The aim of this investigation was to elucidate and describe those patients who had discontinued their participation and/or paticipated infrequently in physiotherapy treatment based on their own activity and responsibility. The ambition was to understand the phenomenon of compliance/adherence from various perspectives in behavioural as well as social science. In study I the phenomenon compliance/adherence was studied in relation to Health Locus of Control and Health Belief variables. This study was based on a questionnaire that was answered by all patients before beginning of treatment. Questions concerning the patients´conceptions about both health locus of control and health beliefs were the focus.The definitions of compliance/adherence were completed treatment period and exercise frequency, respectively. Those patients who completed the treatment were also studied regarded exercise frequency. The results of study I showed that those who discontinued their treatment reported a higher perceived threat from their health condition (higher level of dysfunction (higher pain intensity) and a higher perceived severity of their health condition (higher level of dysfunction, worse general health) than those who completed treatment. The results also showed that those who exercised once a week or less often valued the significance of the caring situation as lower (HLC), perceived a higher threat from their health condition (higher pain intensity), a higher severity of their health condition (higher level of dysfunction, worse general health, greater distrution of impairment), more barriers to treatment (lower expectations), and had certain differences in demographic variables (younger individuals, more women) than those who exercised more often (HB). Study II investigated patients´descriptions of their reasons for discontinuing the treatment, whether those reasons varied, and if so how they varied. Sixteen patients who had discontinued their treatment were interviewed with open-ended questions. The inteviews began with a question about the background to the physiotherapy treatment. There were questions concerning carrying out the treatment as well as concerning what they thought about their impairment. The patients were also asked about their priotities in daily life, as these wre presumed to be anobstacle to the treatment over a shorter or longer period of time. The third domain concerned how they experiebced the patient/physiotherapist relationship. The interviews were anlysed qualitatively. Analysis of study II resulted in four different descriptions of reasons for treatment discontinuation. A) It was about time to end treatment and continue on alone. B) The treatment was not the most important activity to spend time on. C) An agreement with the physiothreapist to discontinue treatment due to lack of effect. D) No viewpoint as to why they discontinued the treatment. In further analysis of category D, this group appeared to experience varoius forms of powerlessness. They felt their trustworthiness was often questioned. They experienced frustration in their life situation as others made the important descisions and they themselves had little to say.They defended themselves by talking about their own conceptions of the reasons for their impairment and what should be done about them. In comparing category D with categories A, B, C it was found that those in the latter three categories experienced varying degrees of control in different situations, whereas those in category D did not experience a feeling of control. Conclusion: The concept of compliance in physiotherapy is ambiguous. The concept involves one part defining what will concern the other part. It is clear that the physiotherapist and the patient do not always agree about the aim of the treatment. Instead, we should develop the concept of concordance in encounters with the patients and abandon the reasoning of compliance. / Syftet med denna undersökning var att tydliggöra och beskriva de patienter som avbrutit sitt deltagande och/eller deltagit sällan i en behandling med sjukgymnastik baserad på egen aktivitet och eget ansvar. En ambition var att förstå fenomenet följsamhet utifrån några olika teoretiska perspektiv inom såväl beteende- som samhällsvetenskap. I Delstudie I studerades fenomenet följsamhet i relation till beteendeaspekter avseende patientuppfattningar om styrmekanismer som påverkar den egna hälsan (HLC) och patientupplevda hälsohot och hälsohotens konsekvenser (HB). Denna delstudie bygger på frågeformulär, som besvarades av samtliga patienter innan behandlingsstart. De frågor som mäter patientens uppfattningar om vad som styr den egna hälsan och frågor som mäter patientupplevda hälsohot och hälsoerfarenheter har bearbetats. Definitionerna på följsamhet var dels fullföljd träningsperiod, dels träningsfrekvens. De patienter som genomförde träningen jämfördes med de som avbröt den. De som genomförde träningen studerades dessutom avseende träningsfrekvens. Resultatet i Delstudie I visade att de som avbröt sin behandling, rapporterade större hot av sitt hälsotillstånd (högre smärtintensitet) och större konsekvenser av hälsotillståndet (sämre funktionsförmåga, sämre allmänt hälsotillstånd) än de som genomförde den. Resultatet visade dessutom att de som tränade en gång i veckan eller mer sällan hade värderat vårdsituationens betydelse lägre (HLC), upplevde större hot av sitt hälsotillstånd (högre smärtintensitet), större konsekvenser av hälsotillståndet (större funktionsnedsättning, sämre allmänt hälsotillstånd, större besvärsutbredning), fler hinder för behandlingen (lägre förväntningar) och uppvisade andra demografiska faktorer (yngre individer, fler kvinnor) än de som tränade oftare (HB). I Delstudie II studerades hur patienter själva beskriver anledningen till avbrott i behandlingen, om dessa anledningar kan variera och hur de varierar. Sexton patienter som avbrutit sin behandling intervjuades med öppna frågor. Intervjun inleddes med en fråga om bakgrunden till den sjukgymnastiska behandlingen. De ställdes inför frågor som hade anknytning till genom!örandet av behandlingen och vad de trodde själva om sina besvär. Frågor om patienternas prioriteringar i vardagen ingick, vilka antogs kunna utgöra hinder för behandling under en kortare eller längre tid. Ett tredje område som ingick, rörde deras erfarenheter av patient/sjukgymnast relationen. Intervjuerna analyserades kvalitativt. Analysen i Delstudie II resulterade i att fyra olika beskrivningar av orsaker till avbrott i behandlingen genererades. A) Det var dags att avsluta och gå vidare på egen hand. B) Behandlingen var inte det viktigaste att lägga sin tid på. C) Överenskommelse med sjukgymnasten att avbryta behandlingen på grund av uteblivna resultat. D) Avsaknad av ställningstagande till avbrott i behandlingen. Vid en fårdjupadanalys av kategori D framstod att denna grupp erfar olika former av maktlöshet. Det yttrade sig i beskrivningar av att deras trovärdighet ofta är ifrågasatt, att deras livssituation är en ständig frustration där andra tar de viktiga besluten och där de själva inte har mycket att säga till om, samt att de värjer sig mot att berätta om sina fåreställningar om vad de själva tror besvären beror på och vad man gör åt dem. Vid en jämförelse mellan kategori D och A, B, C har kategorierna A, B och C varierande grad av kontroll i olika situationer medan kategori D saknar kontroll.

Jämställdhet och trygghet är begrepp som utgör en del av de sociala hållbarhetsmålen och förväntas därmed integreras i stadsutvecklingsarbetet. Det offentliga rummet är till för alla där rummet bidrar till en känsla av delaktighet och samhörighet, men stämmer det? Statistik tyder på att det är betydligt fler kvinnor än män som känner sig otrygga utomhus, den upplevda oron och rädslan kan i vissa fall begränsa kvinnor från att befinna sig ute i det offentliga. Det offentliga rummet ska inte begränsa individens användning av det, snarare motivera individen till att gå ut och socialisera sig. Historiskt har det offentliga rummet använts av män och har därför planerats utifrån mäns behov och perspektiv. Då det finns en tydlig skillnad mellan män och kvinnor behöver genusperspektivet implementeras vid planering av fysiska miljöer. Utförandet av studien delas in i två delar där första delen består av litteraturstudien som var nödvändig för att samla kunskap inom fokusområdet. Litteraturstudien har besvarat frågor vad gäller den upplevda tryggheten, vad den möjligtvis kan bero på och varför det uppstår skillnader mellan män och kvinnor. Andra delen består av en intervjustudie och dokumentstudie som utförts för att sammanställa kvalitativ information om hur kommunala stadsplaneringen arbetar för att främja tryggheten. Fyra respondenter deltog och delade med sig av sina erfarenheter, sedan kompletterades de svaren med dokumentstudier där översiktsplaner granskades i första hand. Kvinnor och män upplever otrygghet på olika sätt och det skiljer sig även inom grupperna. Det är svårt att ta fram åtgärder som funkar för alla utan att gå över gränsen vad gäller livliga och attraktiva stadsrum. Det är synnerligen svårare att ta fram åtgärder som ur ett genusperspektiv främjar kvinnors trygghet i samhället. Åtgärderna inom fysisk utformning ökar tryggheten för alla, det finns inget specifikt som främjar kvinnors trygghet. Vanliga faktorer som främjar tryggheten i stadsmiljöerna är belysning, vegetation och möjligheten till rörelse och aktivitet. Då trygghetsarbetet är en fördel för alla bör den tillämpas och utvecklas inom alla kommuner för ett tryggt Sverige. Det finns en vilja att inkludera genusperspektivet i det kommunala arbetet, däremot har det varit svårt att tillämpa den. Yrkespersoner inom stadsplanering tänker större än genusperspektiv; det ska vara jämlikt där alla ska kunna ta del av samhällets stadsmiljöer. Oavsett perspektiv är det viktigt att ta del av fler perspektiv inom stadsplaneringen, i frågan om trygghet bör däremot jämställdhetsperspektivet användas då det finns en tydlig skillnad bland könen. Vad gäller genus och trygghet har kommunerna kommit olika långt i sitt arbete. Inom kommuner ses trygghet som en egen separat aspekt eller en aspekt som faller inom en större kategori, social hållbarhet. Trygghet förekommer i alla översiktsplaner, däremot är det inte lika tydligt att implementeringen av genusperspektiv är viktigt.  Trygghetsperspektivet används väl inom planering, den fortsätter utvecklas och många ser vikten i hur viktigt det är med social hållbarhet. Genusperspektivet däremot behöver utvecklas i högre grad, i alla fall om hur den ska tillämpas i planeringen. Med det sagt, bör perspektivet även tillämpas i trygghetsarbetet, skillnaden bland könen ska inte vara så stor som den är. / Equality and security are concepts that form part of the social sustainability objectives and are therefore expected to be integrated into urban development work. Public space is for everyone, where space contributes to a sense of inclusion and belonging, but is this true? Statistics suggest that women are significantly more likely than men to feel unsafe outdoors, and perceived anxiety and fear may in some cases limit women from being out in public. Public space should not limit an individual’s use of it, rather motivate the individual to go out and socialize. Historically, public space has been used by men and has therefore been designed with men’s needs and perspectives in mind. As there is a clear difference between men and women, the gender perspective needs to be implemented in the planning of physical environments. The execution of the study is divided into two parts, the first of which consists of the literature study that was necessary to gather knowledge in the focus area. The literature study has answered questions regarding the perceived safety, what it could possibly be due to and why differences occur between men and women. The second part consists of an interview and document study conducted to compile qualitative information on how municipal urban planning works to promote security. Four respondents participated and shared their experiences, then these responses were complemented by document studies, with municipal comprehensive plans being the primary focus. Women and men experience insecurity in different ways, and even within groups. It is difficult to come up with measures that work for everyone without overstepping the boundaries of lively and attractive urban spaces. It is particularly difficult to develop measures that promote women’s security in society from a gender perspective. Measures in physical design increase security for everyone; there is nothing specific that promotes women’s security. Common factors that promote security in urban environments are lighting, vegetation and the possibility of movement and activity. Since security work is a benefit for everyone, it should be applied and developed in all municipalities for a secure Sweden. There is a desire to include the gender perspective in municipal work, but it has been difficult to apply it. Professionals in urban planning think bigger than gender perspectives, it should be equal where everyone should be able to take part in society’s urban environments. Regardless of the perspective, it is important to take advantage of more perspectives in urban planning, but in the issue of security, the gender equality perspective should be used as there is a clear difference between the sexes. When it comes to gender and security, the municipalities have progressed differently in their work, and it is prioritized differently. Within municipalities, security is seen as its own separate aspect or an aspect that falls within a larger category, social sustainability. Security appears in all comprehensive plans, but it is not as clear that the implementation of gender perspectives is important. The security perspective is well used in planning, it continues to develop, and many see the importance of social sustainability. The gender perspective, on the other hand, needs to be developed further, at least in terms of how it should be applied in planning. With that being said, the perspective should also be applied in security work; the difference between the sexes should not be as huge as it is.

The main purpose for this study was to examine how boys with destructive and self-harming behaviour are perceived and comprehended by school counsellors and literature. The study assessed how boys who harm themselves are defined both in practice and in theory by using a social constructivist point of view and a gender perspective. The study was divided in two parts concerning gathering knowledge of the matter. The authors, using a method called qualitative semi-structured interviews, interviewed nine school counsellors. To acquire scientific knowledge, the authors implemented a literature review and researched books and journal articles regarding boys who self-harm. An essential discovery is that boys, who self-harm, have a tendency to be overlooked and excluded from the issue. This is mainly depending on how these boys often express their feelings by acting out their emotions in a physical manner. It is socially acceptable for boys to be extroverted, to be louder and use bigger gestures while girls are introvert and emotional human beings. This is depending on social expectations on each gender and the qualities and behaviour that are associated with being either male or female.

<p style="text-align: justify;">U radu se, primenom feminističke književne kritike, analiziraju rodni stereotipi u svih četrnaest romana iz lektire za drugi ciklus obrazovanja. Pokazuje se da su rodni stereotipi prisutni u različitim aspektima ovih romana, kao &scaron;to su zastupljenost i konstrukcija likova, sadržaj i način oblikovanja priče. Takođe, predstavljaju se metodički modeli nastavnih interpretacija ovih romana, koji uvažavaju rodnu perspektivu. Primena ovih modela omogućava da učenice i učenici prepoznaju rodne stereotipe, razumeju njihovu funkciju i zauzmu kritički odnos prema njima.</p> / <p style="text-align: justify;">The dissertation analyzes gender stereotypes by applying feminist literary criticism in all fourteen novels included in the second cycle of the primary education curriculum. It is indicated that gender stereotypes are present in various aspects of the novels, such as characters&rsquo; presence and construction, content and method of creating stories. Furthermore, the methodical models of educational interpretations of these novels, which respect the gender perspective, are also presented. The application of these models allows pupils to recognize gender stereotypes, understand their function and take a critical attitude towards them.</p>

<p>The purpose of this study is to analyze the interrogation transcripts of interviews with girls between the age of 11 and 16 who are alleged victims of sexual crimes. The examination is done from a gender perspective, by comparing six interrogations by male interrogators and eight interrogations by female interrogators. The study has used linguistic indicators relating to the interrogation methodological guidelines, in order to highlight how the interrogators give girls the opportunity and space to share their experience of the alleged sexual offense. Text material is categorized based on themes and analyzed in detail to find any gender-specific patterns of hearing leaders and if the girls are given space and opportunity for a free storytelling. The results show that in several themes, differences between the male and the female interrogators can be discerned. It has emerged that male interrogators in this study have a greater use of social support, that there are various techniques used by men and women between how the names of sexual words are created and that the female interrogation leaders questioning on average are longer and have a higher frequency of issues. In other dimensions, that has been investigated the differences are not significant.</p>

<p>The principle purpose of this thesis has been to study and analyse the conception of men and women in business bankruptcy during the 20th century. The analysis is built on a theoretical gender perspective and, combining this view and business and bankruptcy research, the thesis has focused on five themes: business networks, bank contacts, business competence, business characteristics and finally bankruptcy causes. These themes have been in focus when analysing bankruptcies in Uppsala 1920-1939, 1988, 1992 and 1996. A questionnair- and interview study with receivers active in Sweden 2001 has also been carried out. From the bankruptcy cases that have been studied, no specific gender differences have really been discovered. There were some variations between men and women, but it is very hard to claim that these are related to the sex of the debtor more than to the branch or to the individuals. Changes from the inter-war period to the latter part of the 20th century are in these respects also small. The image that the receivers gave through the questionnaire and interview study indicates on the other hand that there existed a conception that men and women seemed different as business owners. It is obvious that there were many receivers who thought that women were different from men in a situation of business bankruptcy, even though several of them stated that they did not beleive in any gender differences.</p>

<p>Trots satsningar på att rekrytera fler kvinnor har Försvarsmakten fortfarande en låg andel kvinnor anställda i myndigheten.</p><p>Försvarsmakten har svårt att fullfölja kraven på en ökad andel kvinnor på alla nivåer i internationell tjänst med knappt fem procent kvinnliga yrkesofficerare. Denna uppsats syftar till att undersöka vilka förutsättningar som fanns att rekrytera kvinnor till två missioner i Afghanistan, FS 14 och FS 15, att jämföra de båda missionernas rekrytering, samt att beskriva hur väl Försvarsmakten nådde upp till regeringens krav avseende kvinnlig representation i internationell tjänst.</p><p>Uppsatsen beskriver först de förutsättningar, dokument och andra styrande faktorer som ligger till grund för rekryteringen. Därefter jämförs resultaten för de båda missionerna och diskuterar de likheter och skillnader som finns.</p><p>Undersökningen visar att förutsättningarna att rekrytera kvinnor till FS 14 och FS 15 inte var särskilt goda med tanke på de fåtal procent kvinnliga yrkesofficerare som var anställda i Försvarsmakten. Intressant är att de två missionerna lyckades olika väl med rekryteringen av kvinnor, där FS 15 rekryterade fler trots ett mindre rekryteringsunderlag.</p><p>En slutsats är att den rekryteringsprocessens utformning bidrar till det låga antal kvinnor i internationell tjänst.</p> / <p>The Swedish Armed Forces is an organization having difficulties achieving a higher representation of women, nationally as well as internationally. Since the founding of the United Nations Security Council Resolution 1325 in year 2000, which addresses the issue women, peace and security, the Swedish Government has formed an action plan demanding more women to be recruited to the Armed Forces. A variety of measures have been taken but women are still not even a minority among officers at only 4.7 percent. This thesis studies and compares the female representation in two missions to Afghanistan in 2008. The study is based on literature and statistics. The results do not attempt to picture a general image of the conditions applying to recruiting women, since the study is reduced to two missions in 2008. It can, however give some general indications since the statistics can be applied to the representation of women in the Swedish Armed Forces in general.</p><p>   The results show that the Swedish Armed Forces did not manage to recruit enough women to either of the missions in order to fulfil the demand set by the government. Never the less, this study shows that the Armed Forces was not far from reaching the goals set by the Swedish government in the category female officers. A possible explanation to the negative results is the way the recruitment process is constituted together with the lack of precise instructions concerning the recruitment of women.</p>

The principle purpose of this thesis has been to study and analyse the conception of men and women in business bankruptcy during the 20th century. The analysis is built on a theoretical gender perspective and, combining this view and business and bankruptcy research, the thesis has focused on five themes: business networks, bank contacts, business competence, business characteristics and finally bankruptcy causes. These themes have been in focus when analysing bankruptcies in Uppsala 1920-1939, 1988, 1992 and 1996. A questionnair- and interview study with receivers active in Sweden 2001 has also been carried out. From the bankruptcy cases that have been studied, no specific gender differences have really been discovered. There were some variations between men and women, but it is very hard to claim that these are related to the sex of the debtor more than to the branch or to the individuals. Changes from the inter-war period to the latter part of the 20th century are in these respects also small. The image that the receivers gave through the questionnaire and interview study indicates on the other hand that there existed a conception that men and women seemed different as business owners. It is obvious that there were many receivers who thought that women were different from men in a situation of business bankruptcy, even though several of them stated that they did not beleive in any gender differences.

Trots satsningar på att rekrytera fler kvinnor har Försvarsmakten fortfarande en låg andel kvinnor anställda i myndigheten. Försvarsmakten har svårt att fullfölja kraven på en ökad andel kvinnor på alla nivåer i internationell tjänst med knappt fem procent kvinnliga yrkesofficerare. Denna uppsats syftar till att undersöka vilka förutsättningar som fanns att rekrytera kvinnor till två missioner i Afghanistan, FS 14 och FS 15, att jämföra de båda missionernas rekrytering, samt att beskriva hur väl Försvarsmakten nådde upp till regeringens krav avseende kvinnlig representation i internationell tjänst. Uppsatsen beskriver först de förutsättningar, dokument och andra styrande faktorer som ligger till grund för rekryteringen. Därefter jämförs resultaten för de båda missionerna och diskuterar de likheter och skillnader som finns. Undersökningen visar att förutsättningarna att rekrytera kvinnor till FS 14 och FS 15 inte var särskilt goda med tanke på de fåtal procent kvinnliga yrkesofficerare som var anställda i Försvarsmakten. Intressant är att de två missionerna lyckades olika väl med rekryteringen av kvinnor, där FS 15 rekryterade fler trots ett mindre rekryteringsunderlag. En slutsats är att den rekryteringsprocessens utformning bidrar till det låga antal kvinnor i internationell tjänst. / The Swedish Armed Forces is an organization having difficulties achieving a higher representation of women, nationally as well as internationally. Since the founding of the United Nations Security Council Resolution 1325 in year 2000, which addresses the issue women, peace and security, the Swedish Government has formed an action plan demanding more women to be recruited to the Armed Forces. A variety of measures have been taken but women are still not even a minority among officers at only 4.7 percent. This thesis studies and compares the female representation in two missions to Afghanistan in 2008. The study is based on literature and statistics. The results do not attempt to picture a general image of the conditions applying to recruiting women, since the study is reduced to two missions in 2008. It can, however give some general indications since the statistics can be applied to the representation of women in the Swedish Armed Forces in general.    The results show that the Swedish Armed Forces did not manage to recruit enough women to either of the missions in order to fulfil the demand set by the government. Never the less, this study shows that the Armed Forces was not far from reaching the goals set by the Swedish government in the category female officers. A possible explanation to the negative results is the way the recruitment process is constituted together with the lack of precise instructions concerning the recruitment of women.

The inclusion of a gender perspective in medicine has shown that gender is an essential factor in health and disease, in medical encounters and also in medical students’ educational environment. The aim of this study was to explore attitudes, preconceptions and norms regarding gender within medical education and processes of gender bias. First, we explored medical students gendered beliefs about patients. Second, we examined the medical students ideas about their future careers. Third, we compared awareness on gender issues among medical students in Sweden and the Netherlands. Method and material The analyses were based on data from two different sources: one experimental study based on authentic patient narratives about being diagnosed with cancer and one extensive questionaire exploring different aspects of gender issues in medical education. Both studies had a design which enabled both qualitative and quantitative research and mixed methods was used. Study I (Paper I and II): Eighty-one anonymous letters from patients were read by 130 students of medicine and psychology. For each letter the students were asked to state the patient’s sex and explain their choice. In paper I the students’ success rates were analysed statistically and the explanations to four letters were used to illustrate the students’ reasoning. Paper II examined the 87 medical students’ explanations closer to examine gender beliefs about patients. Study II (Paper III and IV): The questionaire started with an open question where medical students were asked to describe their ideal future, it also included a validated scale designed to estimate gender awareness. Paper III examined 507 swedish medical students descriptions about their ideal future and compared answers from male and female students in the beginning and at the end of medical school. Paper IV compared gender awareness among 1096 Swedish and Dutch medical students in first term. Findings with reflections Paper I showed that the patient’s sex was correctly identified in 62% of the cases. There were no difference between the results of male and female students. However, large differences between letters were observed, i.e. there were some letters were almost all students correctly identified the patient´s sex, others were almost all students were incorrect and most letters were found somewhere in the middle. Another significant finding was that the same expressions were interpreted differently depending on which initial guess the medical student had made regarding the sex of the patient. Paper II identified 21 categories of justifications within the students’ explanations, twelve of which were significantly associated with an assumption of either a male or female patient. Only three categories led to more correct identifications of the patients’ sex and two were more often associated with incorrect assignments. The results illustrate how beliefs about gender difference, even though they might be recognizable on a group level, are not applicable on individuals. Furthermore, the results show that medical students enter the education with beliefs about male and female patients, which could have consequenses and cause bias in their future work as doctors. Paper III found that almost all students, both male and female, were work-oriented. However, the female students even more so than their male counterparts. This result is particularly interesting in regards to the debate about the “feminization of medicine” in which the increasing number of female students has been adressed as a problem. When reflecting on their own lifes and their future its obvious that medical students nowadays, male and female, expect more to life than work, especially those who are on the doorstep to their professional life. Paper IV found that the national and cultural setting was the most crucial impact factor in relation to the medical students preconceptions and awareness about gender. The Swedish students expressed less stereotypic thinking about patients and doctors, while the Dutch students were more sensitive to gender difference. In both countries, the students’ sex mattered for gender stereotyping, with male students agreeing more to stereotypes. Conclusions A gender perspective is important in medical education. Our studies show that such initiatives needs to take cultural aspects, gender attitudes and students’ gender into account. Moreover, reflections on assumptions about men and women, patients as well as doctors, need to be included in medical curricula and the impact of implicit gender beliefs needs to be included in discussions on gender bias in health care. Also, the next generation of doctors want more to life than work. Future Swedish doctors, both female and male, intend to balance work not only with a family but also with leisure. This attitudinal change towards their future work as doctors will provide the health care system with a challenge to establish more adaptive and flexible work conditions.