Syftet med studien har varit att utröna huruvida Oriflames svenska reklamtexter skiljer sig från sina polska översättningar samt om eventuella skillnader beror på kulturell anpassning till målkulturen. Vidare har en bildanalys genomförts med syfte att undersöka samspelet mellan text och bild samt hur detta samspel eventuellt kan påverka konsumenterna. Trots att den kvantitativa analysen visar att käll- och måltexterna inte skiljer sig åt särskilt mycket, avviker texterna dels innehållsmässigt, dels när det gäller de könsroller som konstrueras i de undersökta texterna. / The aim of this thesis has been to find out how Oriflame’s Swedish advertising texts differ from their Polish translations and if the potential differences depend on a cultural adaption to the target culture. Furthermore, an image analysis was conducted in order to study the interaction between text and image as well as how this relation is likely to influence the customers. Even though the quantitative analysis has shown that the source and target texts do not differ much, they are contrastive when it comes to their content and the gender roles which are present in the analyzed texts.

This degree work sets itself the objective to extend well-known information about the Institute of Contemporary History, bringing precise description of the first ten years of its existence. The main purpose of this work is to elaborate further on the Institute's activities from the perspective of the so-called non-scholarly component of its staff. In the first theoretical part of this work, the theme of the structure and activities of the Institute is put into the context of time, with special attention to previous perspectives and problems of historiography as a scientific discipline; in this scope a general description of historiography as such is examined. Subsequent chapters characterize the methods of examination in the field of contemporary History in the U.S.A, France, Germany, Austria, Great Britain and Poland. It also gives a rough outline of changes in topical and geographical analysis as manifested in the attempt of specialisation in the above mentioned countries. In regards to the management of the Institute, the next chapter deals with the institutional structure of The Academy of Science of the Czech Republic. The methodological part of this work is focused on the clasification of the concept of a reaserch project including relevant expectations and objectives; it describes...

In order to reduce and prevent domestic violence, preventive work needs to begin at an early age. In previous research it is suggested that preventive work needs to begin as early as between grade six and eight. Recently, it has been discovered that many young people have a distorted view of what constitutes a healthy and equal relationship. In this interview study, six social workers employed as school counselors, employed in the seventh, eighth and ninth grades has participated. Central questions have investigated how and if they work preventively with boys' perceptions of violence, intimate relationships and sex. Through the interviews, it emerged that the school counselors' preventive work takes place in different ways. For example, they defined violence in different ways and the limits for what is supposed to constitute violence is interpreted differently. The preventive work turned out to consist of differences and similarities. For example, theme weeks, presence in open spaces and external lecturers were common elements in their preventive work. The differences could show up for example that they focused on different topics. To gain an understanding of the school counselor's preventive work with boys' violence against girls, this study has included the gender perspective. By looking at how their preventive work can be understood from the point of view of gender, it concluded that the school counselor's own gender perspective affects how they work. The study found that school counselors do work to prevent gender norms.

Syftet med denna uppsats var att undersöka vilka faktorer som får kvinnliga medarbetare att lämna IT-branschen samt vilka motivationsfaktorer som är viktiga att ta hänsyn till för att få kvinnliga medarbetare att vilja stanna kvar. Studien har en kvalitativ utgångspunkt där sex kvinnor som har erfarenhet inom branschen deltog som informanter. Vad gäller vår första frågeställning rörande vilka anledningar som får kvinnor att lämna IT-branschen har vi kunnat utläsa att de faktorer som påverkar är ett bristande ledarskap, att mångfald inte återfinns i alla led, att det finns en jargong, att de känner sig annorlunda behandlade samt en mansdominerad kultur. Vår andra frågeställning behandlade vad som motiverar kvinnor att stanna kvar i branschen. Fyra faktorer har spelat störst roll och dessa var ett bra ledarskap, arbeta för ett gott syfte, att organisationen arbetar med jämställdhetsfrågor, arbetstrygghet samt lön. Den tredje och sista frågeställningen handlade om vad organisationer kan göra för att motivera sina kvinnliga medarbetare. Där var de mest förekommande anledningarna en god arbetsmiljö, vara medveten om olika behov och stöd, ge medarbetare möjlighet att påverka sitt eget arbete, visa uppskattning samt att ge kvinnliga medarbetare chans till att kunna utvecklas. Vår slutsats är att den största anledningen till att kvinnor väljer att lämna IT-branschen är på grund av en mansdominerad kultur, vilket i sin tur påverkar branschens bristande jämställdhet. Arbetsgivaren behöver vara medvetna om att förutsättningar och möjligheter skiljer sig mellan kvinnor och män vilket leder till att olika faktorer motiverar dem att stanna kvar.

Der vorliegende Beitrag präsentiert die Ergebnisse einer Analyse von Kinderaufsätzen, die 10- bis 12-Jährige über ihre Lieblingsfilme verfasst haben. Der Schwerpunkt der Analyse liegt auf einer Genderperspektive: Welche Identifikationsfiguren, Themen und Interessen von Mädchen und Buben bilden sich in den Aufsätzen ab? Wie gehen die Kinder mit Geschlechterstereotypen um? Die Ergebnisse zeigen ein hohes Maß an Facettenreichtum und Individualität in den Aufsätzen – über die Geschlechtergruppen hinweg. Manche Tendenzen und Muster zeichnen sich in der einen Geschlechtergruppe stärker ab als in der anderen, augenfällige Unterschiede liegen mit wenigen Ausnahmen im untersuchten Sample aber nicht vor. Auch auf Geschlechterstereotype greifen die Kinder beim Schreiben nur selten zurück.

Archive profession, just like other professions, has not so long ago observed the lack of women in the archive world. The old patriarchal order and other power relations kept women out of archives and the labor market. Today, the labor market and the archive world look completely different as women just like men, are treated equally. There is even talk of a shift, that the norm of male archivist has instead become a norm of women archivist. The aim of this studie was to discover if a possible shift can be expressed within the international archival journal Archival Science, by examining what the gender distribution looks like among writers and how gender issues are addressed in the articles. With a qualitative and quantitative content analysis as method and a theory of gender systems by Yvonne Hirdman, the studie where able to obtain gender statistics and scheme from the contributing writers in the journal, and also what the writers dealt with when gender was mentioned in their research. The main result showed that women, both when it came to gender distribution among Archival Science writers and which of them touched on gender in their articles, the gender distribution of the various subject categories based on what was treated subjectively when gender was raised, were most numerous in all results. On the other hand, it was clear that both gender issues and women became more towards the end of the study period, and that the gender category of men shrunk in number, at the same time as the number of writers who wrote articles together regardless of gender, grew. Which means that the gender order changed during the period examined.

Este documento propone analizar desde una perspectiva de género el recurso cinematográfico de los cambios de imagen en las películas para adolescentes provenientes de Hollywood. En primer lugar, cómo estos son construidos desde una visión masculina que perpetúa cánones de belleza impuestos por una sociedad patriarcal y heteronormativa. Y por otro lado, evidenciar a partir de un estudio narrativo la relevancia de revisar los valores y creencias que se transmiten en estos productos hacia un público femenino adolescente en etapa de desarrollo y búsqueda de la identidad. El mainstream cinematográfico proveniente de Hollywood nos vende la idea del sueño americano a través de su cine de género y es relevante revisar procesos de homogeneización cultural a través de las películas como productos culturales. / This document proposes to analyze makeover in teen movies from a gender perspective. First of all, how these are built from a male view. And how this vision is the image of a woman or how a woman is seen by man. However It’s not a woman. This view is a social construct that satisfies the canons of beauty imposed to woman by man On the other hand, how these makeovers change the way teen girls audiences see their own bodies. Those who are in transition. Also analyze how the film industry sells an impossible ideal body to achieve. / Trabajo de investigación

Los gobiernos de alrededor del mundo se han propuesto como meta alcanzar la igualdad de género en el año 2030 (Objetivo #5 de la Agenda 2030 para el Desarrollo Sostenible de las Naciones Unidas) mediante la implementación del gender mainstreaming (o perspectiva de género) en todas las políticas y acciones de la vida pública y privada. Como consecuencia, las universidades están reconociendo cada vez más la necesidad de incorporar esta estrategia en la docencia universitaria al objeto de formar a los/as egresados/as para una práctica profesional futura en igualdad de género. Esta tesis doctoral examina la formación inicial en género de estudiantes de educación de grado y posgrado en una institución universitaria española utilizando un enfoque de investigación mixto. Específicamente, explora las percepciones de los estudiantes y del profesorado sobre la incorporación de la perspectiva de género en tres programas de formación de docentes de educación infantil, primaria y secundaria. Las preguntas que guiaron el proyecto se desarrollan a través de tres estudios (Estudio 1, Estudio 2 y Estudio 3) y cinco trabajos (Trabajos I, II, III, IV y V) enfocados al diseño y validación de instrumentos de medición fiables y válidos para evaluar la formación en igualdad de género de docentes en formación, el nivel alcanzado por los estudiantes en competencias de género al término de su graduación, así como las percepciones y experiencia del profesorado en relación a la docencia con énfasis en género. Los hallazgos de la tesis se ofrecen como orientación para el diseño y desarrollo de una guía de buenas prácticas para la incorporación de la perspectiva de género en la formación inicial docente de la institución participante, particularmente en los programas de educación infantil, primaria y secundaria. / Governments worldwide have set the goal of achieving gender equality (GE) by the year 2030 (Goal #5 of the 2030 United Nations Agenda for Sustainable Development) through implementing a gender mainstreaming (GM) strategy in all policies and actions of private and public daily life. As a result, higher education institutions are increasingly recognizing the need for mainstreaming gender in education as a way to developing gender competence in university students and through their future practice as professionals so they can contribute to create gender equitable societies. This doctoral thesis examines GE training in higher education at a teacher education institution in Spain. Specifically, it explores student teachers’ and teacher educators’ perceptions on how GM is perceived and is addressed in two undergraduate and one graduate teacher education programs using mixed methods research. The main research questions guiding the project were examined through three underlying research studies (Study 1, Study 2 and Study 3) and five papers (Papers I, II, III, IV, and V) where the focus was on designing and developing valid and reliable measurement instruments to assess GE training in teacher preparation, the extent to which student teachers acquire gender competence when they graduate, and teacher educators’ views and experience of GM. The findings from this thesis may enable the participating institution to develop and improve GM best practice guidelines in teacher training, particularly in early childhood, elementary, and secondary school education programs.

Denna uppsats presenterar en kvalitativ studie av fenomenet osynligt arbete bland svenska högstadielärare. Genom att genomföra 13 semistrukturerade intervjuer med manliga och kvinnliga högstadielärare är syftet att undersöka hur fenomenet osynligt arbete ser ut inom svensk högstadieskola. Studien intar ett genusperspektiv och det teoretiska ramverket är Joan Ackers teori om könade organisationer. Vidare använder studien även Trudy Bates relationella modell av Ackers fem könade processer. Genom att använda detta perspektiv kan studien identifiera eventuella könsmönster som kan uppstå i relation till upplevelsen av osynligt arbete. Utifrån två forskningsfrågor har resultaten kunnat visa att det finns många olika typer av osynligt arbete inom läraryrket på svenska högstadieskolor. Allt från att bygga starka relationer med elever, ansvara för anteckningar på möten, till olika former av hushålls- och underhållsarbete med mera, har identifierats som osynliga arbetsuppgifter. När det gäller könsskillnader kan resultaten vidare visa att det vanligtvis är kvinnor, som i större utsträckning, utför den här typen av uppgifter. När det kommer till hur lärare påverkas av osynligt arbete, i relation till deras arbetsmiljö, visar resultaten att det är kvinnor som drabbas mest negativt. Exempelvis beskrivs stress och utbrändhet som vanliga företeelser inom yrket. Även om manliga lärare också kan drabbas, tyder resultaten på att dessa företeelser är vanligare bland kvinnliga lärare. Resultaten visar vidare att kvinnliga lärare i större utsträckning tar till medvetna strategier för att hantera sin arbetsmiljösituation. Samtidigt beskrivs de kvinnliga lärarna ha svårare att sätta gränser. Trots att det svenska skolväsendet ofta betraktas som en könsneutral organisation går det av denna studie att dra slutsatsen att denna typ av arbetsplatser påverkas av samhälleliga könsnormer. Rekommendationer för framtida studier av osynligt arbete inom läraryrket diskuteras. / This paper presents a qualitative study of the phenomenon of invisible work among Swedish high school teachers. Through the conducting of 13 semi-structured interviews with male and female high school teachers, the aim is to investigate how the phenomenon of invisible work appears in Swedish upper secondary schools. The study adopts a gender perspective and the theoretical framework is Joan Acker’s theory about gendered organizations. Furthermore, the study also uses Trudy Bates relational model of Acker's Five Gendering Processes. By using this perspective, the study can identify any potential gender patterns that may occur in relation to the experience of invisible work. Based on two research questions, the results have been able to show that there are many different types of invisible work within the teaching profession at Swedish high schools. Everything from building strong relationships with students, being responsible for taking notes at meetings, to various forms of household and maintenance work and more, have been identified as invisible work tasks. Regarding gender differences, the results could further show that women usually carry out these types of tasks in greater occurrence. When it comes to how teachers are affected by invisible work, in relation to their work environment, the results also show that women are the ones who are most negatively affected. Stress and burnout are for example described as common phenomena in the profession. Although male teachers can also be affected, the results suggest that these phenomena are more common among female teachers. The results further show that female teachers to a greater extent use conscious strategies to manage their work environment situation. At the same time they are described as having more difficulty setting boundaries. Despite the fact that the Swedish school system is often considered as a gender-neutral organization, it is possible to conclude from this study that this type of workplace is influenced by societal gender norms. Recommendations for future studies of invisible work within the teaching profession are discussed.

This study is about how videogamecompanies and Swedish newspapers represent masculinity and femininity in the covers of the games Assassins Creed 3, Grand Theft Auto 5, Bayonetta and Tomb Raider along with the reviews being done in conjunction with the game. The reviews has been published in the following newspapers: Aftonbladet, Svenska Dagbladet, Expressen and Göteborgsposten. The image that is formed in our society about how a man and a woman should be and behave will be the basics of this study. The covers of the games often represent what the game itself is about and what it contains and the reviews also conveys what the consumer who buys the game gets. The video game industry has grown in recent years to become one of the largest entertainmentindustries, but despite this, there has not been many studies on how this media represents masculinity and femininity. This is why this topic is both relevant and interesting to study. The method that will be used for this essay is a content analysis with semiotics studies as a basis, along with the terms denotation, connotation and stereotypes as tools for the above mentioned method. A couple of gender-related theories have also been used since the essay’s basic idea is to study how the video game industry and the swedish press presents the traditional gender roles and gender issues. The theories that have been chosen are: gender, power, interpreting bodies, gender perspectives in media and mass culture, massmedia and journalism and finally the theory of the media market. The purpose of this study can be summarized into how the gaming industry and the related reviews in the Swedish press present masculinity and femininity. The result of the analysis shows that the video game industry presents masculinity and femininity according to the traditional and stereotypical ideals that exist in today's society. The analysis of the reviews in Swedish press shows that in most cases feminist struggle is not discussed and gender issues are in general not addressed.