Le vieillissement démographique en France constitue un sujet de préoccupation majeure et fait l'objet de plusieurs recherches du point de vue économique. La plupart des études mettent en évidence les effets négatifs du vieillissement sur l'économie française notamment sur les comptes de la protection sociale et le marché du travail. Récemment une nouvelle littérature relative au vieillissement émerge. Celle-ci cherche à savoir et à montrer en quoi le vieillissement peut être une opportunité pour l'économie. Cette thèse s'inscrit dans cette littérature. Elle cherche à répondre à la question suivante : Est-ce que le vieillissement peut être une opportunité pour l'économie française ? Pour répondre à cette question, la thèse explore les pistes de l'épargne et de la consommation en insistant sur la partie de la consommation. La thèse est articulée en cinq chapitres. Le chapitre 1 décrit les causes du vieillissement démographique en France et dresse un état des lieux des études qui portent sur l'effet de ce phénomène sur l'économie française. Le chapitre 2 analyse l'évolution du revenu, du niveau de consommation et du taux d'épargne au cours du cycle de vie et selon les générations afin d'appréhender l'évolution la consommation et du taux d'épargne agrégés dans une société vieillissante et avec le renouvellement des générations. Ces résultats permettent également de comparer le niveau de vie des classes d'âge et des différentes générations. Le chapitre 3 se focalise sur l'évolution de la structure de consommation selon l'âge, les générations et suite à une modification du revenu du ménage. Le chapitre 4 part du constat de la modification de la structure de consommation au cours du temps, la différence de la structure de consommation entre les ménages d'âge actif et les seniors pour estimer les échelles d'équivalence de 1979 à 2010, des seniors et des ménages d'âge actif. Ces échelles permettent de comparer le niveau de vie des seniors et des ménages d'âge actif en tenant compte des économies d'échelles réalisées au sein des différents ménages. Enfin le chapitre 5 utilise un modèle d'équilibre général pour quantifier l'effet du vieillissement sur la structure de consommation, productive et de l'emploi. / The ageing population in France is a subject of major concern and has been the subject of several studies from the economical perspectives. Most of studies highlight the negative effects of aging on the French economy, particularly on social protection accounts, the labor market. Recently a new literature on ageing emerges. It seeks to know and show how ageing can be an opportunity for the economy. This thesis is part of this literature. It seeks to answer the following question: Is Ageing can be an opportunity for the French economy? To answer to this question, the thesis explores the tracks of savings and consumption insisting on the consumption. The thesis is organized in five chapters. Chapter 1 describes the causes of ageing in France and provides an overview of studies covers the effect of this phenomenon on the French economy. Chapter 2 analyzes the evolution of income, consumption levels, and savings rates over the life cycle and according to the generations, to understand the evolution of aggregate consumption and aggregate savings rate in a society that's facing ageing and the renewal generations. These results also allow us to compare standards of living of age groups and different generations. Chapter 3 focuses on the evolution of consumption structure by age, generations. It provides also information about evolution of consumption structure when the household income changes. Chapter 4 began from the observation of the change in structure consumption over time, the difference in consumption structure between working-age households and seniors to estimate equivalence scales from 1979 to 2010, seniors and working-age households. These scales are used to compare the standards of living of seniors and working-age households, taking into account economies of scale achieved within different households. Finally Chapter 5 uses a general equilibrium model to quantify the effect of aging on the structure of consumption, productive and employment.

Este trabalho tem o intuito de investigar os efeitos de uma das principais barreiras atualmente impostas ao comércio internacional: o antidumping. Embora seja um instrumento legal de combate ao comércio desleal – o dumping –, a utilização do referido instrumento passou a ser mais intensa após a redução das barreiras tarifárias promovidas pelas sucessivas rodadas de negociações multilaterais e acordos preferenciais de comércio. Concomitantemente, a prática indiscriminada do antidumping passou a estar cada vez mais dissociada da existência do próprio dumping. Nesse sentido, este trabalho avalia os impactos do antidumping sob duas óticas. A primeira, ex-post, identifica os efeitos dos processos antidumping iniciados desde o início da década de 1990 pelos EUA sobre diversos produtos brasileiros, especialmente no que tange ao desempenho das importações daquele país. Para tanto, utiliza-se a metodologia de Mudança de Regime Markoviano, que permite avaliar as alterações ocorridas ao longo do tempo na série de importações, avaliando médias, variâncias e probabilidades de transição entre regimes. Os resultados encontrados indicam que as iniciações dos processos antidumping usualmente ocorrem após um longo período – entre dois e três anos – de regime de crescimento (2% a.m), passando para o regime de menor crescimento (entre -4% e -6% a.m.), entre a decisão preliminar e final do processo Em geral, pode-se dizer que os efeitos são negativos, embora não haja uma convergência para um estado absorvente de menor crescimento das importações na maioria dos casos analisados. Adicionalmente, realiza-se uma análise ex-ante, identificando possíveis impactos de uma reação antidumping por parte dos EUA sobre o Brasil, após a criação da Área de Livre Comércio das Américas (ALCA). As simulações supõem diferentes cenários, como a recomposição de tarifas (1) nos segmentos mais afetados em termos de crescimento de importações por parte dos EUA e (2) nos segmentos historicamente mais afetados pela prática antidumping por parte dos norte-americanos. A metodologia de equilíbrio geral, através do GTAP com modelo de concorrência perfeita, mostra que, em todos cenários, os benefícios totais de bem-estar são preservados. Conclui-se também que uma eventual “blitz” antidumping sobre setores que os EUA tradicionalmente aplicam o instrumento não deve afetar o Brasil tão fortemente quanto ações antidumping sobre setores cujas importações por parte dos norte-americanos cresceriam após a implementação da ALCA. / The objective of this thesis is to investigate one of the main barriers to international trade: antidumping. While a legal tool to defeat dumping, this instrument has been highly applied especially after the reduction of tariff barriers, an outcome of multilateral trade negotiations rounds and even preferential trade agreements during the last decades. Nevertheless, the indiscriminate practice of antidumping has become dissociate even from the existence of dumping itself. This study evaluates the antidumping impacts in two different instances. Firstly, it identifies the ex-post trading effects of the antidumping processes initiated since the early 90’s by USA over several Brazilian products. The methodology used is the Markov Switching Model that allows the evaluation of regime changes on USA imports from Brazil, assessing its mean, variance and transition probabilities. The results indicate that antidumping processes are initiated usually after a long time – about two or three years – of growth regime (2% monthly), changing to a lower growth regime (-2% to –6% monthly), between preliminary and final decisions. Generally, antidumping effects over Brazilian exports have been negative, even though there isn’t a convergence to an absorbent state of exports reduction in the majority of the products studied. Moreover, an ex ante evaluation is taken forward, identifying possible outcomes of an USA antidumping reaction after the Free Trade Area of the Americas (FTAA) has been created. The simulations suppose different scenarios like a surge in tariffs, offsetting the reduction carried over by the FTAA agreement. Two scenarios include the surge in tariffs (offsetting 5% and 25% of pre Alca tariffs) in sectors which imports have been raised after FTAA has been implemented; while the third one simulates a 50% tariff offset on sectors that USA usually applies antidumping measures. The general equilibrium methodology, through the application of the standard General Trade Applied Project (GTAP), demonstrates that in all scenarios the welfare benefits are persevered. The conclusion is that an antidumping blitz over sectors that traditionally are affected by USA measures shall not affect Brazil as strongly as antidumping actions over sector in which USA imports has risen after FTAA.

Submitted by Geandra Rodrigues (geandrar@gmail.com) on 2018-01-24T17:15:33Z No. of bitstreams: 1 viniciusdealmeidavale.pdf: 2963209 bytes, checksum: 9056e257d48e1221adeedef0fddb506a (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Adriana Oliveira (adriana.oliveira@ufjf.edu.br) on 2018-01-25T10:39:34Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 viniciusdealmeidavale.pdf: 2963209 bytes, checksum: 9056e257d48e1221adeedef0fddb506a (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2018-01-25T10:39:34Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 viniciusdealmeidavale.pdf: 2963209 bytes, checksum: 9056e257d48e1221adeedef0fddb506a (MD5) Previous issue date: 2018-01-17 / CAPES - Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / O objetivo principal desta Tese é avaliar os efeitos da integração comercial do Brasil com a União Europeia e com os Estados Unidos. Com o intuito de complementar estudos semelhantes, este trabalho propõe avaliar, além dos efeitos sobre indicadores macroeconômicos e setoriais, os efeitos sobre a estrutura de renda de dez famílias representativas brasileiras. Além disso, tendo em vista a discussão voltada para o potencial das atividades agrícolas e afins, tem-se como objetivos específicos: discutir o papel da agricultura para o processo de desenvolvimento econômico e apresentar o panorama recente do setor e sua inserção no comércio internacional. Para análise empírica, utiliza-se um modelo global-nacional integrado de Equilíbrio Geral Computável (EGC), o modelo BR-TAM (Brazilian Trade Analysis Model). Esse modelo é calibrado a partir da utilização e integração de dois outros modelos de EGC, o modelo global GTAP (Global Trade Analysis Project) e o nacional ORANIG-BR (Single-Country Computable General Equilibrium Model of the Brazilian Economy). O modelo BR-TAM considera tanto as relações de comércio entre as regiões quanto os encadeamentos produtivos setoriais da economia brasileira. Além disso, o mesmo mapeia a geração e apropriação da renda, bem como o seu uso, por meio da extensão no módulo nacional que incorpora as múltiplas famílias e fluxos de renda da Matriz de Contabilidade Social (MCS) estimada nesta Tese a partir de dados preliminares da Matriz de Insumo-Produto (MIP) do Brasil para 2011 do Núcleo de Economia Regional e Urbana da Universidade de São Paulo (NEREUS), das Contas Econômicas Integradas (CEI) e da Pesquisa de Orçamentos Familiares (POF) do Instituto Brasileiro de Geografia e Estatística (IBGE). Os efeitos dos dois cenários de integração, embora apresentem algumas semelhanças, apontam, em geral, para diferentes trade-offs em relação ao nível de atividade, emprego e produção setorial. Diferentes atividades são potencializadas em cada um deles. Além disso, pressões distintas são exercidas sobre a estrutura de renda e, consequentemente, sobre a desigualdade e concentração de renda no Brasil. Dessa maneira, este trabalho contribui para a literatura e agenda de comércio por trazer um estudo prospectivo capaz de orientar as estratégias de integração de curto e médio prazo, tendo em vista a discussão dos potenciais efeitos sobre variáveis macroeconômicas, setoriais e estrutura de renda das famílias heterogêneas no Brasil. / The main objective of this Thesis is to evaluate the effects of Brazil's trade integration with the European Union and the United States. In order to complement similar studies, this research proposes, besides to the effects on macroeconomic and sectoral indicators, an evaluation of the effects on the income structure of ten representative households in Brazil. In addition, considering the focus on agricultural and related activities potential, this study has as specific objectives discussing the role of agriculture in economic development and presenting the recent overview of the sector and its insertion in international trade. For empirical analysis, we use a global-national integrated Computable General Equilibrium (CGE) model, the BR-TAM (Brazilian Trade Analysis Model). This model is calibrated based on the use and integration of two other CGE models, the global model – GTAP (Global Trade Analysis Project) and the national one – ORANIG-BR (Computable General Equilibrium Model of a Single Country of the Brazilian Economy). The BR-TAM model considers the trade relations among the regions and the sectoral linkages of the Brazilian economy. In addition, it maps the generation and appropriation of income, as well as its use, by the extension in the national module that incorporates multiple households and income flows from the Social Accounting Matrix (MCS) estimated based on preliminary data from the Input-Output Matrix (MIP) for 2011 of The University of Sao Paulo Regional and Urban Economics Lab (NEREUS), from the Integrated Economic Accounts (CEI) and from the Household Budgets Survey (POF) of Brazilian Institute of Geography and Statistics (IBGE). The effects of the two integration scenarios, although presenting some similarities, generally point to diverse trade-offs in relation to activity level, employment, and sectoral production. Different activities are potentiated in each of them. Moreover, different pressures are exerted on the income structure and, consequently, on Brazilian income inequality and concentration. In this way, this study contributes to the literature and trade agenda through a prospective study able to orient a short and medium-term integration strategy, since it brings some potential effects on macroeconomic and sectoral variables, and on income structure of heterogeneous household in Brazil.

Com o crescente debate a respeito da contribuição do homem nas emissões de gases causadores do efeito estufa, além da pressão da sociedade por um comprometimento maior das lideranças mundiais com políticas de mitigação dos efeitos das mudanças climáticas, faz-se necessário estudar os efeitos que a adoção de políticas climáticas pelos países do chamado Anexo I (desenvolvidos) e pelos que pertencem ao Não-Anexo I (em desenvolvimento) podem ter sobre a economia brasileira. Também é importante analisar como se daria este impacto em um contexto onde o Brasil adotaria políticas de mitigação dos efeitos das mudanças climáticas, principalmente pelo fato do país ser responsável por uma parcela considerável de gases causadores do efeito estufa, devido às atividades relacionadas às mudanças no uso da terra, agricultura e pecuária, bem como pela crescente pressão para um compromisso mundial de esforço de redução de emissões. O presente trabalho buscou estimar cenários para o Brasil, levando-se em consideração políticas ambientais domésticas e internacionais já discutidas ou em aplicação pelos países desenvolvidos, e assim, verificar quais os impactos sobre as economias em termos de bem-estar e produto. / With the growing debate about the contribution of human emissions of greenhouse gases, along with pressure from society for a greater commitment of world leaders with policies to mitigate the effects of climate change, it is necessary to study the effects that adoption of climate policies by the countries of the so-called Annex I (developed) and those who belong to non-Annex I (developing) may have on the Brazilian economy. It is also important to analyze how this impact would occur in a context where Brazil would adopt policies to mitigate the effects of climate change, mainly because the country is responsible for a significant portion of greenhouse gas emissions due to activities related to changes in land use, agriculture and livestock, as well as the increasing pressure for a global commitment to emissions reduction effort. The present study sought to estimate scenarios for Brazil, taking into account domestic and international environmental policies already discussed or implemented by developed countries, and thus determine the impacts on the economies in terms of welfare and product.

Submitted by Renata Lopes (renatasil82@gmail.com) on 2017-05-25T19:30:14Z No. of bitstreams: 1 marciliozanellipereira.pdf: 2774067 bytes, checksum: fb7bfb9e35ac73406eceef3f7a0801e3 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Adriana Oliveira (adriana.oliveira@ufjf.edu.br) on 2017-05-26T13:09:29Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 marciliozanellipereira.pdf: 2774067 bytes, checksum: fb7bfb9e35ac73406eceef3f7a0801e3 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-05-26T13:09:29Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 marciliozanellipereira.pdf: 2774067 bytes, checksum: fb7bfb9e35ac73406eceef3f7a0801e3 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2017-02-23 / Tem-se observado na economia mundial mudanças demográficas que estão afetando direta e∕ou indiretamente toda a economia. No Brasil, conforme dados da ONU (2015), a população com mais de 65 anos representa, em 2015, 7,8% da população total e a previsão é que em 2030 este valor chegue a 13,5%. Além desse fato, outra questão pertinente refere-se ao aumento de trabalhadores estrangeiros no Brasil. Conforme dados da Coordenação Geral de Imigração (2015) houve um crescimento de 280% das autorizações de trabalho dadas aos estrangeiros na década de 2010. Com esse crescimento de imigrantes no país, o acréscimo relativo da população idosa e queda da população jovem, a hipótese levantada é a de que ocorram efeitos no mercado de trabalho. Para captar essas mudanças na economia, utilizou de um modelo de equilíbrio geral computável, o qual pôde captar os impactos setoriais que as alterações demográficas e inserção de estrangeiros causaram no mercado de trabalho brasileiro. Para isso, o primeiro passo consistiu em subdividir o fator trabalho em 3 níveis de qualificação (baixa, média e alta) e quatro faixas etárias (jovem, adulto, maduro e idoso) com o intuito de calcular a elasticidade de substituição dos trabalhadores brasileiros em 62 setores utilizando a metodologia econométrica proposta por Das (2003). Como primeiro resultado pôde perceber que os trabalhadores apresentam graus diferentes de substituição, para os diferentes setores, escolaridade e faixa etária. De uma forma geral, observou-se que os trabalhadores jovens possuem a menor elasticidade de substituição, enquanto os maduros obtiveram as maiores elasticidades. Esses resultados mostram a maior vulnerabilidade dos trabalhadores da faixa etária maduro de serem substituídos por outras faixas etárias. Além disso, o resultado ressalta que há uma substitubilidade imperfeita entre os trabalhadores e que a transição demográfica tende a aprofundar esse efeito com o decorrer dos anos. Após o modelo MID-BR (Mercado de Trabalho Imigração-Demografia-Brasil) estar calibrado, foi possível realizar simulações com o intuito de captar os efeitos que a transição demográfica e a inserção de imigrantes provocam na economia nacional. Como principais resultados das simulações, foi observado que o incremento de trabalhadores brasileiros com maior escolaridade têm maior capacidade de afetar positivamente o produto nacional e que o setor de Fabricação de Automóveis, caminhões etc é o mais dinâmico da economia. A entrada de estrangeiros no país impacta positivamente o PIB real brasileiro, porém os nativos de maior escolaridade apresentaram quedas salariais. Usando dados das previsões da população economicamente ativa da ILO Labour Statistics databases (LABORSTA, 2011), foi feita uma simulação para captar o efeito da transição demográfica da década de 2010. Foi observado efeito negativo no PIB real devido à nova estrutura etária dos trabalhadores e que as faixas etárias jovens e adultos obtiveram ganhos salariais, enquanto os maduros e idosos registraram quedas. / Demographic changes are affecting direct and/or indirectly the world economy. In Brazil, according to the United Nations (2015) data, the population over 65 years old represented 7.8% of the total population in 2015, and the forecast is that by the year 2030 this frame will reach 13.5%. Besides, another question to consider refers to the increase of foreign workers in Brazil. According to the General Coordination of Immigration (Coordenação Geral de Imigração, 2015), in 2010 decade there were an increase of 280% in work permits to foreign. With this growth of immigrants in the country, in addition to the relative increase in the elderly population and fall of the young population, the hypothesis is that an impact occur in the labor market. To capture these changes in the economy, a computable general equilibrium model will be used, which will allow us to capture the sectoral impacts that demographic changes and increase of immigrants causes in the Brazilian labor market. To do so, the first step was to divide the work force in three skill levels (low, medium and high) and four age groups (young, adult, mature and old) in order to calculate the elasticity of substitution of workers in 62 sectors of the Brazilian economy using the econometric methodology proposed by Das (2003). The first results indicate that workers have varying degrees of substitution, according to different sectors, education and age. In general, the lowest values of the elasticity of substitution belonged to the younger workers while the highest values belonged to the mature ones. This result indicate that mature workers are more replaceable by other age groups. Furthermore, the results indicate imperfect substitutability between workers and that the demographic transition tend to deepen this effect over the years to come. After the calibration of MID-BR (Labour market- Immigration-Demography- Brazil) model, it was possible to simulate the effects of the demographic transition and the entrance of immigrants in the national economy. As simulations’ main results, the increase of more educated workers affects more positively the national product and the sector of Manufacture of automobiles, trucks etc is the most dynamic in the Brazilian economy. The entrance of foreigners in the country positively affects the Brazilian real GDP, however, it decreases the wages of the more educated natives. Using data of the predicted economically active population from ILO Labour Statistics databases (LABORSTA, 2011), a simulation was made to capture the effects of the demographic transition on the 2010 decade. There was a negative effect on real GDP caused by workers new age structure, additionally young and adult age groups had higher wages while mature and elderly presented lower ones.

Submitted by Geandra Rodrigues (geandrar@gmail.com) on 2018-03-23T11:39:53Z No. of bitstreams: 1 marianarezendeesilva.pdf: 2448635 bytes, checksum: 7a91fde9d65f686013a08919648c2f64 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Adriana Oliveira (adriana.oliveira@ufjf.edu.br) on 2018-03-23T12:17:35Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 marianarezendeesilva.pdf: 2448635 bytes, checksum: 7a91fde9d65f686013a08919648c2f64 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2018-03-23T12:17:35Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 marianarezendeesilva.pdf: 2448635 bytes, checksum: 7a91fde9d65f686013a08919648c2f64 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2017-12-18 / O agravamento dos efeitos do aquecimento global, a volatilidade do preço do petróleo e a preocupação com a segurança energética são questões que contribuem para o aumento dos incentivos para a produção de biocombustíveis e o desenvolvimento de políticas relacionadas. A partir dos anos 2000 regiões como dos Estados Unidos e União Europeia lançaram os mandatos de biocombustíveis, políticas que estabelecem metas de consumo e produção de combustíveis renováveis até o ano de 2020. O crescimento da demanda interna não é acompanhado de um crescimento na oferta interna, precisando assim, importar etanol ou biodiesel. É nesse cenário que surge o Brasil como possível provedor de etanol para essas regiões por conta da disponibilidade de terras para a expansão do cultivo da cana-de-açúcar, a alta produtividade dessa commodity e o conhecimento da tecnologia de produção. O principal objetivo dessa dissertação é analisar o papel do Brasil no mercado mundial de biocombustíveis e identificar as implicações causadas pelas políticas de combustíveis renováveis de regiões como Estados Unidos e União Europeia. Para esse fim, foi construído um modelo de Equilíbrio Geral Computável a partir do Global Trade Analysis Project (GTAP), denominado GTAP-BIOBR. Nesse modelo estão desagregados os setores de biocombustíveis o que favorece a análise do comércio de etanol da cana, que tem como principal produtor o Brasil. A estratégia de análise empregada foi de simular três cenários com choques nas exportações brasileiras de etanol para os Estados Unidos e União Europeia no ano de 2020. Os resultados revelam que a produção de etanol no Brasil cresceria em todas as situações, acompanhado do crescimento do nível de atividade econômica. Por outro lado, o preço do etanol da cana sofreria uma queda e ocorreria perda de bem-estar econômico no país em consequência da piora dos termos de troca. / The worsening effects of global warming, the volatility of oil prices and the concern about energy security are issues that contribute to increasing incentives for the production of biofuels and the development of related policies. Since the 2000’s, regions such as the United States and the European Union have launched the biofuel mandates, policies that set targets for consumption and production of renewable fuels by the year 2020. The growth of domestic demand is not accompanied by a growth in domestic supply, thus needing to import ethanol or biodiesel. It is in this scenario that Brazil emerges as a possible supplier of ethanol to these regions because of the availability of land for the expansion of sugar cane cultivation the high productivity of this commodity and the knowledge of production technology. The main objective of this dissertation is to analyze the role of Brazil in the world biofuels market and to identify the implications caused by the renewable fuel policies of regions such as the United States and the European Union. For this purpose, a Computable General Equilibrium model was constructed from the Global Trade Analysis Project (GTAP) called GTAP-BIOBR. In this model, the biofuels sectors are disaggregated, which favors the analysis of the sugarcane ethanol trade, whose main producer is Brazil. The analysis strategy employed was to simulate three scenarios with shocks in Brazilian ethanol exports to the United States and the European Union in the year 2020. The results show that ethanol production in Brazil would increase in all situations, accompanied by the growth of the level of economic activity. On the other hand, the price of sugarcane ethanol would suffer a fall and there would be a loss of economic welfare in the country as a result of the worsening terms of trade.

本篇文章的目的為，在一個含有銀行信用管道以及兩種家計單位設定的動態隨機一般均衡模型的架構之中，探討中央銀行實施貨幣政策以及技術面衝擊對於貧富不均度的影響。本篇文章主要依據Kumhof, Rancière and Winant (2015)對於兩種家計單位之設定，參考Benigo and Eggertsson (2016)加入銀行信用管道，並參考Lansing and Markiewicz (2016)將勞動內生化以及刻劃收入來源之不同，因而建構出一個封閉經濟體系，內含兩種不同的家計單位、商品生產部門、銀行信用管道、政府之課稅政策以及中央銀行之貨幣政策。本文發現，貧富不均度在面對中央銀行實施緊縮性貨幣政策以及技術面正向衝擊時會暫時性地擴大，在長期時會回到初始的靜態均衡值。 / The main purpose of this paper is to discuss the effect of monetary policy on income inequality using a micro-based dynamic stochastic general equilibrium model with credit channel and two groups of households. Following Kumhof, Rancière and Winant (2015), households can be divided into two groups; moreover, we follow Benigo and Eggertsson (2016) to add the credit channel, and follow Lansing and Markiewicz (2016) to make households supply labor endogenously and characterize the difference of income source. Therefore, we build up a closed economy model with two groups of households, goods firms, credit channel, the taxation policy implemented by government and monetary policy implemented by central bank. We find that contractionary monetary policy and positive technology shock will temporarily generate a worse income inequality. In the long term, the economy will be back to the initial steady state.

Le Burkina Faso, avec plus de 20% de la population souffrant de sous-alimentation (FAO) est confronté à une forte insécurité alimentaire à l'instar d'autres pays d'Afrique subsaharienne. Ce pays a mis en place, depuis son accession à l'indépendance en 1960, des politiques contrastées, d'abord interventionnistes au lendemain de l'indépendance, puis libérales depuis les années 90 dans le cadre des programmes d'ajustement structurels avec le Fonds Monétaire International (FMI) et la Banque Mondiale. Différentes stratégies de lutte contre la pauvreté ont été mises en place depuis les années 2000 : des Cadres Stratégiques de Lutte Contre la Pauvreté entre 2000 et 2010 (CSLP) ont précédé à une Stratégie de Croissance Accélérée et de Développement Durable (SCADD) depuis 2011. Mais les résultats sont restés très mitigés en termes de réduction de la pauvreté et de l'insécurité alimentaire. Cette thèse tente d'analyser les dynamiques à l'œuvre expliquant la faiblesse des progrès au niveau des indicateurs sociaux, notamment la pauvreté et la sécurité en dépit des performances macroéconomiques enregistrées depuis quelques décennies. Un modèle d'Équilibre Général Calculable (EGC) est utilisé et calibré sur les grandes tendances de l'économie burkinabè. Il sert ainsi, d'une part, à analyser les mécanismes explicatifs à l'œuvre, et d'autre part, à tester deux types de scénarios, le premier supposant une dégradation de la productivité agricole qui découlerait d'une dégradation des ressources naturelles et du changement climatique, mis en évidence dans la littérature. Le second teste un vaste programme d'investissement public dans l'agriculture. Les résultats montrent que la dynamique actuelle est conforme aux analyses en termes de trappe à pauvreté : les contraintes naturelles (faible dotation en ressources naturelles) et la forte croissance démographique, renforcées par la faiblesse des biens publics se traduisent par une faible productivité du travail et donc des revenus et une épargne faibles impliquant peu d'investissement à l'origine de la faiblesse de la productivité du travail. La dégradation de la productivité agricole augmente considérablement l'insécurité alimentaire des pauvres et diminue fortement la croissance économique globale tandis que des investissements publics efficaces dans l'agriculture peuvent permettre des progrès importants et rapides et résoudre le dilemme de la politique agricole : ils sont bénéfiques aux ruraux et encore plus aux urbains pauvres. / Burkina Faso, with more than 20% of the population suffering from undernourishment (FAO), is facing severe food insecurity like other sub-Saharan African countries (FAO). This country has implemented, since its independence in 1960, contrasting policies, initially interventionist policies in the aftermath of independence, and then liberal policies since the 90s as part of structural adjustment programs with the International Monetary Fund (IMF) and the World Bank. Different strategies against poverty have been implemented since the 2000s: Poverty Reduction Strategy Plans (PRSP), from 2000 to 2010, preceded a Strategy for Accelerated Growth and Sustainable Development (SAGSD) since 2011. But the results remained much mitigated in terms of poverty and food insecurity reduction. This thesis attempts to analyze the dynamics at work behind the weak progress in social indicators, including poverty and food security, despite macroeconomic performance recorded in recent decades. A Computable General Equilibrium Model (CGE) is used and calibrated on the major trends of Burkina Faso economy. It serves thus, on the one hand, to analyze explanatory mechanisms at work, and on the other hand to test two types of scenarios, the first assuming a decline in agricultural productivity that would result from a degradation of natural resources and climate change as highlighted in the literature. The second tests a large program of public investment in agriculture. The results show that the current dynamics can be analyzed in terms of poverty trap: natural constraints (poor endowment in natural resources) and high population growth, reinforced by weak public goods result in low labor productivity causing low revenue, low savings and then low investments behind the low labor productivity. A degradation of agricultural productivity significantly increases food insecurity of the poor and greatly reduces overall economic growth, while efficient public investment in agriculture can provide significant and rapid progress and solve the dilemma of agricultural policy: they are beneficial to rural and much more to urban poor populations.

Previous literature examining the scenario without the constraint of legal tender law is a rather theoretical analysis of the subject matter. Aside from the theoretical examination of the competition of money this paper offers dynamic structural macroeconomic model based on the money in the utility function. This model compares the current monetary conditions with the potential situation permitting more currencies circulating alongside. The main assumption about individuals' preferences over stable currencies underlines the whole paper with emphasis on the mathematical model. The uniqueness of this model lies in the incorporation of variables affecting respective money demand functions into the utility function of the DSGE model and in the purpose of its use as well as its variables, where representative agent is a household owning a bank rather than a firm. Overall the results of this paper favor the idea of exclusion of the legal tender law in a developed country without severe turmoil. Particularly, the ascent of competition among currencies leads to lower inflation than present scenario. However, final simulations of the model in Matlab supplements such so far "unambiguous" view with skepticism due to possible difficulties during discovery process in such scenario.

At the beginning of the year 2014 carbon tax should be introduced in Czech Republic with the main focus on decreasing CO2 emission from firms not involved in EU ETS. Potential repercussions of this regulatory tool depend on multiple complex events occurring within the economy. In response a macroeconomic general equilibrium model with the base year of 2009 was created. This model is able to identify complex events within the economy and simulate initiation of the tax itself. As a result of this model there is a conclusion that not all sectors will decrease their demand for newly taxed fossil fuels and that an increase of consumption for relatively less taxed fuels for instance natural gas might be expected as a result of the tax initiation. Carbon tax will be according to the simulation results indirectly but significantly influencing the energy sector, which will in spite of the relative cut-price of input fuels respond with decrease in electricity production. Consequent higher electricity price will then cause additional costs for taxed sectors. Important conclusion is also the fact that rational behavior of economic agents could lead to a lower emission reduction than is currently being expected and even further increase in the tax rate beyond 15 EUR/tCO2 would probably not lead to a significant reduction of CO2 emissions.