Made available in DSpace on 2016-03-15T19:22:15Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Aureo Freire Castelo Branco.pdf: 23382061 bytes, checksum: 14625274891cfb746f2c54c0bfa6776c (MD5) Previous issue date: 2013-08-22 / This M.Sc. thesis research discusses the phenomenon of residential condominiums in District Sapiranga in Fortaleza, from the point of view of its relationship with the city. Presenting itself as implementation of residential condominiums, discusses the transformation of the built environment that has resulted in significant differences in the ways urban insertion of these residential complexes. The objective of this work is to characterize the phenomenon of residential condominiums homes, identifying determinants for the production process of this type, and performing a critical analysis of its features and its significance. Relates to the phenomenon of dynamic real in Fortaleza, and the time from 1995 to 2009 is justified because it represents a specific moment of this dynamic real estate in the good economic times facing the country and the availability of credit contributed to the explosion of residential condominiums. The methodology used in this work consisted in field observation, in order to register the impact on the perception of the built environment and public space in the neighborhood, in records obtained from aerial photos on the occurrence of residential condominiums and reports and interviews of architects designers of these condominiums. This M.Sc. thesis research found that the studied phenomenon is causing problems in urban space, especially residential segregation; provided mainly by the migration of high-class and middle-income of the neighborhoods in Fortaleza, influenced by the real estate marketing for the area southeast of the city which until recently was characterized with low density. / Discute o fenômeno dos condomínios horizontais no bairro Sapiranga em Fortaleza, do ponto de vista de sua relação com a Cidade. Apresentando-se como implantação de empreendimentos fechados (condomínios horizontais), discute-se a transformação do ambiente construído que resultam de significativas diferenças quanto às formas de inserção urbana desses complexos residenciais. O objetivo deste trabalho é caracterizar o fenômeno dos condomínios residenciais de casas, identificando causas determinantes para a produção desta tipologia, e realizando uma análise crítica de suas características e de seu significado. Relaciona-se o fenômeno à dinâmica imobiliária da cidade de Fortaleza, e o recorte temporal de 1998 a 2009 se justifica por constituir um momento específico dessa dinâmica imobiliária, em que o bom instante econômico enfrentado pelo País e a disponibilidade de crédito contribuíram para a explosão dos condomínios dessa natureza. A metodologia empregada no trabalho consistiu na observação em campo, com o objetivo de registrar o impacto sobre a percepção do ambiente construído como espaço público no bairro em estudo, em registros obtidos de fotos aéreas sobre a ocorrência de condomínios horizontais fechados e de relatos e entrevistas dos arquitetos projetistas destes condomínios. Assim, esta dissertação entendeu que o fenômeno estudado causa problemas no espaço intraurbano, notadamente a segregação residencial proporcionada, principalmente, pela migração das classes de alta e média renda dos bairros mais antigos de Fortaleza, influenciadas pelo marketing imobiliário, para a área sudeste da Cidade, que até pouco tempo era caracterizada com baixa densidade.

The aim of this thesis is to analyse the effects of gated communities in the increasing fragmentation of urban space and in the increasing polarisation among different classes in the Turkish context, more specifically in the capital, Ankara. Since the case study is based on an upper-middle class suburban gated community, first, suburbanisation &ldquo / as a wave of urbanisation&rdquo / is analysed. Then, the debates about the middle class and the transformation that this social stratum has undergone are discussed. Later, the formation of gated communities around the world and in Turkey are analysed within the general framework of the transformation of the urban sphere. Finally, the theoretical arguments are scrutinised by incorporating the findings of the case study carried out in Angora Houses. In this study Angora Houses is concluded to be a gated community which is &ldquo / fortified&rdquo / for the preservation of an upper-middle class lifestyle rather than for security concerns and which reproduces socio-spatial inequalities among Ankaraites rather than standing as only the expression of them.

A presente dissertação tem como objetivo analisar as percepções do morar em um condomínio fechado da Faixa 1 do Programa Minha Casa Minha Vida (PMCMV) na cidade de Piracicaba, situada no interior do Estado de São Paulo. A pesquisa não pretendeu ser uma avaliação geral do Programa, como já largamente realizado por outros pesquisadores. Outra questão importante foi focar a análise em uma cidade de porte médio, não metropolitana. Ao procurar entender o que é o morar num condomínio fechado do PMCMV Faixa 1, este trabalho se baseou na percepção de seus moradores e também dos gestores públicos municipais diretamente ligados aos empreendimentos. Para tanto, além de uma breve recuperação histórica sobre a cidade de Piracicaba e das políticas habitacionais implantadas no município, foram feitas entrevistas com moradores de três condomínios da Faixa 1 do PMCMV na cidade. Também foram feitas entrevistas com representantes do poder público local do órgão responsável pela produção de habitação de interesse social, a Empresa Municipal de Desenvolvimento Habitacional de Piracicaba (EMDHAP). Com isso, esta dissertação procura entender e apresentar relações pessoais intramuros e as percepções do morar em um condomínio fechado, mas também como, a partir da ótica do poder público, são viabilizados os empreendimentos da Faixa 1 na cidade e, igualmente importante, como é feita a escolha dos beneficiários. Com isso pretende apresentar a visão do Programa a partir da ótica e da vivencia de seus beneficiários, como forma a contribuir para futuros aperfeiçoamentos do PMCMV. / This research aims to analyze how perceptions of living in a gated condominium of My Home My Life Program (PMCMV) - Track 1 in the city of Piracicaba, in inner State of São Paulo. This thesis does not intended to provide an overall assessment of the Program, as has already been widely done by other researchers. Another important point is to focus the analysis on a medium-sized, non-metropolitan city. Trying to understand what is living in a gated community of PMCMV-Track 1, this work is based on the perception of its residents and also of municipal public managers directly connected to the developments. Therefore, in addition to a brief historical recovery on a city of Piracicaba and the housing policies implemented in the municipality, interviews were conducted with residents of three PMCMV - Track 1 condos in the city. Interviews were also conducted with representatives of the local public authority of the agency responsible for producing social housing, the Municipal Company of Housing Development of Piracicaba (EMDHAP). Therefore, this thesis aims to understand and present the dwellers intramural relationship and what are their perception of in living in a gated community and also how the government make theses housing complex feasible and how the beneficiaries are chosen. This research intends to present a vision of the Program from the perspective and the experience of its beneficiaries as a way to contribute to future improvements of the PMCMV.

La métropolisation que connait le monde depuis quelques décennies a créé une hypertrophie urbaine, faisant de la sécurité urbaine un enjeu primordial pour les Etats. Après avoir démontré l’existence d’un lien fort entre urbanisation et criminalité, nous avons examiné l’influence des politiques urbaines sur la criminalité urbaine. Les études criminologiques et sociologiques menées par de nombreux chercheurs dont Durkheim, Szabo, Shaw et McKay, nous ont servi de base scientifique afin de mener des travaux de recherche sur le terrain. De Lyon à Oran, notre analyse compare l’évolution et l’efficience des politiques urbaines françaises et algériennes. Les résultats de nos recherches démontrent l’influence des politiques urbaines de constructions massives sur le développement de zones urbaines anomiques et socio-économiquement ségréguées, mais également l’impact de l’hyper sécurisation sur le sentiment de sécurité et la cohésion urbaine. / The metropolisation that the world has known for a few decades has created an urban hypertrophy, making urban security a major issue for the Nations. After highlighting a strong connection between urbanization and crime, we’ve studied the influence of urban policies on urban crime. The criminological and sociological studies conducted by many researchers, including Durkheim, Szabo, Shaw and McKay, have served as a scientific basis for conducting field research. From Lyon to Oran, our analysis compares the evolution and effectiveness of French and Algerian urban policies. The results of our research works illustrate the influence of massive urban construction policies on the development of urban anomic and socio-economically segregated areas, but also the impact of hyper-security on the sense of security and urban cohesion.

Grindsamhällen, eller "gated communities" som är en välanvänd term även i Sverige, är något som fått en kraftigt ökad popularitet runtom i världen. Den största tillväxten av denna boendeform kan vi framförallt se i USA, men även Latin- och Sydamerika samt Sydafrika. Vad är då ett grindsamhälle? Definitionen av ordet skulle kunna beskrivas som ett inhägnat område med bostäder, med säkerhetsåtgärder såsom murar, staket och bevakade grindar, vilka syftar till att hålla utomstående människor borta från området. Denna boendeform har mött stark kritik och flera forskare menar att dessa områden leder till en ökad segregation. Så vilka orsaker anses då ligga bakom denna kraftiga ökning i efterfrågan på grindsamhällen? Den absolut största anledningen anses vara att man upplever en ökad rädsla att utsättas för brott och därför söker en trygghet bakom grindarna. En aspekt som var intressant att undersöka var hur effektiva grindsamhällen är på att ge sina invånare vad de eftersträvar. Vissa studier visar att kriminaliteten till och med kan vara högre i ett grindsamhälle jämfört med utanför.   Uppsatsen mynnar ut i hur förutsättningarna ser ut för etablering av grindsamhällen i Sverige. Undersökningar visar att efterfrågan på grindsamhällen i Sverige är stor, men det finns även hinder, som exempelvis allemansrätten, vilken komplicerar byggandet av staket. Denna motkraft anses dock inte vara tillräcklig och utvecklingen mot en framtid med grindsamhällen i Sverige kommer till slut att vara omöjlig att stoppa. Det övergripande syftet med arbetet har i första hand varit att ta reda på mer om fenomenet grindsamhällen, för att sedan sätta det i en svensk kontext. Metoden för att åstadkomma detta har till stor del bestått av en litteratursökning, där urvalet gjordes genom att endast studera litteratur som var relevant för frågeställningarna, samt att sålla bort litteratur som var allt för platsspecifik eller som inte hade ett neutralt förhållningssätt till ämnet. / Gated communities is a phenomenon that has seen a big increase in popularity all around the world last years. The largest growth can be seen primarily in the United States, but also in Latin- and South America as well as South Africa. So what is a gated community? The definition of the word could be described as a gated residential area, which has security measures such as walls, fences and guarded gates, which intend to keep nonresidents away from the neighborhood. This form of living has faced massive criticism, and several researchers argue that these types of neighborhoods lead to an increased segregation. So what are the underlying causes behind this steep increase in demand of gated communities? What has been regarded as the absolutely biggest reason is an increased fear of being subject to crime and the search for security behind the gates. An interesting aspect is to study how effective a gated community is to actually help its residents achieve what they are searching for. Some studies show that the crime rate may actually be higher inside a gated community compared to the outside. The essay comes down to how well the conditions for establishment of gated communities in Sweden are. Studies show that the demand for gated communities in Sweden is high, but there are some obstacles, for example the "Right of Public Access", which complicates the building of fences. However, this is considered to be insufficient and the development towards a future with gated communities in Sweden will ultimately be impossible to stop. The overall purpose of this thesis has been to find out more about the phenomenon gated communities and to put it in a Swedish context. The method for accomplishing this has mainly consisted of a literature search, where the selection was made by only studying literature relevant to the research questions, as well as not studying literature which was far too site-specific or that did not have a neutral approach to the subject.

Le tanji est d'abord construit sur des terrains vagues, pour ensuite servir au réaménagement du territoire : il remplace brutalement le modèle de l’habitation basse. La structure urbaine existante perd ainsi l’occasion d’évoluer de façon séquentielle et logique et finit par disparaître. Développés comme outils de modernisation du logement, les tanji interrompent ainsi la modernisation de la structure urbaine.Or, cette étude essaye de réévaluer la structure urbaine des quartiers d’habitations basses et de trouver le moyen d’y intégrer le tanji. Cela suppose que ce dernier change, et ce changement a sans doute déjà commencé, car on voit apparaître de petits tanji parmi les habitations basses. L’échelle de ce nouveau modèle correspond mieux à la structure existante. Cependant, le petit tanji fonctionne lui aussi comme un système fermé, et le problème de la circulation entre les deux types de logements existants persiste. Dans un tel contexte, le golmok, une ruelle piétonne encore présente dans le tissu urbain existant, apparait comme un espace intermédiaire susceptible d’améliorer le flux urbain.Ainsi, dans la première partie, la question principale est de comprendre comment le tanji est devenu un modèle de logement représentatif de la classe moyenne. Celle-ci a quitté les quartiers d’habitations basses pour les tanji, y laissant les classes populaires et défavorisées, et causant une ségrégation sociale manifeste. Dans les quartiers d’habitations basses, faute de capital, les petites maisons particulières sont transformées illégalement en petits logements collectifs de rapport ; l’infrastructure n’y est pas non plus réaménagée. En parallèle, le modèle de l’habitation basse n'évolue pas de manière spontanée pour autant.La deuxième partie cherche à déterminer comment faire évoluer la structure urbaine et quelle est la potentialité du tissu urbain d’habitations basses face au tanji. En fait, depuis le début du 20e siècle, la modernisation du tissu urbain a été réalisée selon l’ancien modèle japonais de composition des îlots, et répond difficilement aux enjeux de la ville actuelle : les rues sont très étroites, les parcelles très réduites, et les logements petits et modestes. Il en résulte une dépréciation naturelle de leur valeur immobilière et un frein à leur évolution spontanée. Dans cet environnement, le golmok représente un espace potentiel grâce auquel ces habitations basses possèdent encore certaine valeur.Dans la troisième partie, la question est de définir si le tanji peut s’intégrer dans la structure urbaine. L’insertion de petits tanji au milieu des habitations basses présente de vraies possibilités de communiquer avec le voisinage et d’ouvrir le tanji. En fait, le grand tanji est considéré comme un plan d’urbanisme qui aménage le quartier et même la ville. Mais, le petit tanji peut devenir un simple modèle de logements, libérant les barres et les tours enfermées dans le tanji et les réintégrant dans la ville. Si, par ailleurs, le tanji ouvert bénéficie du flux des golmok, le tissu urbain évoluera vers un modèle d’îlot ouvert à la coréenne.Finalement, plus la ville est dense, plus il faut l’ouvrir. Pour une véritable urbanisation, il est nécessaire de dégager plus d’espaces intermédiaires, ce qui conduit à la problématique centrale de cette thèse : comment restructurer le tanji ? / During urbanization, it is essential to develop a model of collective housing that adapts to the urban structure. Such a model can be applied easily and abundantly, and can thus respond to population growth. However, today in Seoul one can find a refutation: a large apartment complex called tanji. Although it is a heterogeneous element in the urban structure, it is considered successful: thus it is extensively applied in the city. Despite being isolated from its neighborhood, it works by creating its own independent environment. At the perimeter of the tanji, a sudden urban discontinuity appears. Concerning the evolution of the urban structure, it is not a successful model. Moreover, it has standardized the life of the individual, making Seoul’s urban landscape monotonous.At first, the tanji is built in vacant land, and subsequently it is utilized for the redevelopment of all other problematic urban fabrics. The urban structure thus cannot evolve sequentially and logically, and finally disappears. This process is also brutal, ignoring the lives of original inhabitants. Nonetheless, this process is repeated because there is no multiple dwelling-house model that corresponds well to low-rise housing. In other words, there is no motor for the spontaneous evolution of this urban fabric. Thus, the success of the tanji is partially due to the defects of the existing urban structure. Indeed, as a tool for modernizing housing, tanjis finally interrupt the modernization of the urban structure.Thus, this study reassesses the urban structure of low dwellings, and seeks a way to integrate the tanji into this. Change is now beginning: small tanjis appear in the low-rise residential area. But since tanjis belongs to a closed system, there is no real flow between the areas: in the existing urban fabric, pedestrian alleys (golmoks) act as intermediate space.Thus, the first part asks “How can the tanji become a successful model?” As the principal housing of the middle class, it will separate them from the underprivileged, who remain in lower housing. If capital is not invested, small houses are transformed illegally into small collective housing for rent. Nor is the infrastructure being redesigned. Thus, the low dwellings cannot evolve spontaneously.The second part asks, “Is it possible to develop logically the urban structure instead of the simple replacement by tanji?” and “What is the potentiality of the urban fabric of low dwellings as an alternative to the tanji?” In fact, the modernization of the urban fabric continued throughout the 20th century, influenced by the old Japanese model for urban blocks, which cannot meet today's demands, thus causing declining real estate values. Spontaneous evolution is thus difficult, yet the golmok is a potential space that gives these low dwellings a certain value.The third part asks, “Can the tanji fit into the urban structure?” This begins with the appearance of small tanjis, so that those among lower housing can communicate better with their neighborhood. In fact, big tanjis are considered rather as town plans that develop the neighborhood and even the city. Small tanjis can become a simple type of housing, as apartment blocks enclosed in the tanji can be freed and reintegrated into the city. In addition, open tanji can bring the flow of golmoks, thus evolving toward Korean-style open blocks.Eventually, intensive urbanization requires more intermediate space. Finally, the central problem is now how to respatialize the tanji.Keywords : History and formation of city – Seoul Metropolitan – Urban morphology and urban tissue – Urban landscape – Collective housing : Tanji – Gated community – Intermediate space

Submitted by JÚLIO HEBER SILVA (julioheber@yahoo.com.br) on 2017-08-31T17:14:12Z No. of bitstreams: 2 Dissertação - Adriana Figueiredo Carvalho - 2017.pdf: 9900588 bytes, checksum: 6d957a24ff9efea6a1bc90ceafbebd20 (MD5) license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Luciana Ferreira (lucgeral@gmail.com) on 2017-09-15T13:41:16Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 2 Dissertação - Adriana Figueiredo Carvalho - 2017.pdf: 9900588 bytes, checksum: 6d957a24ff9efea6a1bc90ceafbebd20 (MD5) license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-09-15T13:41:16Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2 Dissertação - Adriana Figueiredo Carvalho - 2017.pdf: 9900588 bytes, checksum: 6d957a24ff9efea6a1bc90ceafbebd20 (MD5) license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) Previous issue date: 2017-08-02 / The present research deals with the pursuit for an understanding of a housing modality that has attracted many adepts in Goiânia and in other Brazilian cities, the gated community. Based on a private and differentiated historical gated community, called Privê Atlântico, the intention is to bring to light how this modality can become as strong as a point to transform a housing complex into a gated community and change the market value of their real estate. For this, a search of a macro look, seeking common questions to the cities of the contemporaneity and its society, in a scenario of a globalized and capitalist world. Afterwards, the focus shifts to the discussed theme. We chose to go from the origin of the gated community, the discourses used by the market for its valorization, and an image that these enterprises occupy in Goiania‘s society. The next moment is aimed at an understanding of the research object, Privê Atlântico. Again, the initiative is a quest for a macro look on the city. A recovering of the increase in the growth of Goiânia is done in order to know how a city developed and became appreciated towards the southwest region, where the gated community is located. It was also done in order to find out how specific investments such as parks can stimulate the population growth and attract investors and services that could value a region. Then, the look turns to the object of study. From the search for documents, the surveys made on the spot and the interviews granted by residents and former residents, it was possible to understand that it is a gated community that was born unpretentious, and that the greatest value that exists in the place is not the recognition of itself as a gated community, something which some villagers fought to conquer. Ironically, the value of Privê Atlântico can be explained by its history, by its humble origins. The neighborhood ties developed throughout its history, strengthened by the struggles faced by its residents, are what the Privê Atlântico possesses as the richest. Perhaps, the wealth of Privê Atlântico does not exist in any other gated community that has been elaborated with refinement, organization and elegance. / A presente pesquisa objetiva compreender a modalidade habitacional que tem atraído muitos adeptos em Goiânia e em outras cidades brasileiras: os condomínios fechados. Com base em um condomínio de histórico particular e diferenciado, o Privê Atlântico, a intenção é desvendar como essa modalidade pôde se tornar tão sedutora a ponto de transformar um conjunto habitacional em um condomínio fechado e alterar o valor de mercado de seus imóveis. Para tanto, a pesquisa partiu, inicialmente, de um olhar macro, buscando questões comuns às cidades contemporâneas e sua sociedade em um cenário de mundo globalizado e capitalista, para, em seguida, percorrer a origem dos condomínios fechados, os discursos utilizados pelo mercado para sua valorização, e a imagem que tais empreendimentos ocupam na sociedade goianiense. Após, voltou-se para a compreensão do objeto de pesquisa, o Privê Atlântico, analisado novamente com um olhar macro sobre a cidade, em resgate do crescimento de Goiânia e em como esta se valorizou rumo à região sudoeste, onde se localiza o condomínio. A pesquisa ainda buscou compreender como investimentos pontuais, como parques, podem estimular o crescimento populacional e atrair investidores e serviços que valorizam a região. Assim, os documentos, os levantamentos feitos no local e as entrevistas concedidas por moradores e ex-moradores possibilitaram entender algumas especificidades: o Privê Atlântico nasceu despretensioso e o seu maior valor não é o seu reconhecimento como condomínio, que alguns moradores lutaram para conquistar, mas, ironicamente, o valor de sua história de origem humilde. Os laços de vizinhança desenvolvidos e fortalecidos pelas lutas enfrentadas pelos seus moradores são o que ele possui de mais rico, riqueza que, talvez, não exista em nenhum outro condomínio que tenha sido elaborado com requinte, organização e elegância.

Ce projet de recherche s'articule sur la validation de notre hypothèse qui affirme que l’introversion résidentielle dans la communauté métropolitaine de Montréal (CMM), ce n’est qu'une étape ultime vers la fermeture résidentielle. Ainsi, que ces lotissements prennent d’autres formes d’enclosure, qui diffèrent du modèle des Gated Communities (GCs) étatsuniennes. Ce dernier se caractérise par la clôture, la gouvernance privée, le marquage d’entrée par les portails et le flicage à travers la vidéosurveillance. Cette enclosure introvertie se réalise par la forme urbaine ̶ semi-fermée ̶ des ensembles résidentiels. Cependant, ces enclaves montréalaises se dirigent vers le modèle d’enclavement francilien; qui se caractérise par le passage doux (inaperçu) vers la fermeture résidentielle (Paquot, 2009). Précisément, nous viserons à étudier la typo-morphologie du phénomène des GCs et ses impacts par la rupture physico-spatiale, et par la ségrégation socio-spatiale sur le territoire urbain et suburbain. Notre champ d’expérimentation est la CMM. Cependant, une revue critique de la littérature sur le phénomène dans quatre territoires des pays suivants : au Canada, dans l’Ouest canadien, en France, dans l’Île-de-France, au Mexique, dans la région métropolitaine de Puebla et aux États-Unis à Los Angeles, nous a permis de tirer des conclusions en matière de définition et de divergence. La définition des GCs selon la littérature actuelle est très restreinte, elle exclut d’autres types enclos qui ne se renferment pas avec leurs clôtures, mais beaucoup plus avec leurs formes urbaines semi-fermées. Ces derniers types nous l’avions destinée à une nouvelle désignation : enclaves résidentielles introverties (ERI). Cela est après avoir réfuté la désignation d'« enclave résidentielle » utilisée par les auteurs francophones. Cette dernière n’est pas précise, elle inclut notamment tous les ensembles résidentiels qui se distinguent avec leur style individualisé par apport à leurs alentours, voire même si leur forme urbaine est ouverte. En outre, nous voulons démontrer que ces formes urbaines semi-fermées sont vraiment des lacunes au niveau des ententes conclues entre la ville (autorité locale) et les promoteurs au Québec. Ces formes urbaines sont en antinomie avec les principes du développement durable. Elles rendent la possibilité d’offrir un transport écologique impossible, leur structure est irréversible sauf si l'on va recourir à la démolition de certaines maisons pour désenclaver l’ensemble. Ces lotissements semi-fermés empêchent la circulation en éliminant la connexion de leurs rues intérieures avec le reste des voies passantes qui tissent le tissu urbain toutes autour. Parfois le panneau « cul-de-sac » garantit l’exclusivité des rues intérieures de l’ensemble résidentiel. Cette forme urbaine encourage les déplacements massifs en automobile vers les lieux de travail, étant donné qu'elle est localisée souvent loin des voies desservies par le transport en commun. En outre, cette forme semi-fermée complique l’intervention des pompiers en cas d’incendie. / This research focuses on the validation of our hypothesis which states that residential introversion in the metropolitan community of Montreal (MCM) is only the last step of residential closure. These developments are taking other forms of enclosure which differ from the design of American gated communities (GCs). These communities are characterized by the enclosure, private governance, policing through video surveillance and the marking of entry by gates. The introverted enclosure is achieved by the urban form semi-closed of residential development. However, these enclaves are like the model of closed developments in Île-de-France. This later is characterized by the uncontrolled progression to closed residential development (Paquot, 2009). Precisely, we shall study the typo-morphology of the phenomenon of GCs and their impacts of physical rupture and social-space segregation of urban and suburban territory. Our area of experimentation is the MCM, however, a criticized review of literature that analyses the phenomenon in four countries (the Canadian West; Île-de-France, France; Puebla, Mexico; and Los Angeles, United States of America) allowed us to draw conclusions regarding the divergence of definitions. The definition of GCs according to the current literature is very limited. It excludes other types of residential closing that are not characterised by their fences, but more with their semi-enclosed urban forms. So, we have refuting the label of "residential enclave" used by French authors, and then we have assigned these types a new designation: introverted residential enclaves (IRE). Our resentment is that the term of enclave residential is not precise: it includes the residential development that stands out with individual style by contributing to its surroundings, even if the urban form is open. Furthermore, we show that these semi-enclosed urban forms are indeed gaps in conventions between the local authorities and developers in Quebec. These urban forms are in contradiction with the principles of sustainable development. They imped the possibility of providing an ecological transport. Their structure is irreversible, without the demolition of certain houses in order to open up the whole. These shapes prevent also pedestrian traffic. Sometimes the panel "cul-de-sac" guarantees exclusivity of internal streets to their resident. / Plusieurs logiciels utilisés dans la réalisation des pièces graphiques incluses dans ce mémoire : ArcGIS 10; Autocad 2012; GIS Consortium de la Ville de Chicago; PowerPoint 2010, Photoshop... etc. Notre recherche est la première et la seule qui aborde le phénomène de l'introversion résidentielle au Québec. Elle se focalise sur le postulat de la représentation du phénomène de l’introversion résidentielle autant qu’une forme urbaine fermée ou semi-fermée d’une descendance accouplée aux GCs étatsuniennes. De la gated community américaine vers l’enclave francilienne, à l’introversion résidentielle montréalaise. À l'aide de notre analyse typo-morphologique, basée principalement sur la théorie de Rossi (1966), nous avons dévoilé sur un nouveau fait urbain qui existe dans la communauté métropolitaine de Montréal. Nous l'avions désigné par : enclaves résidentielles introverties (ERI).

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The gated community motif occurs frequently within climate and environmental disaster fiction. This thesis investigates its occurrence across three media to establish how the gated community mode of living, as rendered in post-apocalyptic speculative fiction, responds to the threat and consequences of climate and environmental crisis. This thesis combines recent urban studies scholarship with ecocritical theory to analyse the gated communities present in Octavia E. Butler’s novels, The Parable of the Sower and The Parable of the Talents, Neil Blomkamp’s film, Elysium, and Naughty Dog’s video games, The Last of Us and The Last of Us: Part II. Comparative analysis of the motif in each primary narrative reveals how disaster exacerbates the security and segregation this mode of settlement makes possible, resulting in a pronounced Othering of outsiders to these communities. This essay concludes that the boundaries of these speculative gated communities come to symbolise the borders Global North, which rhetorically and physically exclude the migrant Other. As most of the gated communities in these narratives experience catastrophe and collapse at the hands of those they refuse to accept, the texts appear to warn us to expect similar results unless issues of climate justice are not addressed by the Global North today. / Grindsamhället (eng. gated community) är ett vanligt förekommande motiv i berättelser om klimat- och miljökatastrofer. Den här uppsatsen undersöker motivet i tre medietyper för att diskutera hur grindsamhället som samhällsform porträtteras i postapokalyptiskt spekulativ fiktion, och hur det ses svara på klimat- och miljö- krisernas hot och konsekvenser. Uppsatsen kombinerar ekokritisk teori med modern forskning inom urbana studier för att analysera grindsamhällen som förekommer i romanerna The Parable of the Sower och The Parable of the Talents av Octavia E. Butler, Neil Blomkamps film Elysium och Naughty Dogs datorspel The Last of Us och The Last of Us: Part II. Komparativ analys av motivet i de primära berättelserna ger vid handen hur katastrofer förvärrar den säkerhet och segregation som samhälls- formen möjliggör, vilket resulterar i en uttalad syn på personer utanför samhällena som Andra. Uppsatsen slår fast att gränserna för de spekulativa grindsamhällena sym- boliserar gränserna mellan det globala nord och syd, vilket retoriskt och fysiskt ute- stänger migranter från syd och konstruerar dem som Andra. Eftersom de flesta grindsamhällen i berättelserna drabbas av katastrof och kollaps på grund av de människor som man vägrar släppa in tycks texterna varna oss för att vi kan förvänta oss något liknande om den globala norden inte ser till att hantera frågor om klimaträttvisa idag.