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  • About
  • The Global ETD Search service is a free service for researchers to find electronic theses and dissertations. This service is provided by the Networked Digital Library of Theses and Dissertations.
    Our metadata is collected from universities around the world. If you manage a university/consortium/country archive and want to be added, details can be found on the NDLTD website.
161

Rôle des synchronisateurs externes (photopériode et température ambiante) dans l'adaptation aux conditions extrêmes de l'environnement chez deux espèces saisonnières : le dromadaire (Camelus dromaderius) adapté à la chaleur et le hamster d'Europe (Cricetus cricetus) adapté au froid / Role of external synchronizers (photoperiod and ambient temperature) in adaptation to extreme environmental conditions in two seasonal species : the camel (Camelus dromedarius) adapted to hot areas and European hamster (Cricetus cricetus) adapted to cold areas

Bouaouda, Hanan 19 May 2015 (has links)
L’intégrité fonctionnelle des organismes vivants, Homme y compris dépend des rythmes biologiques. La perturbation de ces rythmes due aux conditions de vie du monde moderne (travail posté, jet-lag,…) ou des circonstances naturelles (vieillissement), favorise l’installation de pathologies spécifiques (troubles du sommeil, l’obésité, le diabète,…). Afin de retarder l’apparition de ces troubles, la conception des projets expérimentaux sur des modèles d’animaux diurnes et des modèles d’animaux vivants dans des biotopes particuliers où l’Homme est présent (zone désertique) est nécessaire. Le but de ma thèse est d’essayer de comprendre les mécanismes neurophysiologiques d’adaptation aux conditions environnementales extrêmes chez le dromadaire (adapté à la chaleur) et le hamster d’Europe (adapté au froid). Une première partie révèle qu’en plus de la photopériode, la température ambiante est un véritable synchroniseur de l’horloge biologique du moins en absence du cycle lumière-obscurité. Dans une seconde partie, notre objectif était de vérifier si les variations saisonniers de la température ambiante sont capables comme les changements photopériodiques d’induire des modifications saisonnières sur le rythme de mélatonine et/ou de la température corporelle. Nous avons commencé par la vérification de l’existence de l’hétérothermie adaptative chez le dromadaire surtout que ce phénomène a été contesté récemment. Nos résultats démontrent que le dromadaire privé d’eau de boisson et placé sous des températures ambiantes élevées, adopte une régulation complexe de thermorégulation caractérisée par une alternance quotidienne de phase de poïkilothermie et d’homéothermie. Cet état d’hétérothermie a également été observé chez des dromadaires parfaitement hydratés, sujet d’une restriction alimentaire. Nos résultats concluent donc que l’hétérothermie adaptative chez le dromadaire est une combinaison de plusieurs facteurs qui interagissent le long du cycle lumière-obscurité, à savoir la température ambiante, la privation hydrique et la prise alimentaire. Finalement, nous avons démontré chez le hamster d’Europe que les neurones des noyaux arqués sont capables d’intégrer le signal photopériodique et cela indépendamment de la présence de la mélatonine. L’existence de ce mécanisme particulier d’intégration de la photopériode chez d’autres mammifères y compris l’Homme doit maintenant être recherchée. Nos résultats ouvrent la voie à la mise en évidence de son intérêt pratique dans le contrôle des rythmes biologiques en particulier dans celui des rythmes circannuels. / The functional integrity of living organisms, including human, depends on the biological rhythms. Disruption of these rhythms due to the living conditions of the modern world (shift work, jet lag ...) or natural circumstances (aging), leads various abnormalities (sleep disorders, obesity, diabetes ...). In order to understand pathophysiology of these abnormalities and adaptation in extreme environment, we need to design experiments on diurnal animals that cohabitate with human in specific biotopes. The aim of my thesis is to understand the neurophysiological mechanisms of adaptation to extreme environmental conditions in the camel (adapted to heat) and the European hamster (adapted to cold). Earlier we found that in addition to photoperiod, ambient temperature is a real synchronizer of the biological clock, at least in the absence of light-dark cycle. In the second part of my project, we investigated if seasonal variations of ambient temperature are capable to changes the rhythm of melatonin secretion and/or body temperature like photoperiod. Since heterothermy in camel challenged recently, we started our study by confirming the existence of adaptive heterothermy in camels. Our results demonstrate that dehydrated camels during exposure to daily heat show adaptive heterothermy. This mechanism is more complex because it is characterized by a daily alternation of two periods of poikilothermy and homeothermy. This adaptive heterothermy was also observed when camels are hydrated and food deprived. Based on our results, we can conclude that adaptive heterothermy in the Arabian camel is a combination of three factors interacting throughout the light-dark cycle: heat stress, water restriction, and level of food intake. Finally, we have demonstrated in European hamster that neurons of the arcuate nucleus are able to integrate photoperiodic signal, independent of melatonin. The existence of this particular mechanism of integration of photoperiod in other mammals including humans must be investigated. Our results promote to study the role of this new mechanism of integration of photoperiod in the control of biological rhythms in particular the circannual rhythms
162

The Ability of Hamsters (Mesocricetus auratus) to Use the Binaural Phase Cue to Localize Sound

Cumming, John Freeman, IV 04 September 2019 (has links)
No description available.
163

Efeitos macrovasculares, microvasculares e interação leucócito-endotélio, na endotoxemia experimental após o uso de Dobutamina com e sem ressuscitação volêmica / Effects macrovascular, microvascular leukocyte-endothelial interaction in experimental endotoxemia after dobutamine with or without resuscitation volumen

Ana Olimpia Maia dos Santos Camboim 14 September 2012 (has links)
Na sepse, o mecanismo desencadeador de morte é a disfunção múltipla de órgãos e sistemas. Com isso a microcirculação é considerada o motor na patogênese da sepse. A perfusão microcirculatória representa um dos principais objetivos para melhorar as taxas de sobrevida. Uma vez reconhecida a síndrome séptica, o protocolo clínico estabelece o uso de fluidoterapia com salina, de forma vigorosa na primeira hora e seguida de suporte inotrópico com Dobutamina. A partir daí foi levantada a hipótese das drogas &#946;-agonistas serem relevantes na recuperação da microcirculação, antes mesmo de seu conhecido papel na recuperação do choque cardiogênico. Assim, estudar o papel da Dobutamina, um &#946;-agonista, na resposta adrenérgica em situação de sepse se faz necessário e urgente e o entendimento de sua ação, associada à reposição volêmica, foi objeto deste estudo. Foram usados no presente estudo, 78 hamsters, induzida a endotoxemia com LPS (2mg/kg/de massa de peso corporal) e divididos em 9 grupos: controle (n=10), endotóxico(n=10), endotóxico tratados com Dobutamina na dose de 5 e 15 &#956;g /kg/min (n=10), Isoproterenol(n=10), ressuscitação volêmica (n=10) e ressuscitação volêmica associada à Dobutamina 5 (n=10) e 15 &#956;g/kg/min (n=4) e Isoproterenol (n=4). Foram comparados os resultados de recuperação da densidade capilar funcional ao longo do tempo entre os grupos, e obteve-se resultado estatisticamente significativo no grupo em que se usa Dobutamina de 5&#956;g/kg/min associada à ressuscitação volêmica p< 0,05. Em conclusão este estudo mostra que o papel da ressuscitação volêmica é crucial na resposta da microcirculação para melhorar a densidade capilar funcional, que a velocidade da hemácia capilar tem relação direta com a melhora na perfusão tecidual e que a associação de recuperação volêmica com solução salina e Dobutamina na dose de 5 &#956;g /kg /min melhora significativamente sua resposta e melhora a perfusão. / During sepsis the mechanism responsible for death is multiple dysfunctions of organs and systems and therefore the microcirculation is considered the motor in the pathogenesis of sepsis and microcirculatory perfusion represents one of the main objectives to improve survival rate. Once one recognizes the septic syndrome, the clinical protocol establishes the use of fluid therapy with physiological saline, in a vigorous way, in the first hour followed by inotropic support with dobutamine. With these facts in mind, our hypothesis is that &#946;-agonist drugs are relevant for microcirculatory recuperation, even before their role was known in the recuperation of cardiogenic shock. In this way, to study the role of dobutamine, a &#946;-agonist, in the adrenergic response in sepsis is needed and urgent. The understanding of its action associated to volume resuscitation was the aim of our study. Seventy-eight male hamsters were used in our study, endotoxemia being induced with LPS (2 mg/kg body weight), divided in 9 groups: control (n=10), endotoxic (n=10), endotoxic treated with dobutamine in the concentrations of 5 and 15 &#956;g/kg/min (n=10, each), isoproterenol (n=10), volume resuscitation associated to dobutamine 5 &#956;g/kg/min (n=10), 15 &#956;g/kg/min (n=4), isoproterenol (n=4) or not (n=10). The microcirculation was observed in the dorsal window chamber and the results compared the recuperation of function capillary density with time and the group treated with dobutamine 5 &#956;g/kg/min associated to volume resuscitation showed a statistically significant improvement (p<0.05) of it. In conclusion, this study has shown that volume resuscitation plays a crucial role in the microcirculatory response in terms of improvement of functional capillary density, the velocity of red blood cells in the capillary has a direct relationship with the improvement of tissue perfusion and the association of volume resuscitation with physiological saline and dobutamine 5 &#956;g/kg/min elicits a significant amelioration of perfusion.
164

The Effects of Testicular Nerve Transection and Epididymal White Adipose Tissue Lipectomy on Spermatogenesis in Syrian Hamster

Spence, Jeremiah E. 30 July 2008 (has links)
Previous investigators demonstrated that epididymal white adipose tissue (EWAT) lipectomy suppressed spermatogenesis and caused atrophy of the seminiferous tubules. EWAT lipectomy, however, may disrupt testicular innervation, which reportedly compromises testicular function. To resolve this confound and better clarify the role of EWAT in spermatogenesis, three experimental groups of hamsters were created in which: i.) the superior and inferior spermatic nerves were transected (SSNx) at the testicular level, ii.) EWAT was extirpated (EWATx), and iii.) testicular nerves and EWAT were left intact (SHAM controls). It was hypothesized that transection of the superior and inferior spermatic nerves would disrupt normal spermatogenesis. The findings indicate a significant reduction in spermatogenic activity and marked seminal tubule atrophy within the EWATx testis, as compared to the SSNx and controls testes, which did not differ significantly from each other. From these data, it is concluded that EWAT, and not testicular innervation, is central to normal spermatogenesis.
165

Design of vector for the expression of shRNA in transgenic animals

Sawafta, Ashraf 23 May 2008 (has links) (PDF)
Les petits ARN interférents (siRNA) sont encore rarement utilisés chez les vertébrés transgéniques pour inhiber l'expression de gènes. En effet, les vecteurs contenant un promoteur de type ARN polymérase III comme ceux des gènes U6 et H1 qui permettent une expression élevée des gènes codant pour des ARNi dans des cellules sont souvent silencieux in vivo. Dans cette thèse, divers vecteurs exprimant des petits ARN double brins (shRNA) ont été testés dans des cellules en culture et chez des souris transgéniques pour inhiber l'ARN m du gène précoce IE du virus de la pseudo rage porcine responsable de la maladie d'Aujeszky. La quantité et la séquence des si RNA produits ont été étudiées par qPCR. Dans des cellules CHO transfectées pour une expression transitoire, les vecteurs contenant les gènes U6-shRNA ont été de loin les plus efficaces pour inhiber le gène IE en raison du niveau élevé de siRNA produit. Par ailleurs, deux constructions contenant le promoteur de type ARN polymérase II, le promoteur du gène eF1-α etune séquence de shRNA bordée par 5T ou introduite dans un gène de microARN (miRNA) le miR30 ont permis d'obtenir une inhibition significative mais limitée de l'ARNm du gène IE. Ceci parait être du au niveau relativement faible de siRNA produit. Le siRNA produit par le gène du miRNA s'est avéré aussi efficace que ceux obtenus à partir des constructions U6-shRNA bien que ces derniers soient un peu plus longs. Ces diverses constructions ont été utilisées pour obtenir des souris transgéniques. Des souris contenant la séquence du shRNA n'ont pu être obtenues qu'à partir de la construction miRNA. Ceci peut être du au fait que les siRNA produits par les autres constructions ont exercé un effet inhibiteur sur des cibles aspécifiques (off-targeting) qui ne s'est pas produit avec le siRNA provenant de la construction miRNA car il contient quelques nucléotides en moins. Les souris transgéniques contenant la construction miRNA ont été soumises à une infection par le virus de la pseudo rage porcine. Bien que les souris exprimaient le gène shRNA qu'à un faible niveau. Quelques souris transgéniques ont résisté à l'infection. La seconde partie de la thèse a consisté à sélectionner d'autres séquences de shRNA capables d'inhiber l'expression du gène IE sans exercer des effets aspécifiques. Deux séquences de shRNA ont permis une telle inhibition. L'une est dirigée contre la région 5'UTR du gène IE et l'autre contre la région 3'UTR. Ces données suggèrent que (1) l'efficacité d'un shRNA n'est pas déterminée par sa séquence d'une manière totalement prévisible (2) l'efficacité d'un siRNA est d'autant plus élevé que sa séquence cible dans l'ARNm est en structure double brin (3) un effet inhibiteur intense et optimum peut être obtenu avec des concentrations faibles d'un siRNA (4) les effets secondaires et en particulier le off-targeting peuvent avoir lieu à faible concentration du siRNA mais ils ont d'autant plus de chance de se produire que la concentration du si RNA est plus élevée (5) un siRNA destiné à être utilisé chez des animaux transgéniques devrait être choisi pour sa capacité à inhiber efficacement un gène à faible concentration pour réduire ses effets secondaires.
166

Estudio de la expresión génica y de la composición proteica del oviducto. Efectos del fluido oviductal sobre la resistencia de la zona pelúcida a la digestión enzimática en diferentes mamíferos.

Mondéjar Corbalán, Irene 01 November 2011 (has links)
La fecundación en mamíferos consiste básicamente en la fusión de los gametos masculino y femenino para formar un zigoto capaz de dar lugar a un nuevo individuo. Hasta ahora, la mayoría de las investigaciones encaminadas al esclarecimiento de este proceso se han centrado en el estudio de la biología de ambos gametos como células aisladas, o bien en el estudio de los diversos mecanismos que tienen lugar durante la interacción de ambos. Sin embargo, se ha dejado un poco de lado a otro elemento fundamental y sin el cual el resto de estudios pueden resultar incompletos: el microambiente en el que tiene lugar el encuentro entre los gametos, es decir, el fluido y las células oviductales que secretan ciertos componentes de dicho fluido. La fase folicular tardía o etapa inmediatamente preovulatoria, es el momento en el que el oviducto se encuentra preparado para el encuentro de los gametos y para que se produzca la fecundación. Debido a la importancia de los factor es implicados en la unión de gametos que han de estar presentes en este momento preciso del ciclo estral y a la escasez de información acerca de los mismos, centramos nuestro estudio en esta fase. Para ello, se abordó el análisis de los componentes oviductales y sus características fundamentalmente desde cuatro perspectivas: (1) efecto del fluido oviductal (FO) sobre la resistencia a la digestión enzimática de la zona pelúcida en 9 especies, (2) fraccionamiento del FO bovino en base a su capacidad de unión a heparina, (3) análisis proteómico del FO y (4) análisis de la expresión génica del oviducto porcino. / Fertilization in mammals is basically the merging of male and female gametes to form a zygote that can give rise to a new individual. So far, most research aimed at clarifying this process have focused either on the study of the biology of the spermatozoon and the oocyte as isolated cells or in the study of the various mechanisms that occur during the interaction of both. However, it has been partially left to one side to another key element without which the other studies may be incomplete: the microenvironment in which the meeting takes place between the gametes, ie the fluid and the oviductal cells that secrete some components of such a fluid. The late follicular phase or immediately pre-ovulatory phase is the time when the oviduct is prepared for the meeting of gametes and fertilization occurs. Due to the importance of the factors involved in the gametes interaction which must be present at this precise moment of the estrous cycle and the scarcity of information about them, we focused our study on this phase. To do so, it was addressed the analysis of oviductal components and features mainly from four perspectives: (1) effect of oviductal fluid (OF) on the resistance to enzymatic digestion of the zona pellucida in 9 species, (2) fractionation of the bovine oviductal fluid based on their ability to bind to heparin, (3) proteomic analysis of OF and (4) gene expression analysis of pig oviduct.
167

Efeitos macrovasculares, microvasculares e interação leucócito-endotélio, na endotoxemia experimental após o uso de Dobutamina com e sem ressuscitação volêmica / Effects macrovascular, microvascular leukocyte-endothelial interaction in experimental endotoxemia after dobutamine with or without resuscitation volumen

Ana Olimpia Maia dos Santos Camboim 14 September 2012 (has links)
Na sepse, o mecanismo desencadeador de morte é a disfunção múltipla de órgãos e sistemas. Com isso a microcirculação é considerada o motor na patogênese da sepse. A perfusão microcirculatória representa um dos principais objetivos para melhorar as taxas de sobrevida. Uma vez reconhecida a síndrome séptica, o protocolo clínico estabelece o uso de fluidoterapia com salina, de forma vigorosa na primeira hora e seguida de suporte inotrópico com Dobutamina. A partir daí foi levantada a hipótese das drogas &#946;-agonistas serem relevantes na recuperação da microcirculação, antes mesmo de seu conhecido papel na recuperação do choque cardiogênico. Assim, estudar o papel da Dobutamina, um &#946;-agonista, na resposta adrenérgica em situação de sepse se faz necessário e urgente e o entendimento de sua ação, associada à reposição volêmica, foi objeto deste estudo. Foram usados no presente estudo, 78 hamsters, induzida a endotoxemia com LPS (2mg/kg/de massa de peso corporal) e divididos em 9 grupos: controle (n=10), endotóxico(n=10), endotóxico tratados com Dobutamina na dose de 5 e 15 &#956;g /kg/min (n=10), Isoproterenol(n=10), ressuscitação volêmica (n=10) e ressuscitação volêmica associada à Dobutamina 5 (n=10) e 15 &#956;g/kg/min (n=4) e Isoproterenol (n=4). Foram comparados os resultados de recuperação da densidade capilar funcional ao longo do tempo entre os grupos, e obteve-se resultado estatisticamente significativo no grupo em que se usa Dobutamina de 5&#956;g/kg/min associada à ressuscitação volêmica p< 0,05. Em conclusão este estudo mostra que o papel da ressuscitação volêmica é crucial na resposta da microcirculação para melhorar a densidade capilar funcional, que a velocidade da hemácia capilar tem relação direta com a melhora na perfusão tecidual e que a associação de recuperação volêmica com solução salina e Dobutamina na dose de 5 &#956;g /kg /min melhora significativamente sua resposta e melhora a perfusão. / During sepsis the mechanism responsible for death is multiple dysfunctions of organs and systems and therefore the microcirculation is considered the motor in the pathogenesis of sepsis and microcirculatory perfusion represents one of the main objectives to improve survival rate. Once one recognizes the septic syndrome, the clinical protocol establishes the use of fluid therapy with physiological saline, in a vigorous way, in the first hour followed by inotropic support with dobutamine. With these facts in mind, our hypothesis is that &#946;-agonist drugs are relevant for microcirculatory recuperation, even before their role was known in the recuperation of cardiogenic shock. In this way, to study the role of dobutamine, a &#946;-agonist, in the adrenergic response in sepsis is needed and urgent. The understanding of its action associated to volume resuscitation was the aim of our study. Seventy-eight male hamsters were used in our study, endotoxemia being induced with LPS (2 mg/kg body weight), divided in 9 groups: control (n=10), endotoxic (n=10), endotoxic treated with dobutamine in the concentrations of 5 and 15 &#956;g/kg/min (n=10, each), isoproterenol (n=10), volume resuscitation associated to dobutamine 5 &#956;g/kg/min (n=10), 15 &#956;g/kg/min (n=4), isoproterenol (n=4) or not (n=10). The microcirculation was observed in the dorsal window chamber and the results compared the recuperation of function capillary density with time and the group treated with dobutamine 5 &#956;g/kg/min associated to volume resuscitation showed a statistically significant improvement (p<0.05) of it. In conclusion, this study has shown that volume resuscitation plays a crucial role in the microcirculatory response in terms of improvement of functional capillary density, the velocity of red blood cells in the capillary has a direct relationship with the improvement of tissue perfusion and the association of volume resuscitation with physiological saline and dobutamine 5 &#956;g/kg/min elicits a significant amelioration of perfusion.
168

Sachsens Feldhamster vor dem Aus?: Initiativen für seine Rettung

30 July 2021 (has links)
Die immer effektivere und intensivere Nutzung der Agrarräume mit sehr engen und kurzen Fruchtfolgen, großen Bewirtschaftungseinheiten, schlagkräftiger Technik und dem verstärkten Einsatz von Unkraut- und Schädlingsbekämpfungsmitteln usw. führte seit den 1970er-Jahren zum dramatischen Rückgang nicht nur des Feldhamsters, sondern auch vieler anderer Tiere und Pflanzen der Feldflur. In Brandenburg ist der Feldhamster bereits verschwunden; in Thüringen und Sachsen-Anhalt haben kleine Populationen bis heute überlebt. In Sachsen ist ihm ein allerletztes Refugium im Norden von Leipzig auf Feldern bei Delitzsch geblieben. Wegen der Gefahr, dass diese Art für immer verloren geht, wurde sie unter den Rechtsschutz der EU gestellt (Anhang IV der Fauna-Flora-Habitat-Richtlinie). In den Roten Listen Deutschlands und Sachsens wird der Feldhamster als „vom Aussterben bedroht“ geführt.
169

Topical Black Raspberries and Strawberries Bioincorporated with Selenium Reduce Experimental Oral Cancer

Warner, Blake Matthew 26 August 2013 (has links)
No description available.

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