Esta tese oferece o seqüenciamento, as bases conceituais da construção, formatação e apresentação do Jogo de Governança da Água (JGA) para a Bacia do Alto Tietê (BAT) situada em grande parte na Região Metropolitana de São Paulo. O objetivo do Jogo é construir intervenções dentro da sustentabilidade ambiental da BAT, alocando recursos em tempo real, através de rodadas de negociação e escolhas estratégicas pelos atores da própria Bacia, de forma a potencializar ou ampliar a governança da água na mesma. Três teorias embasam e sustentam o JGA, ou seja, a Teoria da Ação Comunicativa, a Teoria dos Jogos e a Teoria do Construtivismo. Essas teorias, associadas ao entendimento de outras metodologias que comportam plataformas de negociação, traduzem um produto, o JGA, capaz de estruturar propostas de intervenção e de alocação de recursos para sua implementação e, conseqüentemente, modificação de uma situação inicial de criticidade elencada pelos atores do Comitê da Bacia Hidrográfica do Alto Tietê. Os resultados do Jogo dependem das circunstâncias, do contexto, da interação dos jogadores; de variáveis de outros subjogos, das jogadas produzidas e da criatividade dos próprios atores. Após o Jogo, formatamse redes de aprendizagem e de prática, para que o monitoramento e avaliação da implementação permitam oferecer a gestão dos indicadores e parâmetros das intervenções acordadas no JGA. / This thesis provides the structure, conceptual bases, outline and operation of the Water Governance Game (WGG) for the Upper Tietê River Basin in the metropolitan region of São Paulo. The objective of the game is to create and develop environmentally sustainable interventions within the river basin, allocating resources in real-time, through negotiation rounds and the strategic choices of actors from the basin in order to strengthen and amplify local water governance. Three theories underpin and sustain the WGG: Jürgen Habermas\' Theory of Communicative Action, Game Theory and Constructivist epistemology. In association with a full understanding of other methodologies which encompass negotiation platforms, the theories make the WGG a product that is capable of structuring opportunities for intervention and resource allocation for the implementation and consequent modification of first case situations raised by actors within the basin. The results of the game depend on circumstances, context and the interaction of players. They are concomitant on variables from other sub-games, from gameplay and from the creativity of each of the actors. After the game, learning networks and communities of practice form which can monitor and evaluate developments and allow them to accompany implementation, offer management of indicators and follow the parameters for intervention agreed within the WGG.

一九八○年代迄今，對英美語系和歐陸等先進工業民主國家的政府部門而言，是一個治理模式變革的年代。值得注意的是，這一波政府改革運動的持續力和影響層面是歷史上少見的，驅動改革的相關理念亦有脈絡可循，並且已經浮現出若干明顯的新治理模式。可惜的是，這一波政府改革風潮雖然有著許多不同而動人的稱號（如新公共管理運動、政府再造運動），以及眾多令人目眩神迷的改革策略（如顧客導向的服務、簽約外包、組織精簡等），但是針對各類新的治理模式或各種改革方略所進行的分析及評估卻不多。本文將嘗試由治理（governance）概念發展出一套評估性的分析架構，以作為檢驗這些新的治理模式或改革策略的工具。這一套評估性的分析架構包括三個部分：治理工具的選擇、治理過程的互動關係及治理能力的評估指標。 目 錄 第一章 導論 ‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥1 第一節 研究動機與目的 ‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥2 第二節 研究方法與途徑 ‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥8 第三節 研究範圍與流程 ‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥11 第四節 治理概念的界定 ‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥13 第五節 研究限制 ‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥19 第二章 西敏寺型式的改革 ‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥22 第一節 西敏寺民主模式的特徵及其困境 ‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥22 一、西敏寺模式的主要特徵 ‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥22 二、西敏寺模式的困境 ‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥24 第二節 柴契爾革命的背景 ‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥29 一、經濟和社會的壓力 ‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥30 二、政治和行政的困局 ‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥34 三、歐洲化的衝擊 ‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥35 四、柴契爾個人的意志 ‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥37 第三節 新右派的改革理念 ‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥37 一、自由主義和保守哲學 ‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥38 二、奧地利學派和芝加哥學派 ‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥40 三、公共選擇理論 ‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥42 四、管理主義 ‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥49 第四節 保守黨政府的改革行動 ‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥53 一、改革紀事（1979-1997） ‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥53 二、改革歷程及其重點 ‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥57 第三章 治理概念的分析架構 ‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥60 第一節 治理概念途徑的內涵 ‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥60 一、治理概念的七種用法 ‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥60 二、治理和新公共管理之間的差異 ‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥64 三、治理概念的五個命題 ‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥66 第二節 治理工具的類型 ‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥71 一、從政策工具到治理工具 ‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥71 二、四種治理工具 ‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥72 三、四種治理工具的比較 ‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥77 第三節 治理關係的層次 ‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥79 一、從政府統治到多層治理 ‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥79 二、三個層次的治理 ‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥81 第四節 治理能力的指標 ‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥85 一、善治的參考指標 ‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥85 二、動態指標的建構 ‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥88 第五節 研究架構的提出 ‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥92 第四章 財務管理改革 ‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥94 第一節 績效責任導向的財務管理 ‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥94 一、效率稽核 ‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥95 二、財務管理方案 ‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥96 三、市場測試 ‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥98 四、績效責任審計 ‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥99 五、強化會計功能 ‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥101 第二節 治理工具的選擇 ‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥102 一、層級節制為體，市場機制為用 ‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥103 二、官僚經驗與管理文化的變革 ‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥104 第三節 治理過程的互動關係 ‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥109 一、官僚與廠商的競爭 ‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥109 二、內部審計重於外部審計 ‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥111 三、中央集權與地方分權的拉鋸 ‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥112 第四節 治理能力的評估 ‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥114 一、從政治理性出發的問題診斷 ‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥114 二、柴契爾優越的統理能力 ‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥115 三、仍須強化的回應力 ‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥116 四、改革效益大於改革成本 ‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥119 第五章 組織結構的變革 ‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥124 第一節 市場模式的組織結構 ‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥124 一、民營化 ‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥125 二、續階計畫 ‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥127 第二節 治理工具的選擇 ‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥133 一、從層級節制到市場機制 ‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥133 二、組織經濟學的論證 ‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥135 第三節 治理過程的互動關係 ‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥138 一、國家空心化（hollowing-out） ‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥139 二、行政執行機關與部會的互動關係 ‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥140 第四節 治理能力的評估 ‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥144 一、特定系絡下的問題診斷 ‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥144 二、梅傑與柴契爾在統理能力上的比較 ‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥145 三、回應力與反作用力 ‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥147 四、效益遞減、成本遞增 ‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥148 第六章 文官制度調整 ‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥152 第一節 人力資源管理取向的文官制度 ‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥152 一、富爾頓報告的遺緒 ‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥153 二、人事行政機關的改組 ‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥155 三、雇用制度的變革 ‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥157 四、訓練制度的發展 ‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥163 五、文官員額精簡 ‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥166 第二節 治理工具的選擇 ‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥167 一、從人事管理到人力資源管理 ‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥168 二、人力資源管理的內涵 ‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥170 三、策略性人力資源管理的省思 ‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥171 第三節 治理過程的互動關係 ‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥173 一、部長責任制與文官政治中立 ‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥173 二、政治控制與文官特權 ‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥174 三、續階計畫與行政課責 ‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥175 四、核心主管部門與高級文官的決策角色 ‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥177 第四節 治理能力的評估 ‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥179 一、難以周全的問題診斷 ‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥179 二、梅傑與柴契爾在統理態度上的比較 ‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥181 三、遲來的回應力 ‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥182 四、潛在的成本與潛在的效益 ‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥183 第七章 結論 ‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥187 第一節 研究發現 ‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥188 第二節 研究建議 ‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥200

A instituição da Política Nacional de Recursos Hídricos, em 1997, deu força aos planos de recursos hídricos como instrumentos para gestão da água com viés preditivo e programático. Tal instrumento ganha importância diante de cenários onde o uso da água se dá em situações cada vez mais críticas e conflituosas. As Bacias Hidrográficas dos Rios Piracicaba, Capivari e Jundiaí, constituem uma importante unidade em termos de gestão da água no Brasil por possuir características naturais e antrópicas que conferem um caráter frequentemente tenso no acesso à água. Diante desta realidade, mecanismos sofisticados foram desenvolvidos na busca de melhor convivência entre os diferentes segmentos interessados nos recursos hídricos desta região. Há também uma rica experiência com a constituição de planos de recursos hídricos nas bacias PCJ. Esta investigação visou entender a relação entre os planos de recursos hídricos com a forma, a profundidade e a maturidade da gestão da água nas bacias PCJ. Foram explorados dois eixos complementares de investigação: i) a evolução na implementação das políticas e dos sistemas de gerenciamento de recursos hídricos nas bacias PCJ e ii) a evolução do planejamento de recursos hídricos nas bacias PCJ. Utilizaram-se métodos baseados na pesquisa documental e na análise de conteúdo. Detectou-se uma implantação gradual de sistemas para gestão dos recursos hídricos na região. Inicialmente foram observadas situações onde se intensificaram os conflitos. Posteriormente, observou-se a mobilização social, a construção dos sistemas de gestão de recursos hídricos e a implantação dos sistemas e das políticas de recursos hídricos. Também foram analisados os conteúdos de um conjunto de 17 planos de recursos hídricos. Constatou-se que há expressiva heterogeneidade nas experiências de planejamento e que a instalação do CBH-PCJ serviu de forma significativa à consolidação do território das bacias PCJ como unidade de gestão de recursos hídricos. Os planos de recursos hídricos analisados contribuíram para que tais debates fossem encaminhados. Discutiu-se, por fim, a necessidade de que os planos de recursos hídricos estejam preparados para melhor associação aos sistemas para governança e governabilidade da água. Registrou-se demanda por investigação para entendimento mais preciso sobre a função dos planos de recursos hídricos como instrumento nos processos que envolvam aprendizagem social na gestão da água. / The establishment of the National Water Resources Policy in 1997 gave power to the water resources plans as tools for water management with predictive and programmatic bias. This instrument gains importance on scenarios where the use of water occurs in situations increasingly critical and conflicting. Piracicaba, Capivari and Jundiaí river basins are an important unit in terms of water management in Brazil and they have natural and anthropogenic particulars characteristics that confer a tense character in access to the water. Given this reality, sophisticated mechanisms have been developed in the search for better coexistence among different segments interested in water resources of this region. There is also a rich experience with the creation of plans for water resources in the PCJ river basins. This research aimed to understand the relation between the water resources plans with the shape, depth and maturity of the management of the water in PCJ river basins. Two complementary lines of research were explored: i) the development in the implementation of policies and management of water resource systems in the PCJ river basins and ii) the development in the planning of water resources in PCJ river basins. Were used methods based on desk research and content analysis. It was found a gradual development of the systems for water resources management in the region. Initially were observed situations where the conflicts were intensified. Subsequently, was observed social mobilization, construction of water management systems and the implementation of policies and systems of water resources. The contents of a set of 17 water resources plans were also analyzed. It was found that there is a significant heterogeneity in the experiences of planning and the installation of CBH-PCJ served significantly to the consolidation of the territory of PCJ river basins as a unit of water resources management. The water resources plans analyzed contributed to orient these debates. Finally was discussed the need to water resource plans to be prepared as a better association with systems for water governance and governability. A demand for research was registered for more precise understanding of the role of water resource plans as a tool in cases involving social learning in water management.

Esta tese oferece o seqüenciamento, as bases conceituais da construção, formatação e apresentação do Jogo de Governança da Água (JGA) para a Bacia do Alto Tietê (BAT) situada em grande parte na Região Metropolitana de São Paulo. O objetivo do Jogo é construir intervenções dentro da sustentabilidade ambiental da BAT, alocando recursos em tempo real, através de rodadas de negociação e escolhas estratégicas pelos atores da própria Bacia, de forma a potencializar ou ampliar a governança da água na mesma. Três teorias embasam e sustentam o JGA, ou seja, a Teoria da Ação Comunicativa, a Teoria dos Jogos e a Teoria do Construtivismo. Essas teorias, associadas ao entendimento de outras metodologias que comportam plataformas de negociação, traduzem um produto, o JGA, capaz de estruturar propostas de intervenção e de alocação de recursos para sua implementação e, conseqüentemente, modificação de uma situação inicial de criticidade elencada pelos atores do Comitê da Bacia Hidrográfica do Alto Tietê. Os resultados do Jogo dependem das circunstâncias, do contexto, da interação dos jogadores; de variáveis de outros subjogos, das jogadas produzidas e da criatividade dos próprios atores. Após o Jogo, formatamse redes de aprendizagem e de prática, para que o monitoramento e avaliação da implementação permitam oferecer a gestão dos indicadores e parâmetros das intervenções acordadas no JGA. / This thesis provides the structure, conceptual bases, outline and operation of the Water Governance Game (WGG) for the Upper Tietê River Basin in the metropolitan region of São Paulo. The objective of the game is to create and develop environmentally sustainable interventions within the river basin, allocating resources in real-time, through negotiation rounds and the strategic choices of actors from the basin in order to strengthen and amplify local water governance. Three theories underpin and sustain the WGG: Jürgen Habermas\' Theory of Communicative Action, Game Theory and Constructivist epistemology. In association with a full understanding of other methodologies which encompass negotiation platforms, the theories make the WGG a product that is capable of structuring opportunities for intervention and resource allocation for the implementation and consequent modification of first case situations raised by actors within the basin. The results of the game depend on circumstances, context and the interaction of players. They are concomitant on variables from other sub-games, from gameplay and from the creativity of each of the actors. After the game, learning networks and communities of practice form which can monitor and evaluate developments and allow them to accompany implementation, offer management of indicators and follow the parameters for intervention agreed within the WGG.

L'objet de cette thèse est de comprendre la gouvernabilité de divers modes d'organisation (en particulier le réseau comme un idéal type), dans des institutions organisationnelles par un modèle hypothétique de gouvernance. Par celui-ci, nous avons essayé de comprendre le sens de l'action organisée dans le cadre de la circularité herméneutique et de la critique de l'idéologie et de l'utopie. Ce cadre d’analyse est nécessaire à la mise en scène de la potentialité des acteurs stratégiques (des organisations/des individus) dans l’espace de jeu de l’action organisée. Il permet sous couvert de l'option pragmatique de donner du sens au modèle élaboré qu’à mi-chemin des concepts de souveraineté et de gouvernementalité. Ce sont ces derniers qui participent à le délimiter et en même temps de lui offrir le caractère dynamique et producteur de nouvelles hypothèses. Ainsi mobilisées comme hypothèses, le capital social, la codification, l'abstraction, le consensus et le consentement rendent possible les différentes facettes de potentialités des acteurs stratégiques dans leur échange politique et économique. Elles conduisent alors à la transformation du modèle hypothétique en un système dynamique d'action organisée efficace et efficient. Plus particulièrement, cette recherche trouve un terrain de prédilection dans la gouvernance du mode d’organisation dit partenariat public-privé (PPP), dans la perspective de remplissage de l’abîme des considérations linguistiques et extralinguistiques en convoquant l’opérateur de cohérence du sens théorique et du sens empirique de la gouvernance des organisations (en réseau). / The object of this thesis is to understand the governability of various modes of organization (as network), within institutions by a hypothetical model of governance, and through which we shall try to give the sense of the organized action in the framework of both hermeneutic circularity and the criticism of ideology and of utopia. This framework will stage the potential of stakeholder. So, the pragmatism option gives the sense by including this hypothetic model of governance within governmentality and sovereignty concepts, to bound and offers a dynamic sense which generate the news hypothesis, as well the importance of the social capital, the codification, the abstraction, the consensus, as the consent through which we will reveal the different aspects of their potentiality . These variables will transform the hypothetic model in to efficient dynamic system of the organized action. More particularly, this research finds a ground of demonstration in what agreed to call the (PPP), in order to fill out abyss of linguistic and extralinguistic considerations by the coherence operator of theoretical and empirical sense of the hypothetical model. / الهدف من هذه الأطروحة هو فهم الحكم من مختلف وسائل تنظيم (ولا سيما شبكة بوصفها نموذج مثالي) ، داخل المؤسسات من خلال افتراضية نموذج من الحكم ، والتي من خلالها سنقوم في محاولة لإعطاء معنى العمل المنظم في إطار تفسير دائري ونقد لإيديولوجيا واليوتوبيا ، اللتان على أهمية تنظيم الفعاليات الاستراتيجية . لذا ، فإن الخيار العملي يوفر دينامكية، فى اطارمفاهيم السيادة وممارسة السلطة، في اتجاه ميشيل فوكو والذي يولد فرضية جديدة ، فضلا عن أهمية رأس المال الاجتماعي، والثقوب الهيكلي ، والتدوين ، والتجريد، وتوافق الآراء والموافقة. هذه المتغيرات تحول فرضىة النموذج إلى نظام ديناميكي ىوفر كفاءة عمل المنظمة و الشبكة بوجه أخص، لدا هدا البحث يرى سببا للتظاهر في ما يطلق عليه شراكة القطاعين العام والخاص (ppp)، من أجل ملء هاوية الاعتبارات اللغوية ولا لغوىة من قبل المشغل للاتساق المعنى النظري والتجريبي للنموذج الإ فتراضي لحكم وسائل التنضىم.

L’internationalisation du droit communautaire de l’UE a engendré le développement de nouveaux centres de production juridique en dehors de l’espace juridique européen comme la CAN. Ce processus a stimulé un phénomène de pluralisme juridique mondial à double dimension : on note d’une part la création , à l’échelle régionale, de modèles alternatifs d’intégration ; d’autre part, au niveau national, l’émergence d’une discussion sur l’identité constitutionnelle et administrative des Etats au regard des systèmes juridiques supranationaux. La comparaison jurisprudentielle entre la CJUE et le TJCA montre une expansion du pluralisme juridique en Amérique latine et dans l’Union européenne, tant à l’échelle nationale que régionale ; constitutionnelle qu’administrative. Un tel pluralisme appelle la construction d’une jurisprudence de coordination-harmonisation régionale plutôt qu’une standardisation juridique mondiale telle qu’elle est envisagée par le droit économique de l’OMC, la doctrine du Global Administrative Law ou celle proposant des standards constitutionnels mondiaux. La jurisprudence comparée explique comment le dialogue –«spontané et débridé»- de juges nationaux et régionaux révèle les rapports conflictuels entre le droit économique du marché mondial (OMC) et la protection de l’ordre public à l’échelle régionale. La thèse aborde cette problématique du pluralisme juridique au prisme de la jurisprudence comparée de la CJUE et du TJCA. D’un point de vue constitutionnel tout d’abord, la notion de « savoir-pouvoir du juge » (se substituant à la notion d’activisme des juges) propose de comprendre le juge communautaire en tant que garant du pluralisme juridique national afin d’aborder une nouvelle configuration complexe du pouvoir juridique à l’échelle supranationale. D’un point de vue administratif ensuite, la notion de gouvernabilité régionale (se substituant à la notion de gouvernance mondiale) appelle à un espace d’étatisation juridique des pouvoirs économiques régionaux pour les placer sous le contrôle du droit. Il s’agit d’imaginer un droit public régional capable d’étatiser les pouvoirs régionaux en tant que contre-pouvoirs de régulation du marché face à l’indéfinition juridique de la gouvernance mondiale. / The internationalization of Community Law in the EU has led to the development of new centers of legal production outside the European legal space such as CAN. This process has stimulated a two -dimensional global phenomenon of legal pluralism: on the one hand there is the creation of alternative regional integration models and on the other hand, the emergence of a discussion on national level about the constitutional and administrative identity of States under supranational legal systems. The comparison between different jurisprudences shows an expansion of legal pluralism in Latin America and in the EU, as much as in a national or regional scale than in a constitutional or administrative scale. Such pluralism demands the construction of a regional coordination-harmonization rather than a standardization of the legal world as envisaged by the WTO's economic Law, the doctrine of Global Administrative Law or the constitutional providing of global standards. Comparative jurisprudence explains how the national and regional judges’ “spontaneous and unrestrained” dialogue reveals the conflicting relationship between the beneficial owner of the world market (WTO) and the protection of public order at a regional level. The thesis addresses the problem of pluralism through the comparative analysis of both the ECJ's and the ACJ's jurisprudences. First, from a constitutional point of view, the notion of “power-knowledge of the judge” (replacing the concept of judicial activism) suggests the understanding of the community judge as the protector of the national legal pluralism to address a new complex configuration of legal authority at a supranational level. Secondly, from an administrative point of view, the notion of regional governability (replacing the concept of global governance) demands the judicial nationalization of regional economic powers to place it under the control of law. The aim is to imagine the regional public law capable of nationalizing the regional authorities as counter-powers regulating the market to face the lack of legal definition of the global governance.

Thèse numérisée par la Division de la gestion de documents et des archives de l'Université de Montréal

Thèse numérisée par la Division de la gestion de documents et des archives de l'Université de Montréal.