This study examines the Cultural Trauma associated with the Jedwabne pogrom, as portrayed in three Polish newspapers. The essay seeks to answer the following questions: How did the chosen three Polish newspapers with varying ideological and political views depict the discussion about the Jedwabne pogrom in their articles in the years 2016-2018? In what ways do these usages and representations reflect or challenge the dominant narratives of Polish national mythology? How has the discussion on Polish antisemitism in relation to the Jedwabne pogrom changed after the conservative Law and Justice party came to power in 2015? The source material used consists of 45 newspaper pieces from Gazeta Wyborcza, Tygodnik Powszechny, and Polonia Christianapublished between 2016-2018. The theory applied was inspired by Barbara Törnquist-Plewa's studies which originate from the theory of Cultural Trauma and Collective Memory and Geneviève Zubrzycki's theory of National Mythology. The method used to analyze the source material could be best described as a qualitative close reading of the sources, where the theory of cultural trauma with its associated diagnosed coping strategies and the perspective of national mythology is used as an analytical lens to highlight how the Jedwabne pogrom discourse is being portrayed intertextually. The study's results found two camps with different stances on the topic concerning the Jedwabne pogrom and Polish antisemitism, namely, the pro-Gross/identity-transformative camp and the anti-Gross/Gross-skeptical camp. The presented two camps used two different strategies concerning the pogrom debate, namely, the politics of shame and the politics of pride, which suggested a laboriously political state of the discourse in the years 2016-2018. The resulting politicization of these two political strategies was explained by their link to cultural trauma responses used by the camps conforming to Törnquist-Plewa's results. The study found that the national myth of Polish messianism was used in the source material. However, it was predominantly used mindfully by the newspaper's authors in an attempt to combat this national myth, which was tied to a cultural trauma response and political usage. The study found that the debate on Polish antisemitism tied to the Jedwabne pogrom has regressed after the Law and Justice party came to power in 2015, as their political meddling with state institutions sabotaged the Polish scholarly debate and effectively polluted the public debate in various scandals

The purpose of this thesis is to present, contextualize and interpret the educational philosophy of Natanael Beskow between 1920–1932. The examined source material consists of articles published in the journal Studiekamraten which ordinated from Birkagården folk high school (Birkagårdens folkhögskola) where Beskow served as principal. The content of the articles is related to previous research and to a historical context. This historical context deals primarily with the modernization of the Swedish society. The basic theoretical perspectives are theories about Bildung and liberal adult education presented by Bernt Gustavsson. This thesis finds that Beskow regarded education as an inner process that gradually raised and developed the individual’s moral capacity. Such neo-humanist views dominated pedagogical philosophy of the time. In addition, Beskow saw education as an instrument that could initiate a spiritual awakening. A challenging alternative to the established liberal adult education movement (folkbildningsrörelsen) was the class struggle education (klasskampsbildningen) that was formed within SKP. Its advocates regularly attacked Birkagården folk high school. Beskow was critical of the movement. He represented a contrasting ideal built around mutuality and democracy which partly originated from the foreign settlement movement.

This essay compares three contemporary interpretations of Stoic philosophy with an academic account of Stoicism provided by Pierre Hadot. The comparison is made by performing a discourse analytical reading of three books about contemporary Stoicism, focusing on the presentation of Stoicism from two perspectives: Stoicism as a philosophy of life, and the metaphysical constituents of Stoic practices and principles. This is then compared with Pierre Hadot’s theory, Philosophy as a Way of Life, and his account of Stoic practices and principles underlying metaphysical constituents. This study is situated within an area of research that links philosophy and the study of religion. The study discovered that the contemporary interpretations of Stoicism differ in their relationship to Pierre Hadot's academic account of Stoicism. One book does not relate to Hadot's account of Stoic metaphysics at all, nor to his theory Philosophy as a Way of life, due to a lack of general discussion of Stoic theory. The other two books relate to Hadot’s academic account, but to varying degrees. This study's structure includes a summary of the current field of research, followed by a theoretical discussion of Stoic philosophy, metaphysics, and Pierre Hadot's theory. Thereafter follows a description of the method used in the study and the following analysis demonstrates how the interpretation of the texts was conducted. The study concludes with the results of the analysis and a discussion of the findings' implications for this area of research.

This is a study of the memoir of Tage Carlsson, a man from the margin who lived between1908-2002 in the small town of Sillerud, Värmland. The purpose of this study is to show howmodernization affected him during the 20th century; what he valued, which ideals he tried touphold and the way he narrated his life. His narrative and character are studied through the lensof the Life Writing field. Previous research on the Swedish phenomenon “skötsamhet” (wellbehaved-ness) and “folkbildning” (education of the people) lays the foundation of this study aspart of the modernization process. The content of the memoir is analyzed thematically and isdiscussed in three parts: the well-behaved person, the educated person, and the modern person.Tage fits well into all the above, and this study encourages research on the margin as it showsthat it mirrors the ideas of the center, and vice versa.

Den här uppsatsen argumenterar för att en ny identitetsdiskurs har uppstått under 2010-talet. Den nya identitetsdiskursen menar att det har uppstått ett nytt sätt att konstruera identitet i och med sociala mediers intåg i individers vardag. Diskursen undersöks utifrån de historiska källor som används i den för att på så sätt konstruera den nya identitetsdiskursens historiografi. Denna historiografi används sedan för att undersöka huruvida den nya identitetsdiskursen är ny i förhållande till dess argument att ett paradigmskifte skett kring identitetsskapande. Genom att analysera ett urval av författare inom den nya identitetsdiskursen dras slutsatsen att det inte är tydligt att identitet skapas på ett nytt sätt. Identitetsskapande processer som liknar de som återfinns i den nya identitetsdiskursen har beskrivits förut av främst sociologen Erving Goffman, men även Anthony Giddens och Michel Foucault. En nyhet som den nya identitetsdiskursen lyfter är lönsamheten hos de plattformar som utgör sociala medier och hur det medför att identitetsskapande processer blir lönsamma.

The following essay aims to further studies in the usage of a specific term among Swedish educators and informers during the 30s. The term in question is enlightenment. The enlightenment term during the 30s in Sweden was often associated, in specific contexts, with others like propaganda, information and advertising. Swedish public informers use the term to describe themselves as an enlightenment agency or upplysningsverksamhet. Their missions being to inform the public of knowledge. One such agency was the Swedish sexual educational journal Populär tidskrift för sexuell upplysning. In 1933 the journal was charged with being indecent and harmful of discipline. This essay follows the discussions in the court centering around the term and the journals defense in using the term. The purpose of the essay is to argue that enlightenment, when used by public informers, sets itself apart by drawing inspiration from its heritage. Contrary to earlier studies the result of this essay, although of a narrower scope, shows a more refined and less confusing usage of the term. The journal clearly arguments for what defines their agency and why the knowledge they provide should be deemed enlightening. Led by doctors the agency provides knowledge they deem essential for the wellbeing of the public. Their arguments are also well littered with inspiration from more classic ideals, akin to those of 17th and 18th century philosophers. Even though you can see the resemblance to other terms of informational themes, the study has shown that enlightenment in its Swedish 1930s usage distinguishes itself.

This thesis is about the scalar paradoxes of islands as seen through the cultural movement of a small island nation in the nineteenth century. As the divide between Celticism and Teutonism grew in Britain, the cultural movement of the Isle of Man created a hybrid heritage of both. Antiquarians, archaeologists, and cultural activists that were settled in the island organised themselves for the preservation and eventually revitalisation of a Manx past, in communication with scholars in the British Isles and the North. By investigating three major societies from this movement; the Manx Society (1858), the Isle of Man Natural History and Antiquarian Society (1879) and the Manx Language Society (1899); this thesis follows the development of a national exceptionalism through their selective identification with Nordic, Celtic, and British spaces, caught in between a Western large state ideal of progress and its antithesis: the imaginative geography of an isolated island. Lefebvrian theory shows that their navigation in a past of Celtic settlers and Viking invaders led to a multifunctional transnational history that could be transferred and repurposed for opposing social spaces. It is argued that this transnationalism functioned as cultural shelter, in accordance with how political and economic shelter from larger states has proven successful for small island nations. It shows that if Manx history was to be regarded as a legitimate and valuable addition to the history of nations in the late nineteenth century, it required manifold connections abroad that could be translated to different transnational agendas. And while this type of (trans-) national exceptionalism was adapted to their situation as a small island nation, its inherent co-dependency on transnational connections was only enforcing an inferiority complex within existing hierarchies in Northern European history.

William Turner remains an understudied figure of Reformation scholarship. He was a dedicated doctor, scientist, and Lutheran reformer. This thesis examines Turner and his place in the history of ideas. It looks closely at his three editions of A Comparison Betweene the Olde Learnynge and the Newe (1537, 1538, 1548) and explores how these texts fit into the history of ideas and reflect the larger religious debate occurring in England in the 16th century. It also explores Turner's connection to the German reformer Urbanus Rhegius. I argue the connection between these two men and their writings function as a microcosm of the Reformation. / Master of Arts

This study investigates the patterns between ideology and opinions regarding the legalization of homosexuality in the Swedish parliament and newspapers. It is based on official documents from the government published in 1944, the year when homosexuality was decriminalized, and approximately 50 newspaper articles that touch on homosexuality from the given year. The material was selected based on its relevance and specific terms were used to find it.  The parliamentary documents and articles were analysed from a queer theory perspective and the homosexual paradigm, focusing on the comparison between homosexuality and heterosexuality. This approach emphasizes the importance of not making assumption about the material based on prior research or the intentions of its creators. It views homosexuality as a social structure created form peoples need to sort in people into boxes.    The study concludes that opinions about the legalization of homosexuality varied within the parliament depending on members ideology and within ideologies themselves. Generally, the right-wing parti opposed the reform while the rest of the parties supported it, although for different reasons. Most newspapers maintained a relative neutral stance in the discussion, making it challenging to make a clear connection between their ideologies and their coverage of the topic. That is with one exception, the right-wing party, which strongly opposed the reform, and right-wing newspaper Svenska Dagbladet displayed similar opinions in sexual politics.

Denna uppsats utforskar hur den svenska staten bedrev informationsinsatser med anledning av oljekrisen 1973. Då 75% av Sveriges energiförbrukning utgjordes av importerad råolja blev konsekvenserna dramatiska då priset på råolja steg, produktionen minskade och embargon infördes. Detta till följd av kriget mellan Israel och Egypten/Syrien. För att hantera den försörjningskris som uppstått i Sverige initierade staten en energisparkampanj och en elsparkampanj. 1974 beslutade regeringen för att införa ytterligare en energisparkampanj. Denna kom att ledas av den så kallade Energisparkommittén vars verksamhet i juni 1975 förlängdes. I samband med denna period växte den framtida energipolitiken fram där fokus låg på energihushållning varpå information blev ett vitalt styrmedel. Genom att applicera teorier om sociotekniska föreställningsvärldar, förväntningar och narrativ diskuteras de statliga informationsinsatserna under 1973–1975. Därtill presenteras vilken betydelse som media och i synnerhet tidningar hade för samtidens samhällsnarrativ som staten via dess informationskampanjer ämnade påverka. De huvudsakliga statliga budskapen har kunnat konstateras vara vad besparingsåtgärder skulle innebära på dels mikronivå: energikonsumentens privatekonomi, och dels makronivå: Sveriges ekonomi, naturvärden och miljö. Därtill förmedlades kunskap om hur besparingsåtgärder praktiskt kunde vidtas. Den intensiva informationsverksamheten som riktades mot såväl hushållen, näringslivet som den offentliga sektorn bidrog till en spirande energidebatt om bland annat hur den framtida energiförsörjningen kunde tryggas. Energiförsörjningen hade blivit en medborgerlig angelägenhet där kollektiva föreställningar och förväntningar formats av det statliga narrativet.