-annual surface water salinity gradient; high saline (>10 ppt), medium saline (>5<10 ppt), low saline (<5 ppt) and freshwater (<0.5 ppt) were selected for case-studies. The thesis begins with a literature review of the evolution of shrimp and prawn farming in Bangladesh and the wider region and identification of knowledge gaps. Research resolved from district to community to household level. Key informant (KI) interviews were used to establish well-being criteria (based on a range of 5 social and economic assets) at community level. In each community a census of households (n=1082 households) were derived from the same interviews and KIs asked to ranked households on the established well-being criteria. Results were validated through a short interview of all the identified households (HH). This sample-frame provided the based for two concurrent survey efforts. Stratified-random selection of 160 HH on two well-being categories (better-off and worse-off) for ‘farm level’ analysis using a semi-structured questionnaire. Key topics included inputs/outputs characteristics, economic benefits and the fate of farmed products were evaluated. Another 240 households with single adolescent girls were selected from the same frame, again with randomized-stratified sampling based on well-being categories for ‘intra-household’ analysis. This resulted in selection of 60 HH per community consisting of 30 ‘better-off’ and 30 worse-off households (further analysis was conducted on a range of secondary sampling outcomes based on livelihood options, intra-household food distribution and aquatic farming assets). A 24-hour food recall method, food frequency questionnaire, food photography and measuring cup sets were used to estimate individual members’ food consumption at the household level. Anthropometric measures (stunting, wasting, BMI, MUAC) and biomarkers (omega-3 index in RBC and LC n-3 PUFA/LC PUFA in whole blood cell) were used to assess food security outcomes of adolescent girls (n=200 subject). In an entirely separate effort, samples of shrimp/prawn and fish polyculture species (57 species and 9 by-products, 1 live feed; n=672) were collected from the major agro-ecologies (four saline gradients; HS, MS, LS and FW) and culture systems (extensive, semi-intensive, intensive, organic and pocket gher). At least 3 sites from each saline gradient (3×4=12 sites) were selected for sampling and pooled samples to represent all the culture system in the region. The major macro and micronutrients of the collected species were analysed and these datasets were used to know the nutritional distribution among the family members in household level study. Two aggregate indices of wealth (or well-being) and aquaculture were developed based on a range of quantitative (ordinal and interval) measures. Principle Component Analysis (PCA) was used to understand how aquaculture influences on wealth gain. Wealth index of the same social well-being did not differ among the agro-ecologies. However, the aquaculture index was varied in agro-ecologies. Most of the households (60-80%) were involved directly in aquaculture however, a majority portion of the households was worse-off (48-64%). Both HS and LS area had more livelihood options due to their proximity to mangrove forest Sundarbans and city amenities, respectively compared to MS and FW area. Ownership of the land did not influence any involvement in aquaculture and yields but he willingness and risk-absorbing capacity of the farmers were the main factor to get involve in aqauculture. In aquatic farming system the importance of export-oriented shellfish yield gradually decreased from HS to FW area (55-20% by volume). The intentional stocking of finfish and PLs were common across the saline areas however the wild caught juveniles and hatchery originated fingerlings were usual in higher and lower saline areas, respectively. The low priced tilapia took the place of wild recruited mangrove fishes in MS area. Diseases, especially the devastating white spot virus (WSSV), frequency were higher in higher saline areas. The indicators like wild recruitment, salinity, water productivity and water management also a vital factor to gain yield. The integration of aquatic and terrestrial crops (rice and dyke crop) in the lower saline areas provide higher yield compared to higher saline areas. However, the net economic returns were largely determined by the aquatic products. The income of ghers in FW and MS area was sensitive to the lower prices of freshwater finfish and tilapia. The protein content in shellfish was higher than the other finfish, however, lower in other essential nutrients. Species living in the higher saline areas contained higher total n-3 PUFA (in weight) and LC n-3 PUFA/LC-PUFA compared to the same species living in lower saline areas. Small Indigenous Species (SIS) and Self-Recruiting Species (SRS) were proven to provide higher micronutrients and total n-3 PUFA than larger fish. Seafood that destined for the international markets contained less n-3 PUFA and micronutrients in comparison to the domestically consumed fish. Customary intra-household food distribution disparity (mainly fish) still exists at household levels where females, especially adolescent girls, were deprived. Fish consumption (>77 g /capita/day) and fish originated protein supply (>25% of total protein intake) was higher than the other part of Bangladesh. The protein consumption of adolescents was 2-3 times higher than the Recommended Nutritional Intake (RNI). However, the energy intake was lower than the required level. High protein, low energy consumption was not reflected in body mass. Micronutrients (zinc) consumption was above the RNI level. However, iron and calcium consumption was less than the RNI. The n-3 PUFA in RBC of adolescent girls accurately reflected their access to, and availability of, oily fish. In the omega-3 index (n-3 PUFA in red blood cell) both HS and MS areas, adolescent females were in the intermediate stage (4-8%), and rest of the two areas were in the undesirable stage (<4%). The n-3 LC-PUFA was around 20-30% of total LC-PUFA content in whole blood and gradually decreased from higher saline to lower saline areas. The thesis concludes that the gher based aquatic animal farming in S-W Bangladesh is a dynamic system operated by both rich and poor. The salinity level and the presence of mangrove forest make the farming system dynamic. The holistic scenario suggested aquaculture in ghers is a family driven small scale polyculture where varieties of aquatic foods are produced both for global and local value chain. Higher amounts of valued products (both in terms of nutrition and price), less disease susceptibility, more alternative livelihood options both in HS and LS were found in better position than the other two sites, however the nutritional content of fish and its manifestation in adolescents strongly mirrors agro-ecologies irrespective of social position of households. The thesis provides an important, grounded importance of the system and the linkage of the community people for livelihoods, food production and food security. The dynamic systems were understood and effective messages formulated for the policy makers. In doing so, the thesis contributes to an understanding of how small-scale polyculture equally benefited local food security and macroeconomic growth of a developing country.