Emergent macrophytes are an integral part of prairie marshes and involved in many of the services that make these ecosystems valuable. Water depth and hydroperiod are two environmental variables that can influence the growth and nutrient content of emergent macrophytes. This study looked at the growth and nutrient content response of hybrid cattail (Typha x glauca) to water depth and hydroperiod in two prairie marshes in southern Manitoba, Canada. Above- and belowground samples of hybrid cattails were collected along a water depth gradient at Oak Hammock Marsh, Canada, and analyzed for biomass, total phosphorus, total nitrogen, total Kjeldahl nitrogen content, shoot height, and density. A second dataset was obtained from the Marsh Ecology Research Program (MERP) experiment, and used to determine the biomass and nutrient content response of the hybrid cattail following one or two years of drawdown. / October 2015

The population in Florida is projected to double over the next 50 years. Large land areas now in rural settings will become residential and urban areas. More than seven million acres of agriculture and open space will convert to housing developments, shopping malls, and business space. At stake are natural and cultural resources, which are lost or fragmented in this growth process. New planning measures are called for in order to grow in ways that minimize and least impact resources. Archaeological value in preservation projects is often examined after priorities for natural resources have been set, relegating archaeology to a role of added-on value in acquisition targeting. Decisions are made daily by planners, cultural resource managers, and agencies, about what resources get saved and what get destroyed. These decisions are based on subjective evaluations such as archaeological significance, without a clear understanding for what resources exist and what resources have already been protected. In this dissertation, I use a GAP audit approach, more commonly used in natural resource planning and management, to look at what the record of protection is for archaeology. I examine the region of the Big Hammock in North-central Florida, where agricultural land holdings are shown to be critical to archaeology, with nearly 65 percent of the recorded sites there, found on agriculture crop and pasturelands. In the Pasco County portion of the region, more than 63 percent of agricultural lands have been converted to residential land over the last decade. Agricultural lands are often purposefully overlooked in land acquisition prioritization, with planners sometimes not looking at the long range land use changes that can occur and cause cumulative impacts to resources. The reality is that every year, nearly 150,000 acres of Florida farmland statewide is developed into new subdivisions and strip malls. This GAP audit, applied to the archaeological resources in one region in Florida, shows that lands holding the most archaeological diversity and potential, may not coincide with lands targeted for other resource acquisition priorities. Treating archaeology as an added-on value in the land preservation process is therefore, not an adequate means of resource conservation.

Morella cerifera (L.) Small, the Wax Myrtle, forms both arbuscular mycorrhizas and cluster roots which generally are regarded as alternative adaptations for phosphorus acquisition. But whether or not arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) provide any benefit to M. cerifera is not known. Nevertheless, AMF can proliferate extensively within the litter leaves that accumulate beneath M. cerifera. The main objective of this study was to determine if AMF are beneficial to M. cerifera host plants in the presence of leaf litter. In the field, I examined leaf traits that affect the colonization of leaf litter by AMF. I compared AMF colonization of labile versus recalcitrant leaves, and that of leaf pieces with obstructed versus non-obstructed veins. In pot experiments, I examined if labile or recalcitrant litter influences the potential benefit of AMF to M. cerifera, and if nitrogen (N) or phosphorus (P) fertilization influences that benefit in the presence of recalcitrant leaf litter. I found that AMF extensively colonize both labile and recalcitrant leaves, but that they colonize labile leaves more rapidly than recalcitrant leaves. I found significantly less colonization in leaf pieces with obstructed veins than in those with non-obstructed veins which suggests that penetration by the fungi primarily is mechanical and not enzymatic. The pot experiments showed that AMF are parasitic on M. cerifera except when recalcitrant leaf litter is present, and that the effects of AMF on M. cerifera are indirect and mediated through effects of AMF on N-fixing nodule dry weight. In both pot experiments, AMF enhanced litter decomposition and may have enhanced plant P-nutrition. AMF benefited M. cerifera growth in the absence of N fertilization but negatively affected M. cerifera growth when N was added. In the presence of litter, inoculation with AMF increased cluster root formation, suggesting that these two adaptations may be complementary in extremely nutrient-poor soils. Overall, this study shows that M. cerifera does benefit from association with AMF, and it suggests that AMF play a more important role in the acquisition of mineral nutrients from leaf litter than previously recognized.

Denna rapport är ett examensarbete inom maskinteknik på c-nivå (15hp). Då författaren ansåg att dagens hammockar inte utvecklats speciellt mycket sedan de blev populära i Sverige på 60-talet, valde han att ägna detta arbete åt att försöka ta fram en mer modern sådan. Projektet har huvudsakligen handlat om produktutveckling och design där mycket tid spenderats på att lösa alla de olika problem som de satta kraven på nya funktioner bidragit till. Arbetet startade med en omfattande förstudie. Därefter vidareutvecklades de olika idéer som framkom under förstudien ytterligare. Detta skedde först med hjälp av papper och penna, men överfördes senare till digital form. Det var oftast först då som en idé var möjlig att testa fullt ut. Resultatet är en hammock med en nutida design och flertalet nya funktioner, vilka i rapporten presenteras i form av bilder på den cad-modell som framställdes. / This work is a thesis in mechanical engineering at c-level (15hp). The author decided that he wanted to dedicate this work to try to develop the canopy swings because he saw potential to do so. The reason for this was mainly the fact that they have hardly been developed at all since they became popular in the 1960s here in Sweden. The project has mainly been about product development and design, where a lot of time has been spent on trying to solve all the different problems that the set demands resulted in. The work started with an extensive feasibility study. Thereafter, the ideas that emerged during the preliminary study where developed further. This was first done by using paper and pencil, but was later transferred to digital form. It was most often only possible to fully test an idea when that was made. The result is a hammock with a modern design and several new features, which in the report are presented as images of the CAD model that was made.

Made available in DSpace on 2016-08-16T18:10:28Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Dissertacao Beatriz.pdf: 5762819 bytes, checksum: 37bfbca5e7999e97b0a130b0ba4c5c7b (MD5) Previous issue date: 2012-12-13 / Analysis of the social relations of gender from the production of hammocks in São Bento city, MA. It addresses the key elements that define the city, realizing the existence of a community of practice focused on the manufacture of handmade hammocks. There are presented knowledge shared by the artisans of São Bento city with regard to knowledge and actions of the hammock. It identifies the craft as a category and highlight the importance of manual activity, investigating its historical foundation and legal aspects related to the regulation of the profession of the craftsman. It discusses the social constitution of gender identities, the meanings of the abjection and gender markers related to the hammocks makers of the city studied. It is perceived gender as a performance made in time from a matrix of heteronormative intelligibility, but that is also producing of this matrix, renewing and / or denying it. To this end, we resort to notions of gender and technology devices through the contributions of Judith Butler, Michel Foucault and Teresa de Lauretis. Examining the senses and gender representations from the point of view of hammocks makers, it explores the constitution of their bodies associated with the work and the implications of a profession that is not legally recognized. It appears that their expectations and identity markers are related to the dynamics of the crafts in capitalism, such the as studies of Walter Benjamin, Nestor Canclini and Helena Hirata suggest. Accordingly, it focuses on the craft of hammocks in a capitalist context whose insertion of women in the working world suffers the impacts of informality, invisibility, insecurity and low payment. / Análise das relações sociais de gênero a partir da produção de redes de dormir em São Bento-MA. Abordam-se os principais elementos que definem o município, percebendo-se a existência de uma comunidade de prática voltada para a fabricação artesanal de redes de dormir. Apresentam-se conhecimentos compartilhados pelas artesãs de São Bento no tocante aos saberes e fazeres da rede de dormir. Identifica-se o artesanato enquanto categoria e se salienta a importância da atividade manual, investigando seu fundamento histórico e aspectos legais correlacionados à regulamentação da profissão do artesão. Discute-se a constituição social das identidades de gênero, os significados da abjeção e os marcadores de gênero relacionados às redeiras do município estudado. Percebe-se o gênero como uma performance constituída no tempo a partir da matriz de inteligibilidade heteronormativa, mas que é também produtora dessa matriz, renovando-a e/ou negando-a. Para tanto, recorre-se às noções de dispositivos e tecnologias de gênero por meio das contribuições de Judith Butler, Michel Foucault e Teresa de Lauretis. Examinando os sentidos e as representações de gênero a partir do ponto de vista das redeiras, explora-se a constituição dos seus corpos associados ao trabalho e às implicações de uma profissão que não é reconhecida legalmente. Constata-se que suas expectativas e marcadores de identidade estão relacionados à dinâmica do artesanato no capitalismo, tal como os estudos de Walter Benjamin, Nestor Canclini e Helena Hirata sugerem. Nesse sentido, enfoca-se o artesanato das redes de dormir no contexto capitalista cuja inserção de mulheres no mundo do trabalho sofre os impactos da informalidade, invisibilidade, precarização e baixa remuneração.

Canopy gaps in many forests are thought of as resetting the successional sequence due to increased light availability. In this study, canopy gaps were identified with a LiDAR digital canopy model in a Key Largo hardwood forest. Sapling structure and composition were recorded in the gaps. Weighted averaging calibration was applied to relative abundances of trees to determine the successional age optimum for each tree species, and weighted averaging regression was used to calculate inferred stand ages for each gap’s saplings. The inferred stand ages were greater in young forest gaps than in surrounding, unimpacted forest, suggesting that succession was actually advanced. Canopy heights in Key Largo were shorter than many other tropical and temperate forests, canopy gaps were smaller and therefore light availability did not vary with gap area. This suggests that the largest gaps may not be big enough to produce the light conditions required to reestablish pioneer tree species. Soil and water conditions in young forest gaps may also favor mature rather than pioneer species. Resetting of the forest successional sequence may not occur without intense disturbances such as fires or major hurricanes that remove the entire canopy and consume or erode soils.

Submitted by Irene Nascimento (irene.kessia@ufpe.br) on 2016-07-11T18:30:54Z No. of bitstreams: 2 license_rdf: 1232 bytes, checksum: 66e71c371cc565284e70f40736c94386 (MD5) Dissertação corrigida.pdf: 5980850 bytes, checksum: 2c411e8fd4cc123cbcfb8ec9143ffec6 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2016-07-11T18:30:54Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2 license_rdf: 1232 bytes, checksum: 66e71c371cc565284e70f40736c94386 (MD5) Dissertação corrigida.pdf: 5980850 bytes, checksum: 2c411e8fd4cc123cbcfb8ec9143ffec6 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2015-07-31 / CAPES / A rede de dormir constitui um artefato representativo da cultura material brasileira. Pertencente à tradição indígena e assimilada pelo colonizador europeu e pelo negro africano, o seu uso está enraizado nos hábitos culturais do brasileiro, especialmente do Nordestino, que não abre mão do seu acolhedor repouso. Na cidade de Pedro II, Piauí, encontra-se uma tradicional produção de redes de dormir artesanais. Implantada no final do século XIX, é um importante meio de geração de renda e forte traço da cultura local, o que a caracteriza como uma atividade com potencial para promoção do desenvolvimento sustentável local na região. Atualmente, esse artefato passa por um processo de desvalorização, enfrentando uma forte concorrência com a rede sol a sol e a industrializada no mercado local. Resistindo a esse processo e elemento de intervenção do design através de instituições como SEBRAE e Artesol, encontra-se a rede de dormir artesanal da Associação Xique-Xique. Objeto de estudo desta pesquisa, que tem o propósito de analisar as ações de design como instrumento a serviço do desenvolvimento sustentável local na rede de dormir artesanal na Associação Xique-Xique, em Pedro II-Piauí, em sua dimensão sociocultural e econômica. Os resultados da pesquisa apontam que o artefato possui um elevado valor sociocultural e importância econômica para as tecelãs e que o design pode ser um meio para melhorar a competitividade das redes de dormir artesanais. Mas para que as intervenções se revertam em DSL na Associação Xique-Xique é necessário desenvolver uma ação conjunta e eficaz em toda a cadeia produtiva. É importante levar em consideração não somente o produto, mas aspectos relacionados, por exemplo, à gestão, comunicação e mercado. / The hammock is a representative artifact of Brazilian material culture. Belonging to the indigenous tradition and assimilated by the European colonizers and the black Africans, its use is rooted in cultural habits in Brazil, especially the Northeast´s people who do not give up of a comfortable rest. The city of Pedro II, in Piauí, Brazil, has a traditional production of handmade hammocks. The activity was implanted in the late nineteenth century and actually is an important way for generating income and strong feature of local culture, which characterizes it as a potential activity to promote local sustainable development in the region. Currently, this artifact goes through a process of devaluation, facing strong competition with the hammock industrialized in the local market. In this context the hammock craft of Xique-Xique Association resist with support and as an intervention element of the design of institutions such Sebrae and Astesol. The Xique-Xique Association is the object of study of this research, which aims to analyze the design of actions as an instrument at the service of Sustainable Development Location (DSL) in Xique-Xique Association in Pedro II, Piauí, in their socio-cultural and economic dimension. The survey results indicate that the artifact has a high socio-cultural value and economic importance to the weavers and that design can be a means to improve the competitiveness of handmade hammocks. But for reverse the interventions in DSL in the Xique-Xique Association is necessary to develop effective joint action across the all production chain. It is important to take into consideration not only the product but related aspects, for example, management, communication and market.

Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento CientÃfico e TecnolÃgico / Neste trabalho analiso as formas de sociabilidade dos redeiros de Patos-PB, incluindo as vivÃncias com seus cÃnjuges, a partir da observaÃÃo e mergulho nos aspectos do cotidiano de suas vidas. A perspectiva teÃrica adotada tem como principais matrizes:os conceitos de dÃdiva e reciprocidade na constituiÃÃo de redes de sociabilidade (MarcelMauss0; a noÃÃo de honra (Bourdieu)e forma de sociabilidade (Simmel) (1) a contribuiÃÃo de Marcel Mauss, com sua discussÃo relativa Ãs redes de sociabilidade constituÃdas em torno das estruturas de dÃdiva e de reciprocidade; (2) a contribuiÃÃo de Bourdieu, em seus estudos sobre a honra entre os Kabilia; (3) a contribuiÃÃo de Simmel, com sua discussÃo a respeito das formas de sociabilidade. Para compreender a organizaÃÃo social dos redeiros-vendedores e das suas mulheres no contexto das vendas das redes, cangas e mantas, bem como as maneiras pelas quais eles constroem e reconstroem as mais diversas formas de sociabilidade e trabalho frente a outros sujeitos sociais nos mÃltiplos espaÃos por onde transitam ao efetivarem suas vendas, utilizei a etnografia como metodologia, realizando entrevistas semi-estruturadas, conversas informais, observaÃÃo participante e sistematizando algumas histÃrias de vida. Dentre as principais conclusÃes do trabalho destaco as seguintes: (1) a honra entre os redeiros de Patos-PB à construÃda a partir da lÃgica da dÃvida; (2) a sociabilidade dos redeiros à determinada pela reciprocidade obrigatÃria da dÃvida, que favorece a construÃÃo e fortalecimento de laÃos sociais; (3) a honra se expressa de vÃrias formas nos diferentes lugares e papÃis sociais ocupados e desempenhados pelos redeiros na relaÃÃo da dÃdiva / In this work I analyse forms of sociability among hammock sellers from Patos, PB, including living experiences with their marital partners, using the methodology of interviews and the direct observation of aspects of their daily lives. The theoretical perspective has as main founts: (1) contributions done by Marcel Mauss on the theme of sociability nets, which are built around structures of giving and reciprocity; (2) the contributions done by Bourdieu on the theme of honour among the Kabila; (3) the contributions done by Simmel, with his discussion on sociability forms. In order to understand the social organisation of hammock sellers and theirs wives in the context of hammocks and other sales and other craft-works sales, I used the ethnographic method and did semi-structured interviews. Besides it I made direct observation and participated in informal chats between hammock sellers I chose, in order to have some life stories. Among the main outcomes of my research I bring out the following: (1) the honour of the hammock sellers from Patos-PB is built with reference to the debt logic; (2) the sociability of hammock sellers is determined by the imposed reciprocity of debt, which helps them in building and make strong social links; (3) the hammock sellers honour expresses itself in varied forms according to the different places in which hammock sellers circulate. It varies as well as a function of social roles they play at the community.

Introduction Under stormförhållanden kan fartygsrörelser göra det svårt att sova i en säng, då kroppen utsätts för konstanta accelerationer och inklinationer. Hängmattor har en förmåga att agera som en pendel, vilket kan möjliggöra för kroppen att upprätthålla en viloställning som alltid är rätvinklad till horisonten.  Syfte Denna studie syftar till att undersöka om en reduktion av accelerations- och inklinationskrafter som påverkar kroppen under fartygsrörelser kan finnas med användandet av en hängmatta. Metod För att studera dessa krafter användes en kvantitativ forskningsmetod. Data samlades in med hjälp av två mobiltelefoner, utrustade med accelerometrar och inklinometrar och sensorerna placerades i två olika sovsystem: en säng och en hängmatta.  Resultat Resultatet från sensorerna visade att inklinationskrafterna i hängmattan minskade drastiskt med 99% i genomsnitt jämfört med sängen, med en nästan konstant horisontell vinkel på 0°. Dock var accelerationsmätningarna mindre konkreta, med en spridning av acceleration i hängmattan med en minskning på 5%, till en ökning på 21% beroende på experimentstillfälle. Diskussion  Resultaten från denna studie tyder på att hängmattor kan vara ett effektivt sätt att drastiskt minska de inklinationskrafter som sjöfarare utsätts för under fartygsrörelser. Detta kan potentiellt hjälpa sjöfarare uppnå förbättrad sömnkvalitet under dåliga väderförhållanden. Vad gäller accelerationsresultaten kan det tyda på en marginell ökning av accelerationskrafter i hängmatta. Korrelationen mellan sensorerna för accelerationsmätningen var dock endast 82,4%, jämfört med inklinationsmätningens 98,6%. Vidare forskning med mer noggrann mätutrustning krävs för att fastställa någon mer konkret slutsats för acceleration. / Introduction  During storm conditions, ship movements can make it difficult to sleep in a bed, as the body is exposed to constant accelerations and inclinations. Hammocks have the ability to act as a pendulum, allowing the body to maintain a resting position that is always perpendicular to the horizon.  Purpose  This study aims to investigate whether a reduction in acceleration and inclination forces acting on the body during ship movements can be achieved using a hammock. Method  A quantitative research method was employed to study these forces. Data was collected using two mobile phones equipped with accelerometers and inclinometers and the sensors were placed in two different sleeping systems: a bed and a hammock.   Results  The results from the sensors showed that the inclination forces in the hammock decreased significantly by 99% on average compared to the bed, with an almost constant horizontal angle of 0°. However, the acceleration measurements were less concrete, with a spread of acceleration in the hammock between a decrease of 5% to an increase of 21% depending on the experimental occasion. Discussion The results of this study suggest that hammocks may be an effective way to drastically reduce the inclination forces that seafarers are exposed to during ship movements. This could potentially help seafarers achieve improved sleep quality during adverse weather conditions. As for the acceleration results, they may indicate a marginal increase in acceleration forces in the hammock. However, the correlation between the sensors for acceleration measurement was only 82.4%, compared to 98.6% for inclination measurement. Further research with more accurate measuring equipment is required to determine a more definitive conclusion for acceleration.

Urban development and human encroachment on the natural habitats along the coastline of Florida combined with invasive exotic pressures have resulted in the fragmentation and degradation of habitat quality within Broward County. Native habitats have been significantly altered and fragmented to a fraction their previous size. With loss of habitat area and quality, isolation of breeding populations and anthropogenic pressures, it is important to determine species composition and habitat utilization in order to conserve the remaining biological diversity. It was the intent of this study to determine the small mammal species’ population structure and habitat utilization by season in the four sampled habitats. Previously undocumented species and/or extralimital populations were predicted prior to sampling. John U. Lloyd Beach State Park in Dania Beach, Florida is an understudied location for small mammals. This study surveyed four terrestrial habitats for small mammal species using live trapping and mark/recapture techniques. Data were collected monthly over the span of thirteen months to determine habitat use from maritime hammock, mangrove swamp, coastal dune and ruderal habitat types to determine species composition and mass of individual captures and recaptures. Trapping (3749 trap nights) produced twenty-four captures (including recaptures) in two of the four habitat types: maritime hammock and coastal strand. No animals were captured in the mangrove swamp or ruderal habitats, both of which were dominated by invasive Australian pine (Casuarina equisetifolia) monocultures. Post study, a large habitat restoration project restored the habitats impacted by invasive exotic flora. This survey serves as a baseline for small mammals in the park, documenting the pre-restoration habitat use and species composition. Future study to determine changes in species composition post-restoration is recommended.