5 ABSTRACT: The present thesis deals with history textbook usage in lower secondary school classes. It focuses on the work methods in French history books and their possible application within the Czech system while taking the pupils' perspective into consideration. The theoretical part introduces history instruction in France and work methods used in their textbooks. The focal point of the thesis is its practical part, a case study of two study units that were prepared based on French textbooks; "Townsmen, trade and slavery" and "Women and feminism in 19 th century". These were taught in two year-eight history classes. The results and discussion consist mainly of the analysis of work outputs and pupils' feedback on the used materials. The conclusion outlines possible means of inspiration for Czech schools by the French methods analysed in the case studies. KEY WORDS: Secondary school history History textbook History didactics French textbooks Inquiry-based learning Constructivist teaching

Fragmentation refers to the difficulties that students face when attempting to utilise substantive knowledge to make a useable big picture of the past. What possibilities are there to prevent fragmentation, within the framework of regular history teaching in school? In this thesis I tackle this question with interest in teaching methods proposed by history teachers. The research project is designed with the intention to provide the participating teachers with “reasonably good conditions” to be able to form an opinion about the problem of fragmentation. In the research project the participating teachers take part of litterature from the research field of history teaching, and processing the problem of fragmentation through discussion in focus groups and through planning of a history course. In this study I investigate how eight history teachers, given “reasonably good conditions”, imagine feasible teaching in order to prevent fragmentation within the frames of a History 1a1 course. Three research objects are being investigated. What are the teachers´ views regarding: 1) efficient teaching to prevent fragmentation? 2) the framework of teaching? 3) a History course that is including an action plan in order to prevent fragmentation? The study shows that the teachers experience limited possibilities to conduct efficient teaching to prevent fragmentation within the frames of a History 1a1-course. The teachers still, regardless of these limitations, find it possible to conduct strategically focused teaching to prevent fragmentation. The teaching strategies presented by the teachers can be more or less significant and the teachers are not necessarily prepared to allot time and resources to these strategies. Feasible teaching in order to prevent fragmentation is not necessarily associated with strategically aimed teaching. / Elevers svar på vad som har hänt i det förflutna består många gånger av lösryckt historisk stoffkunskap i form av årtal, anekdoter, händelser och historiska personer. Få elever kan använda historiska kunskaper för att konstruera stora och användbara bilder av det förflutna. I denna explorativa designstudie undersöks historielärares föreställningar om hur fragmentering kan motverkas i historieundervisningen.   Studien baseras på empiriskt material från "workshops" med åtta historielärare på gymnasiet. Lärarnas huvuduppgift bestod i att planera och presentera en planering av en Historia 1a1-kurs som innefattar en handlingsplan för att motverka fragmentering. Analysen visar bland annat att de medverkande lärarna upplever möjlighetsrummet att bedriva effektiv undervisning mot fragmentering inom ramarna för Historia 1a1-kursen som begränsat, dock inte obefintligt. Inom detta begränsade möjlighetsrum ser lärarna bland annat vissa möjligheter att bedriva strategiskt inriktad undervisning mot fragmentering.

Detta examensarbete är en beskrivning av hur Lödöse museum arbetar för att nå ut till skolor. Syftet är att beskriva och analysera museipedagogers arbete för att nå ut till skolor med fokus på hur Lödöse museum skapar en relevant verksamhet för skolor och historieundervisningen. För att finna svar på hur Lödöse museum arbetar har jag använt mig utav en fallstudie. En fallstudie handlar om att studera ett enskilt fall. Syftet är att jag som undersökare kan upptäcka nya kunskaper och insikter som inte hade uppenbarats genom en masstudie. För att få svar på syftet har jag använt mig utav metodvalen: Dokument Kulturstrategi Västra Götaland och regional kulturplan 2020-2023, rapporten Jämlik Kultur 2016-2017, intervju av museipedagog och observation. Resultatet av metoderna resulterade i en samstämmighet kring visionen om att nå ut till alla skolor i 49 kommuner, samt att Lödöse museum har ett rikt utbud för att kunna levandegöra skolans historieundervisning. / This thesis is a description of how the Lödöse Museum works to reach out to schools. The aim is to describe and analyze the work of museum educators to reach out to schools, with a focus on how the Lödöse Museum works, I have used a case study. A case study is about studying an individual case. The purpose is that I, as a researcher, can discover new knowledge and insights that had not been revealed through a mass study. In order to get answers to the purpose, I have used the method choices: The document Cultural Strategy Västra Götaland and Regional Cultural Plan 2020-2023, the report Equal Culture 2016-2017, interview by museum educator and observation. The results of the methods resulted in a consensus on the vision of reaching out to all schools in forty-nine municipalities. Where Lödöse Museum has a rich selection to be able to bring the school´s history to life.

The purpose of the study is to investigate teachers' experiences of developing cooperation and participation with students in history teaching in order to strengthen students' learning. The goal is particularly interested in understanding what collaboration and participation are in history teaching according to teachers'experiences and which methods are used to achieve this. In addition, it examines what conditions are needed for this to be achieved. Finally, it is also examined whether challenges can arise in order to create cooperation and participation in history teaching. The study is based on a semi-structured qualitative interview method with three teachers. The teachers are from two upper secondary schools and one secondary school in Sweden. The result shows that cooperation and participation can be achieved in different ways, but that the concepts relate to each other. What perhaps appeared surprising was that the relationship with the students was emphasized more than the methods themselves, which were quite basic. Another decisive factor that stood out was the teacher's ability to find inputs for the student and make personal connections to the history subject. When the teacher found the entrance, participation and cooperation also increased. The teacher's passion for the profession was also something that influenced the students' participation.

The purpose of this study is to compare how pre-service teacher students describe historical consciousness, concerning if they are studying their first or last history course. The concept historical consciousness was chosen because of its central role in the Swedish curriculum for the history subject. To achieve the study’s purpose eight pre-service teacherswere qualitatively interviewed. Five of the eight students studied their first history course, while the remaining three studied their last history course. The two theories that made up the theoretical framework of the study was Rüsen’s three principles for narrative competence as well as Jensen’s five processes of historical consciousness. The result of the studyshows that a clear majority of the students described historical consciousness as a method of learning from historical mistakes. This trend was clear with both groups of students. This study also shows that a majority of students had difficulties with the future’s role in historical consciousness. One out of the eight students made clear and continuous references between the three tenses past, present and future. The result reveal that the teacher education should focus more on the three tenses past, present, and future in relation to practical teaching situations. This to make historical consciousness more practical for the student teachers.

The aim of this diploma thesis is to analyze and compare the didactic potential of Czech and Austrian history textbooks regarding to their anchoring in the educational system and working with historical thinking and historical literacy, generally with the development of students' key competencies. The thesis took into account differences in the educational systems of both countries, the curriculum and, overall, worked with the goals of modern history teaching. The comparison was made on historical events that connect these two countries, and the core of the thesis is the analysis of processing these topics in terms of the Research-Based teaching goals. The output of this thesis is a specific teaching unit that works with Czech and Austrian textbooks and tries to cover the main theses of modern didactics of history. Keywords Textbooks, history teaching, Czech Republic, Austria, Research-Based teaching, historical thinking, historical literacy

Syftet med denna intervjustudie är att med en vetenskapligt kvalitativ metod undersöka hur motivation hos elever skapas utifrån yrkesverksamma historielärares perspektiv, samt hur detta skapande förhåller sig till motivationsteorier. Sju lärare fördelat på två grundskolor och ett gymnasium, har intervjuats. Svaren från intervjuerna har bearbetats separat och sedan analyserats utifrån motivationsteorier. Resultatet visar att lärarna ser egenskaperna i rollen som lärare vara den primära faktorn i skapandet av motivation hos eleverna. Dessa är att vara en god berättare, engagerad, ha goda ämneskunskaper och ha förmåga att kunna beröra elever. Elever i denna ålder befinner sig på en rad olika mognadsnivåer, vilket uttrycktes som betydande för möjligheter och användande av metod, i skapandet av elevmotivation. I frågan om ämnet historia har några unika motivationsfaktorer, så kan inget enhetligt svar påvisas. Det nämndes av en lärare att det hos vissa individer, oftast pojkar, förekommer ett starkt intresse för krig och väpnade konflikter. Detta skulle kunna användas av läraren i historieundervisningen genom att utgår från liknande händelser och utvidga dessa till historiska samband. / The purpose of this interview study is to examine, by scientific method, how motivation should be created from the perspective of professional working teacher’s of history, and how this creating stands in relation to motivation theories. Seven teachers divided into two nine-year compulsory schools and one upper secondary school have been interviewed. The answers from the interviews have been adapted separately and then analysed from motivation theories. The result show that the teachers consider that the primary factors for creating motivation of students is the qualities that the role of a teacher has. These qualities are to being a good storyteller, being absorbed in the matter, have good subject knowledge and a power to touch students mind. Students in this age find oneself in different maturity level, which expressed as important factor for the possibilities and for methods used when creating motivation of students. No homogeneous answer was given for the question if the subject of history has unique factors for motivation. It was mention by one teacher that a strong interesting for war and armed conflicts could occur in some individuals; in the most cases these were boys.The teacher when teaching in history could use this, by using similar events from the history and by expanding these to a history relation.

The aim of the study is to analyze how the practice of teaching history in Swedish upper secondary school was impacted by the covid-19 pandemic. The study used qualitative interviews with five history teachers to gain an understanding about how they felt that the pandemic came to affect them and their teaching.  To analyze the result the frame factor theory, and frame factory frames: pandemic and remote teaching have been used.  The result of the study shows that online education and the pandemic effected most aspects of teaching, especially the social collaboration between students’ and students and their teacher. All five teachers reported that not being able to read their students’ body language and alertness during their lectures was an issue, since they were unable adapt their lesson after their students' needs. The teachers believe that these issues resulted in a lower quality learning environment.  Remote teaching also increased the workload for teachers, especially when they needed to develop their technical skills to meet the demands of remote teaching. The teachers preferred to teach in classrooms with their students present, but they also saw the value in their own professional development during this challenging period.  Despite the challenges, the teachers’ view of remote teaching is positive and they see several advantages with the tool. One example of this is that certain group of students that tend to stay at home and avoid school, performed better during remote teaching period. Another example is that teachers had an easier time having deeper and more meaningful conversations with their students. However, the main take away from the study is that the teachers recognize the importance of remote teaching as a tool in case something similar, like the covid pandemic, should occur in the future.

Ce mémoire vise l’analyse de la représentation des Autochtones dans la situation coloniale telle que présentée dans le programme d’enseignement d’histoire du Québec et du Canada (2017) du deuxième cycle de l’école secondaire québécoise. La méthodologie utilisée est inspirée de l’analyse de contenus et de l’analyse conceptuelle. Cette recherche démontre que ce programme inclut un portrait partiel et partial de la situation coloniale. Ce fait social total n’est pas abordé de façon explicite et sa contextualisation globale ne fait pas l’objet d’un suivi cohérent. Le programme est limité à certains aspects parsemés à la pièce dans une trame majoritairement eurocanadienne. Si ce programme représente une amélioration par rapport au passé de l’enseignement de l’histoire au Québec à travers l’intégration de certaines recommandations de la CVR ou du CEPN, l’absence de liens avec le colonialisme, le racisme et les stéréotypes met en lumière le travail qu’il reste à faire pour atteindre la vérité, la réconciliation et la décolonisation en éducation. / This master thesis aims to analyze the representation of Indigenous people in the colonial situation as presented in the Quebec and Canadian history program (2017) of the second cycle of the Quebec high school. The methodology used is inspired by content analysis and conceptual analysis. This research demonstrates that this program includes a partial and biased portrait of the colonial situation. This total social fact is not explicitly addressed, and its overall contextualization is not coherently followed. The program is limited to certain aspects sprinkled piecemeal in a predominantly Euro-Canadian framework. While this program represents an improvement over the past of history teaching in Quebec through the integration of some of the TRC or FNEC recommendations, the lack of links to colonialism, racism and stereotypes highlights the work that remains to be done to achieve truth, reconciliation and decolonization in education.

A central aspect of Swedish history teaching is to develop one's ability to use history and to develop historical awareness. As a support for the teacher, there are several different textbooks, but the content may differ in terms of both factual knowledge and methods. With this as a starting point and with focus on using history, the purpose of this essay is to investigate how source management can be applied to different historical events and people, as well as how historical awareness can be developed with the help of different thinking tools. The questions that will be answered are which people and events the books cover withthe source management chapters that exist, how source management methods can be applied to this course of events and how historical awareness can be developed through these books.The method that will be used is a qualitative content analysis to analyze and interpret theteaching books. To examine these issues, Peter Seixa's thinking tool guide and Niklas Ammert's learning material theory will be used as the theoretical framework. With the help ofthese, the content must be assimilated to investigate how the development of historical thinking. Based on previous research, there are abilities and knowledge students must develop through history teaching, but how textbooks can be used is not presented to the same extent.