During the 1980s, an acute and deadly epidemic appeared in the United States. AIDS, a disease that initially affected mainly gay men, required a rapid and effective treatment. Due to tough regulations form government agencies and the stigma surrounding the disease, it would take a long time for a treatment to be developed. To break the silence, demand action and push for changes to combat the AIDS epidemic, the activist group ACT UP (AIDS Coalition to Unleash Power) was formed. A network formed around their actions that created an environment capable of developing new treatment methods. Using interviews, articles, and reports, this analysis will draw on Actor-Network Theory (ANT) to examine how ACT UP mobilizes lay expertise and navigates conflicts within its network to influence research processes and AIDS treatment. This analysis highlights the mobilization of lay expertise and shows how the constructive management of conflicts within networks can play a crucial role in challenging established research structures, influencing decision-making processes, and ultimately shaping the response to public health crises like the AIDS epidemic.

This dissertation investigates the treatment of eclampsia in Sweden at the turn of the 20th century, paying particular attention to two treatments, the “Active treatment” and “Stroganoff’s treatment”. The aim is to investigate the evolving medicalization of eclampsia in Sweden by analyzing the interdisciplinary discussion on eclampsia in the Swedish medical journals. Eclampsia has been described by physicians as the “disease of a thousand theories”, an enigma or a riddle without an answer. The disease has been known since antiquity, as evidenced by its presence in the Hippocratic corpus, but has been without a cure to this day. In the latter half of the 19th century and the beginning of the 20th century, treatments of eclampsia emerged that – at the time – seemed to hold promise. Eclampsia has been described as an insidious disease that strikes the patient as lightning from a clear blue sky.In 1843 the Scottish doctor John Lever connected albuminuria with the onset of eclampsia which allowed for early diagnostic of eclampsia. This marked a new way of perceiving eclampsia; no longer was it just an acute disease, but a progressive disease that could be treated before it became life threatening. The discovery of albuminuria became an important clue in the formation of the theory that eclampsia was caused by an unknown poisoning. Since no cure could be found, preventing the onset of eclampsia became a higher priority.The only known way of ending the progression of the disease was to end the pregnancy – a method used since the 18th century. This was usually done by caesarian section, an operation that during the 19th and early 20th century could be just as fatal as the disease itself. A change came in the late the 19th century with the discovery of new operating techniques, better hygiene, and the introduction of general anesthetics, which reduced the amount of fatalities connected with operations. The caesarian section eventually became the choice of treatment for eclampsia known as the “Active treatment”. This4treatment was challenged by “Stroganoff’s treatment”, which was a reformed version of the older treatment of eclampsia. The version of “Stroganoff’s treatment” used by Swedish doctors, which incorporated caesarian section, gave them a broader range of treatments that could be modified to suit different scenarios in a way that was impossible using just the “Active treatment”. The two treatments were discussed in Swedish medical journals throughout the beginning of the 20th century, and their discussion shows the growing medicalization of eclampsia during this time.

The profile the individual creates on social media can be likened to a digital panopticon. How this profilicity has developed is examined by reviewing seven texts concerning the creation of identity. After this, five paradigms emerge that map how profilicity has developed through history and how the profile has become a digital panopticon in a post-political society. The profile thus becomes a tool for strengthening the hegemony that prevails in society. / Profilen individen skapat på sociala medier kan liknas vid ett digitalt panoptikon. Hur denna profilicitet växt fram undersöks genom att sju källor rörande identitetens skapande gås igenom. Efter detta träder fem paradigm fram som kartlägger hur profiliciteten växt fram genom historien och hur profilen kommit att bli ett digitalt panoptikon i det postpolitiska samhället. Profilen blir således ett verktyg för att förstärka den hegemoni som råder i samhället.

Denna uppsats undersöker Sverigedemokraternas kvinnoförbund SD-Kvinnor och hur förbundet ser på jämställdhet. Syftet med denna uppsats är att undersöka hur ett kvinnoförbund på högerkanten formeras och att analysera denna formering utifrån ett genusperspektiv. Utgångspunkten har varit att svara på huruvida SD-Kvinnor representerades i SD-Kuriren under 2010–2012, vilka föreställningar som genomsyrar SD-Kvinnor och deras idéer om jämställdhet samt vilka politiska ämnen som diskuteras i kvinnoförbundets podcast ”Snedsteg” och vilka idéer och föreställningar dessa ämnen laddas med. Det teoretiska förhållningssättet är genusbaserad. Metoden utgörs av en kvalitativ textanalys där såväl fysiskt som digitalt material används. SD-Kvinnors idéer om jämställdhet bygger på konservativa grunddrag. De föreställningar som genomsyrar SD-Kvinnors idéer om jämställdhet är att de vill att den enskilda familjen har rätt till självbestämmande och att detta skall respekteras. Kvoteringsfrågan är SD-Kvinnor starkt kritiska till då de menar att jämställdhetspolitik handlar om att lösa problem som är ojämna hellre än att fördela lika mellan könen. Den övervägande politiska människosyn som kvinnoförbundet har handlar i hög grad om att bejaka de biologiska skillnaderna mellan könen. I SD-Kuriren är det tydligt att kvinnor är underrepresenterade i medlemstidningen under den period som undersöks. SD-Kvinnor presenteras på ett visst sätt i medlemstidningen,och gärna separat från det övriga innehållet i medlemstidningen. En slags idealbild av SD-Kvinnan skrivs fram där den socialkonservativa idén om idealkvinnan konstrueras. De politiska ämnen som diskuteras i podcasten Snedsteg är hämtade direkt från Sverigedemokraternas politik där endast sverigedemokrater är inbjudna. De ämnen som diskuteras är breda samhällsfrågor i form av brottslighet, invandring, hedersfrågor, den egna utanförskapen samt vårdfrågor. Dessa laddas med idén om Sverige som ett otryggt samhälle i förfall. Den här uppsatsen visar även att SD-Kvinnor inte nämns i SD-Kuriren förrän i juni 2011 trots att kvinnoförbundet funnits sedan oktober 2010. / This paper explores the women’s union called SD-Women of the political party Sweden Democrats and where they stand in terms of gender equality. The purpose of this paper is to investigate how a women’s union in the far right is formed and analyze this from a gender perspective. The basis has been to find out whether SD-Women are represented in their newspaper SD-Kuriren during 2010-2012, which type of concepts are raised by SD-Women and their ideas regarding gender equality, and lastly also which political topics are discussed in SD-Women’s podcast “Snedsteg” and the notions and concepts these topics are saturated by. The theoretical approach is based on gender and the method constitutes of a qualitative textual analysis where both physical and digital material is used.SD-Women’s ideas in terms of gender equality are based on a conservative essence. The concept that saturates SD-Women’s ideas regarding gender equality is that every individual family should be allowed to govern itself without outside influence and this is something that should be respected. The subject of electoral quotas is strongly criticized by SD-Women as they imply that gender equality politics should revolve around solving inequality problems rather than dividing equally amongst the genders. The predominant political views of SD-Women in terms of mankind is to affirm the biological differences between genders. In SD-Kuriren it’s clear that women are less represented during the period that is analyzed. SD-Women is presented in a very specific way in SD-Kuriren, and often separated from the other contents of the newspaper. A type of ideal image of a Sweden Democrat women is offered where the social conservative idea of an ideal woman is constructed.The political topics that are discussed in the podcast Snedsteg are directly imported from the politics of Sweden Democrats themselves where only other Sweden Democrats are invited to the podcast. The discussed topics are often the larger societal issues like crime, immigration, family honor, health care and also the Sweden Democrats own alienation. These topics are saturated with the idea of Sweden being an insecure society under decay. This paper will also shed a light on the fact that SD-Women is not mentioned at all in SD-Kuriren until June 2011, even though they were in existence since October 2010.

This paper explores Ted Chiang's novella "Seventy-Two Letters" and the way in which it combines genres, scientific and historical ideas in an effort to examine topics about life and creation. The combinations result in an intriguing representation of a history which is then made different and where Chiang can creatively challenge past ideas. Research by Foucault and Gillian Beer yielded insight into how historic and scientific concepts from biology in the nineteenth century became a culture's dominant understanding of life. Lakoff and Johnson argue that concepts are metaphorical in nature and Chiang skillfully incorporates metaphors to examine the creative force of language in the story. Darwin's theory of evolution is used as a conceptual framework and incorporated with older and outdated theories like preformation and recapitulation to speculate about how life can be created. The resulting effect is a layered and complex story that engages the readers' critical awareness of fictional and factual worlds alike.

Thomas S. Kuhn claimed that the meanings of scientific terms change in theory changes or in scientific revolutions. In philosophy, meaning change has been taken as the source of a group of problems, such as untranslatability, incommensurability, and referential variance. For this reason, the majority of analytic philosophers have sought to deny that there can be meaning change by focusing on developing a theory of reference that would guarantee referential stability. A number of philosophers have also claimed that Kuhn’s view can be explained by the fact that he accepted and further developed many central tenets of logical empiricism. I maintain that the genesis of Kuhn’s meaning theorising lies in his historical approach and that his view of meaning change is justified. Later in his career he attempted to advance a theory of meaning and can be said to have had limited success in it. What is more, recent cognitive science has unexpectedly managed to shed light on Kuhn’s insights on the organisation of information in the mind, concept learning, and concept definition. Furthermore, although Kuhn’s critique of Putnam’s causal theory of reference has often been dismissed as irrelevant, he has a serious point to address. Kuhn thought that the causal theory that works so well with proper names cannot work with scientific terms. He held that conceptual categories are formed by similarity and dissimilarity relations; therefore, several features and not only one single property are needed for determination of extension. In addition, the causal theory requires universal substances as points of reference of scientific terms. Kuhn was a conceptualist, who held that universals do not exist as mind-independent entities and that mind-dependent family resemblance concepts serve the role of universals. Further, at the beginning of his career, Kuhn was interested in the question of what concepts or ideas are and how they change in their historical context. Although he did not develop his theorising on this issue, I demonstrate that this is a genuine problem in the philosophy of history. Finally, Kuhn argued that scientists cannot have access to truth in history because we cannot transcend our historical niche, and as a consequence, the truth of a belief cannot be a reason for theory choice. Instead of truth, we can rely on justification. I also discuss Kuhn’s idea that problem-solving is the main aim of science and show that this view can be incorporated into coherentist epistemology.

The present DPhil research attempts to develop an appropriate method for the historiography of ideas by taking into consideration cultural, linguistic and socio-political limitations and obstacles to free thinking in a predominantly closed society like Qajar Iran. By applying such a method the study then investigates the history of the idea of freedom in Iran during one of the most important periods in the evolution of this concept. The research method is grounded in a hermeneutical interpretation of Collingwood's logic of question and answer. It also employs MacCallum's meta-theoretical frame of analysis which states that freedom is always of something (an agent or agents), from something (conditions), to do something (actions). Using this methodological framework, the research shows how most locutions about freedom uttered in the last century of the Qajar period were formed within the horizon of the question of decline and were somehow related to remedy such situations. It then explores how late Qajar interpretations of the three variables of freedom manifest themselves in the socio-political life of early 20th century Iran. During the first constitutional period (August 1906-June 1908), the major concern of the first majlis was to establish the rule of law. In legislating the constitution and its supplement, the majority of the majlis believed that the main obstacle to freedom was arbitrary rule. Therefore, they endeavoured to restrain the government’s illegal and arbitrary interferences in the people's freedom. However, they did not develop a rational criterion for identifying legitimate and justifiable legal interferences. During the second constitutional period (July 1909– February 1921), the main concern of the second majlis was to restrain chaos and to strengthen the central government in order to put an end to domestic insecurity and foreign threats. To rectify such a situation, the majlis empowered the government to interfere even in the freedoms guaranteed by the constitution. As a result, the situation began to turn from chaos towards arbitrary rule. The research also argues that in most of their interpretations of the aim of freedom, constitutionalists considered an action permissible only if it was compatible with public interest as well as the material and spiritual progress of individuals and society. Theoretically, the aim of freedom could not have been the doing of an action that harmed another person or violated his/her freedom. Furthermore, 'the right to be wrong,' even if it harmed no one, was never defended. Nonetheless, in practice, freedom turned into chaos and licence in both the first and in the second constitutional periods. Finally, this study investigates how the Iranian pioneers of the freedom-seeking movement responded to the question of the eligibility of the agent of freedom, and the question of the equality of agents in having freedom. Iranian society was taking its first steps in experiencing the rule of law and had a long way to go to rectify its discriminatory culture and to establish equal rights. In such conditions, accepting a set of equal fundamental rights for all Iranians should be considered a great achievement for the constitutional movement.

Lektionssalen i skolämnet bild är bildsalen. Bildsalen är nära sammankopplad med själva bildämnets födelse och utveckling ur det som tidigare var teckningsämnet.          Teckningsämnet var under ett sekel ett inarbetat ämne i den svenska skolan. Läroplanen för grundskolan 1980, Lgr 80 innebar stora förändringar. Den fastslog att teckningsämnet skulle byta namn till bild och ta formen av ett mer allsidigt och kommunikativt bildämne.            Själva bildsalens anor härleds till slutet av 1800-talet men så som vi känner igen den idag är det i samband med den fysiska planering som tillkom under ”Det fria skapandets era” på 1950-talet som ställde stora krav på såväl variationer av teknik som redskap samt material.[1]                    För att upprätthålla bildsalarnas funktionalitet fanns fram till 1980-talet inspektörer anställda av bland annat Stockholms stad, vilka hade till uppgift att inspektera skolors bildsalar ifråga om bestånd och tillämpning. Sedan 1981 har ingen offentlig rekommendation utfärdats för hur en bildsal skall utformas.[2]  I min studie har jag valt att ta reda på vad en bildsal är för lärare och elever på de skolor jag har besökt. Det här mot bakgrund av att allt fler skolor bedriver sin bildundervisning utan en anpassad bildsal. Genom fältstudieinspirerade studier på fyra väldigt olika skolor med klassrumsobservation genomförde jag studier med fokus på bildsal-och redskapsanvändning. Besöken avslutades med att lärare såväl som elever fick fylla i enkäter om redskapens och bildsalens roll. I min studie har jag använt mig av läroplansteorins diskussioner om hur en nationell läroplan realiseras i praktiken.[3] Läroplanens förverkligande kräver en fysisk planering för att den skall kunna genomföras. Bildämnet är nära förbundet med sina material och sina redskap. Jag har bland annat använt mig av tidigare års examensarbeten från Konstfacks bildlärarutbildning som grund för min egen studie. De har båda studerat förändringar inom själva bildlärarutbildningen sedan slutet av 60-talet. Fokus har de lagt på olika saker men båda kommit fram till att utvecklingen av bildlärarutbildningen har gått mot en mer teoretiskt betonad utbildning, samtidigt som de nämner att lektionsuppläggen inom ämnet bild inte ändrats nämnvärt ute på skolorna.[4] Mitt huvudsakliga resultat är att bildsalen är en plats planerad för skolämnet bild. Lärare såväl som elever förväntar sig att bildsalen skall vara [1] Pettersson, S. & Åsén, G (1989) Bildundervisningen och det pedagogiska rummet. Stockholm: HLS Förlag. [2] Skolöverstyrelsen (1981). Bildlokaler för grundskolan: ett servicematerial. [3] Hanses, E. En konservativ massaker på bildämnet. Konstfack, Institutionen för bildpedagogik. 2016. [4] Nordin, M. Teckningsrevolt. Konstfack, Institutionen för bild och slöjdpedagogik. 2018.

A dissertação propõe uma análise comparativa entre os discursos de formação nacional e a antropofagia. Os exemplos privilegiados de análise são respectivamente: a obra de An-tonio Candido A formação da literatura brasileira (1959) e a tese de Oswald de Andrade A crise da filosofia messiânica.(1950). A pesquisa enfatiza os anos posteriores a 1950, os quais correspondem ao período em que Oswald de Andrade retoma o conceito de antro-pofagia, cunhado primeiramente no Manifesto Antropófago (1928) como vanguarda mo-dernista. Este período coincide também com a consolidação da instituição universitária no país. Busca-se, portanto, entender a relação entre aqueles dois discursos dentro da uni-versidade, tendo como contexto a vida universitária em São Paulo nos anos 1950 até me-ados dos anos 1970. / This dissertation proposes a comparative analysis between national formation speeches and anthropophagy. The privileged examples of analysis are respectively: Antonio Can-dido\'s book \"A formação da literatura brasileira\" (1959) and Oswald de Andrade\'s thesis \"A crise da filosofia messiânica\" (1950). This research emphasizes the following years after the 1950\'s, corresponding to the period in which Oswald de Andrade revalues the concept of anthropophagy, first mentioned in \"Manifesto Antropófago\" (1928) as a mo-dernist vanguard. This period also coincides with the consolidation of universitary insti-tutions in the country. Therefore, there is a search to understand the relation between those two speeches within the university, inside the context of the universitary life in São Paulo from the 1950\'s to mid-1970\'s.

L’étude porte sur la notion grecque de κρίσις, alors que les études antiques ont souvent recours à une notion moderne de la crise. L’épopée, la Collection hippocratique et les dialogues de Platon forment le corpus. Les analyses de κρίσις issues de recherches déjà menées sur ces textes étaient très disparates. Il a été possible de résorber une partie de ces différences et de définir une notion générale de la κρίσις, par des enquêtes lexicales exhaustives. La κρίσις apparaît alors comme une action qui achève un conflit et permet, entre deux états ou conditions considérés comme opposés, une disjonction, subite accélération du cours des événements qui résout les affres de l’attente. La séparation et la décision assurent le passage du péril à un élan vital nouveau : la κρίσις permet la γένεσις. Ces traits de la notion, apparus dès l’épopée, où le mot désigne différentes décisions à la puissance génératrice et salvatrice soudaine, se retrouvent dans la « crise » médicale, guérison souvent subite, bien que prévisible en partie par l’art du pronostic, qui assure la reconstitution de l’équilibre de santé. La κρίσις platonicienne, jugement ou discernement, permet différents passages (de l’obscur au lumineux, de l’impur au pur, du malsain au sain), mais aussi, plus généralement, la régénération de l’âme. Elle restaure la fécondité de la pensée, conduit à une réincarnation sous une forme meilleure, et ordonne la recomposition de la vie bonne à partir d’éléments triés (Philèbe). En tant qu’instant qui décide d’une renaissance, point culminant de l’effort philosophique, la κρίσις voit aussi sa puissance libératrice dramatisée dans le dialogue. / My research is devoted to the Greek notion of κρίσις whereas classical studies usually favour the modern notion of crisis. It focuses on the Epic, the Hippocratic Corpus and Plato’s dialogues. The existing research on κρίσις has led to extremely varied results. My work offerts to reunite these differences in order to define a more general notion of κρίσις, thanks to a comprehensive lexical analysis. The κρίσις seems to be an act which puts an end to a conflict, thus enabling a breach between two opposite states. Time suddenly speeds, and the long torment resolves. Thanks to selection and decision making, danger gives way to a new life force: κρίσις enables γένεσις. These characteristics can already be found in the Epic where κρίσις refers to various decisions suddenly bringing generation and salvation. The medical notion of crisis is also a sudden recovery even though it can partially be predicted by prognosis, which brings health and balance back. The platonic κρίσις, which is akin to judging or discerning something, allows various changes (from darkness to light, from impurity to purity, from sickness to health) and ultimately enables the soul to regenerate. Fertility of the thought is restored; the soul can be reincarnated in a better shape or life reassembled with carefully selected elements (Philebus). As a turning point for a possible rebirth, as the climax of philosophical endeavours, the liberating power of the κρίσις has also often been dramatized in dialogues.