Objetivo. Adaptar e testar um sistema de vigilância de fatores de risco relacionados à prática de atividade física e sedentarismo para doenças crônicas não transmissíveis (DCNT) em uma área de atuação do Programa de Saúde da Família (PSF) no município de São Paulo. Material e métodos. Foi realizado um inquérito domiciliar em 1.805 adultos residentes em domicílios cadastrados no PSF da área de abrangência da unidade básica de saúde (UBS) Jardim Jaraguá no Município de São Paulo. O questionário utilizado foi adaptado do instrumento empregado nas entrevistas do sistema VIGITEL. Os indicadores desse sistema sobre prática de atividade física e sedentarismo foram analisados segundo gênero, faixa etária e escolaridade dos indivíduos. A reprodutibilidade dos indicadores foi avaliada comparando-se resultados obtidos na entrevista original e de outra entrevista repetida após período de 7 a 15 dias, em uma subamostra de 101 indivíduos (pelo cálculo de coeficientes kappa). Resultados. Atividades físicas no lazer, no deslocamento e na ocupação foram mais freqüentes em homens enquanto a atividade física em tarefas domésticas foi mais freqüente em mulheres. A condição de completa inatividade física foi mais freqüente em homens. Associação positiva entre escolaridade e atividade física foi encontrada, no sexo masculino, apenas para atividade no lazer e, no sexo feminino, para inatividade física. Associação inversa entre escolaridade e inatividade física foi observada no sexo masculino enquanto para o sexo feminino, houve associação inversa entre escolaridade e atividade física no ambiente doméstico. O sistema proposto reuniu características potenciais de simplicidade, rapidez, baixo custo e boa fidedignidade, revelando boa reprodutibilidade dos indicadores estudados uma vez que os mesmos apresentaram valores de coeficiente kappa com concordância moderada a substancial. Conclusões. Os resultados desse estudo demonstraram a viabilidade de práticas de vigilância relacionadas ao PSF. Ainda, os dados gerados pelo estudo apontaram alto nível de inadequação da prática de atividade física na população estudada destacando a necessidade de práticas de vigilância voltadas grupos populacionais específicos / Objective. To adapt and test a surveillance system of risk factors related to physical activity and inactivity to chronic non-communicable diseases (NCDs) in an area of operation of the Family Health Program (FHP) in the municipality of São Paulo. Material and methods. We conducted a household survey in 1,805 adults living in households enrolled in the PSF area covered by the basic health unit (BHU) Jardim Jaraguá in São Paulo. The questionnaire used was adapted from the instrument employed in the interviews of VIGITEL system. The indicators of this system on physical activity and inactivity were analyzed according to gender, age and education of individuals. The reproducibility of the indicators was assessed by comparing the results obtained in the original interview and in another interview repeated after a period of 7 to 15 days in a subsample of 101 individuals (by calculating kappa coefficients). Results: Physical activity during leisure, transportation and occupation were more frequent in men as physical activity in housework was more frequent in women. The condition of complete physical inactivity was more common in men. Positive association between education and physical activity was found in males for activity at leisure and in females for physical inactivity. Inverse association between education and physical inactivity was observed among males. There was an inverse association between education and physical activity at home among females. The proposed system met a potentially simple, rapid, low cost and good reliability, with good reproducibility of the indicators studied since they had values of kappa coefficient with moderate to substantial agreement. Conclusions. The results of this study demonstrate the feasibility of surveillance practices related to the FHP. Still, the data generated by the study showed high level of inadequate physical activity in this population highlights the need for surveillance practices aimed at specific population groups

Einen Einblick in die Genealogie der Hausfrau gewährt ein Ratgeber aus der Spätaufklärung, der sich als erste deutsche Ökonomik ausschließlich an Frauen richtet: Die Hausmutter in allen ihren Geschäfften von Christian Friedrich Germershausen, einem brandenburgischen Landgeistlichen. Das um 1780 veröffentlichte Werk umfasst fünf Bände à ca. 900 Seiten praktischen Wissens über das Führen eines Gutsbetriebes. Es befindet sich auf der Schnittstelle zwischen traditioneller Hausväterliteratur und der Haushaltsliteratur des 19. Jahrhunderts. Der Autor gehörte der Ökonomischen Aufklärung an, einer Bewegung, die sich für Agrarreformen einsetzte. Die historische Forschung hat bisher die Rolle von Frauen in der Ökonomischen Aufklärung vernachlässigt, Germershausens Hausmutter ist jedoch eine wichtige Figur in der Vermittlung dieses Wissens. Ebenso wichtig ist ihre Aufgabe, die soziale Hierarchie des Hauses herzustellen: Der eigene Stand wird mithilfe des Essens verortet. Bei Gastessen darf weder geprotzt werden, noch darf die Hausmutter zu geizig sein, während das Gesinde auf keinen Fall zu gutes Essen bekommen darf. Die geforderte Sparsamkeit wird so zu einer Gratwanderung und setzt schließlich nicht mehr nur beim Gesinde, sondern auch bei der Hausmutter selbst an. Die bürgerliche Ehefrau hat in der Folge im Laufe des 19. Jahrhunderts als Laie und unbezahlt immer mehr Aufgaben übernommen. Diese Entwicklung fängt mit dem spätaufklärerischen idealisierten Mutterbild an, das sich auch im letzten Band der Hausmutter finden lässt. In den ersten vier Bänden adressiert Germershausen seine Leserin als kompetente Betriebsleiterin. Dieser Tonfall ändert sich im letzten Band, in dem es um Schwangerschaft, Mutterschaft und die Erziehung der Töchter geht. Der Autor vollzieht hier einen Strategiewechsel in der Propagierung seines Hausmutterideals: vom gesellschaftlichen Druckmittel der Fremdbestimmung zur Selbstdisziplinierung und Affektbeherrschung durch schlechtes Gewissen. / In order to understand the concept of the housewife, I took a look at an advice book from the late Enlightenment, the first German household book that addressed exclusively women: Die Hausmutter in allen ihren Geschäfften (The Complete Guide to the activities of the Mistress of the Household) by Christian Friedrich Germershausen, a rural pastor. It was published around 1780, and consisted of five volumes à ca. 900 pages of practical knowledge about how to run a rural estate. It marks a unique position between traditional Hausväterliteratur and household literature from the 19th century. The author belonged to a movement that tried to introduce agricultural reforms. Historical research looking into this ‚Economic Enlightenment‘ has so far neglected the role of women in it. Germershausen, nevertheless, regards the Hausmutter as an important figure in the process of communicating and realizing this knowledge. Equally important is her task to establish the social order in the house: the status in feudal society is defined with the help of food. Having guests for dinner, she is supposed to find the right balance between decadence and parsimony. The servants mustn’t be served food the author regards as too good for them. Eventually, the requested thriftiness doesn’t only concern the servants, but also the Hausmutter herself. During the 19th century, the bourgeois housewife, layperson and unpaid, consequently takes over more and more tasks. This development started with motherhood being idealized in the late Enlightenment, apparent in the last volume of the Hausmutter. While Germershausen still addresses his reader as competent manager in the first four volumes, his tone changes in the last volume, as the subject turns to pregnancy, motherhood, and the upbringing of daughters. The author changes his strategy propagating his ideal of the Hausmutter: from societal pressure of heteronomy to self-discipline and control of affects by means of a guilty conscience.

In der vorliegenden Arbeit werden die Lebensweise von Alleinstehenden sowie ihre Selbstinterpretationen und ihre Argumentationen zu ihrer Lebensform untersucht und beschrieben. Mein Vorhaben ist eine vergleichende Beschreibung und Analyse der Lebensform Single in Berlin und Budapest. Es wird ein besonderer Schwerpunkt auf jene biographischen Wendepunkte gelegt, die im Bezug auf die heutige Lebensform der Singles relevant sein könnten. In Ungarn kann keine scharfe Trennlinie zwischen weiblichem und männlichem Singleleben gezogen werden. Selbstverständlich unterscheidet sich die Erfahrung des Singledaseins zwischen beiden Geschlechtern. Doch die allgemeine familienfreundliche Einstellung der Ungarn, und die Tatsache, dass Singles ihre gegenwärtige Lebensform meistens wohl als eine Übergangsphase ansehen, denn sie streben zweifellos nach Familiengründung, machen ungarische Singlefrauen und Singlemänner eher ähnlich als unterschiedlich. In Deutschland scheinen Geschlechterunterschiede im Erfahren des Alleinseins wiederum nicht relevant zu sein. Die partnerschaftliche Orientierung hat allem Anschein nach ihre Kraft nicht verloren und die Liebe, die Partnerschaft, bleibt nach wie vor ein lebensführendes Prinzip. Nichtsdestotrotz zeigen die Statistiken, dass ein bedeutsamer Anteil von Frauen und Männern die Lebensform Single mit oder ohne Partner sowie weitere neue, weniger konventionelle Arrangements, wie die Partnerschaft in getrennten Haushalten, für sich als gewünschte Lebensformen bezeichnen, da sie einen breiten Raum für Individualität und Selbstverwirklichung bieten. / My paper examines the specific phases and turning points of the life course, which can influence the decision of young people to choose singleness as a way of life or become single by virtue of structural conditions. The research focuses on a group of young, urban singles from Berlin and Budapest. Singles are understood as those young adults at an age (30-40) typically devoted to family, living alone in their own household and having neither a durable partnership nor children. The population I studied is that of urban singles in their thirties from the upper social strata, having (at least) a university degree and being active in the labor market. The methodology used for this empirical research was conducting life course interviews, and based on this, working with the discourse analysis as a tool for analyzing narration. Experiencing a turning point is often perceived as an individual issue. However, there are some common features and types to be identified. I am not employing an individual perspective, but rather constructing typologies and inquiring about the common aspects of some important life occurrences, which to some extent explain the decision for singleness. Being single when one’s age cohort is building a family is not seen as a landmark or milestone, even less an achievement. Rather, in spite of its demographic growth, singleness is best understood as a hiatus or a period between turning points. Such turning points are: events in the family life in childhood, primarily divorce of the parents; degree of detachment from the parents; labour market entry and work arrangements; the experience of past partnerhip(s). Some of these occurrences are relevant for the way young people interpret personal autonomy and independence. Other factors, especially labor market uncertainties represent a structural reason eventually accounting for the status of single.

Ziele: In Entwicklungsländern wie Bangladesch ist das Privateinkommen für Landfrauen essentieller Bestandteil eines verbesserten Haushaltseinkommens. Hauptzweck der vorliegenden Arbeit ist die Verbesserung der Existenzgrundlage von Frauen in ländlichen Gebieten durch diverse einkommensgenerierende Aktivitäten (IGAs). Es wurde der Versuch unternommen, ihre derzeitige Situation kennen zu lernen, ihre derzeitigen Einkommensstrategien zu beurteilen, insbesondere die Wirkung von Aktivitäten der Nichtregierungsorganisationen abzuschätzen, das Haushaltseinkommen der Frauen und Einflussfaktoren darauf zu untersuchen ebenso wie Faktoren, die eine Beteiligung der Frauen an den IGA’s einschränken. Methodischer Ansatz: In der vorliegenden Studie wurden strukturierte und semi-strukturierte persönliche Interviews sowie ausgewählte Methoden des Participatory Pural Appraisal für die Datensammlung verwendet. Ergebnisse: Die Mehrheit der befragten Landfrauen gehört in die Klasse eines geringen bis mittleren Livelihood Status. Neben den ausgewählten unabhängigen Variablen, wurden weitere sieben Variablen mit signifikantem positiven Einfluss auf das Haushaltseinkommen identifiziert. Die Ergebnisse bezüglich der Einkommensstrategien der befragten Frauen zeigt, dass diese zwar in verschiedenen Einkommensaktivitäten involviert sind, jedoch ihr persönliches jährliches Einkommen der verschiedenen IGAs unerheblich ist. Die Wirkungsanalyse von IGAs auf das Einkommen der Frauen zeigt, dass 36% der Frauen ein höheres Einkommen von IGAs während der letzten drei Jahre zu verzeichnen haben (2006-2008). Der Zugang zu Mikrokrediten, Betriebsmittelversorgung, Markteinrichtungen, bessere Ziegenrassen und verbesserte Behandlung von Tieren führen zu einer Verbesserung des Einkommens. Die Constraint Analyse zeigt, dass insgesamt 74% der Landfrauen mittlere Behinderungen zur Teilnahme an IGAs angeben. Die Frauen haben dabei 17 Hinderungsgründe identifiziert. / Objective: In developing countries like Bangladesh, personal income of rural women is an essential precondition to enhancing household income, which improves the entitlement on basic necessities. The main purpose of this research project is to improve livelihood of rural women through involving them in different IGAs. An attempt has been made to know the present livelihood situation of rural women, to assess their income strategies, to examine the impact of NGO activity on women characteristics, to investigate household income of rural women and factors influencing it and to find out the existing constraints on participation in IGAs. Methodological approach: In this study, structured and semi-structured interview schedules as well as several tools of the participatory rural appraisal were used to obtain necessary information. Results and conclusion: The majority of the studied rural women have a low to middle level of livelihood status. Among the selected independent variables, seven variables have a significant positive influence on household income. The findings from income strategies of studied women indicated that they are involved in various income activities for earning but their personal annual income from various IGAs is not handsome. The impact analysis of IGAs on personal income of women shows that overall 36% women have increased income from IGAs during the last three years (2006-2008). Access to micro-credit, inputs, market facilities, supply of improve breeds of goat, and improved treatment facilities of livestock all lead to increased income. The constraints index (CI) analysis shows that overall 74% of the rural women faced medium constraints to participate in IGAs. Rural women identified a total of seventeen root causes hindering their participate in IGAs.

Recentemente, o mercado de sementes florestais têm se consolidado para atender demandas da restauração ecológica que são movidas por regulamentações. A produção de sementes se estabeleceu como um sistema de base comunitária e familiar com elevado potencial para promover um intrigante desafio, associar uso e conservação de ecossistemas com o desenvolvimento local. O presente estudo teve como objetivo geral avaliar a socioeconomia da produção de sementes florestais a partir das seguintes dimensões: (i) implicações das relações de cooperação no funcionamento da cadeia de valor; (ii) efeitos das técnicas de produção nos gargalos, inovações e custos financeiros; e (iii) impactos da participação no mercado de sementes nos meios de vida familiar. Para isso, a pesquisa envolveu como um estudo de caso a Rede de Sementes do Xingu na Amazônia brasileira. A coleta de dados foi conduzida por meio de observações participantes, entrevistas e oficinas com produtores de sementes de diferentes realidades socioculturais (indígenas, agricultores familiares e residentes urbanos) e técnicos que atuam na gestão da rede. O funcionamento da cadeia foi fortalecido pelas relações de cooperação entre os atores, principalmente em função do compartilhamento de valores. No entanto, os custos financeiros, a assistência técnica, a infraestrutura, os parâmetros técnicos e as legislações são os principais fatores que condicionam os processos da cadeia de sementes. Os atuais preços de comercialização das sementes seguem parâmetros empíricos que não dimensionam os reais custos de produção, demonstrando que os preços necessitam de reformulações. Por outro lado, as realidades socioculturais dos produtores exercem uma influencia direta nos sistemas de produção, o que promove a inovação de técnicas e tecnologias a partir de conhecimentos tradicionais e locais. Quanto à participação nos mercados, os grupos socioculturais estudados diferiram quanto às percepções sobre os impactos nos seus meios de vida familiar. As comunidades com algum grau prévio de organização foram mais susceptíveis ao fortalecimento do capital social, de tal forma que os grupos socioculturais menos integrados ao mercado apresentaram melhores resultados a partir da participação no mercado de sementes. / Recently, the markets of forest seeds have been established to meet demands for ecology restoration which are driven by regulations. The seeds production was design as a production system of the community and family groups with high potential to promote an intriguing challenge, associate ecosystem usage and conservation within local development. The overall purpose of the present study was to evaluate the socioeconomics of forest seeds production from the following dimensions: (i) implications of cooperation in the value chain operations; (ii) effects of production techniques in bottlenecks, innovations, and financial costs; and (iii) impacts of seed market participation in the household livelihoods. This research involved a case study of Xingu Seeds Network in the Brazilian Amazon. Data collection was conducted through participant observation, interviews and workshops with different sociocultural groups of seed producers (indigenous groups, urban residents and settler farmers) and staffs who manage the network. The value chain operation was strengthened by the relationship between the actors, mainly due to the common values between the actors. However, financial costs, technical assistance, infrastructure, technical parameters and laws are the main factors which constrain the seeds value chain. Current prices for seed marketing follow empirical parameters which do not measure the real production costs, which is requiring prices reformulation. On the other hand, the producers\' socio-cultural realities have influenced on production systems, which has lead into a promoting innovation of techniques and technologies by traditional and local knowledge. Regarding to market participation, the sociocultural groups showed different perceptions about impacts on their household livelihoods. Communities which are already organized are most likely to strengthen their social capital through participation, thus socio-cultural groups less integrated with the market achieved better livelihood outcomes through participation in the seed market.

Submitted by SBI Biblioteca Digital (sbi.bibliotecadigital@puc-campinas.edu.br) on 2018-05-09T13:04:20Z No. of bitstreams: 1 GUSTAVO IERVOLINO DE MORAIS.pdf: 4929600 bytes, checksum: 01e42f70e6b846ac7004d007a1459140 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2018-05-09T13:04:20Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 GUSTAVO IERVOLINO DE MORAIS.pdf: 4929600 bytes, checksum: 01e42f70e6b846ac7004d007a1459140 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2018-02-26 / Household appliances are not certified to be marketed in Brazil as regards emission aspects of electromagnetic disturbance, which may affect the functionalities of telecommunications systems, as well as the advancement of technologies, such as IoT (Internet of Things), being the WSN widely used within Iot, due to its flexibility and the low cost. This work evaluates the levels of electromagnetic disturbances generated by household appliances and how much these disturbances can affect the functioning of WSN. The work was divided in 3 stages and in all of them the Semi-Anechoic Chamber was used, being the first stage the evaluation of the electromagnetic disturbances of the household appliances, if they meet the normative requirements used in Europe, secondly a characterization of the WSN, being evaluated the RSSI and the PER, and finally the appliance with the highest interfering level was placed with the WSN to evaluate RSSI and PER. The results showed that the household appliances do not meet the normative limits and significantly affect the functioning of an WSN. / Os equipamentos eletrodom?sticos n?o possuem certifica??o para serem comercializados no Brasil quanto aos aspectos de emiss?o de perturba??o eletromagn?tica o que pode afetar as funcionalidades dos sistemas de telecomunica??es, bem como o avan?o de tecnologias, como por exemplo, o IoT (Internet das coisas), sendo a RSSF amplamente utilizada dentro de Iot, devido sua flexibilidade e o baixo custo. Este trabalho avalia os n?veis das perturba??es eletromagn?ticas geradas pelos equipamentos eletrodom?sticos e o quanto estas perturba??es podem afetar o funcionamento de RSSF. O trabalho foi dividido em 3 etapas e em todas elas foram utilizadas a C?mara Semi-anec?ica, sendo a primeira etapa a avalia??o das perturba??es eletromagn?ticas dos equipamentos eletrodom?sticos, se atendem aos requisitos normativos utilizados na Europa, em segundo uma caracteriza??o da RSSF, sendo avaliado a RSSI e a PER, e por ?ltimo o eletrodom?stico com maior n?vel interferente foi colocado junto a RSSF para avalia??o de RSSI e da PER. Os resultados obtidos demonstraram que os equipamentos eletrodom?sticos n?o atendem aos limites normativos e afetam significativamente o funcionamento de um RSSF.

Made available in DSpace on 2016-08-10T10:45:21Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 TELMA ALVES FERREIRA BRITO.pdf: 4008101 bytes, checksum: 5e42cc27eb664424f0e3ef70768b7cc4 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2009-09-28 / On this subjects, this work has had as a gol to diagnose the domestic solid residue issue in Vianópolis GO county, a study based on the housewife perception. The investigation has considered the garhage collect service, selective collecting and recycling. A fied research was made by applying a questionary using the proportional stratified sampling method in all urban area sector in Vianópolis. The production and destination of domestic solid residues have become one the biggest society challenges nowadays considering the increase of the generation and diversification of that. Because of it, the towns have been trying to find alternatives to the social enviorment impacts coming diminish from the domestic residues. Among all the alternatives, the recycliny has been, one of the best choices, for envolving the population action against the domestic solid waste. The results of it has shown how important is the house Wives management one the domestic solid residues, mainly on their action on the selective collecting development. / Este trabalho teve como objetivo fazer um diagnóstico da questão resíduo sólido doméstico no município de Vianópolis GO, um estudo baseado na percepção da dona de casa. A investigação considerou o manejo realizado pelas donas de casa, os serviços de coleta, disposição final prestados pela prefeitura e questões de termos como lixo, coleta seletiva e reciclagem. Foi realizada pesquisa de campo com aplicação de um questionário, utilizando o método de amostragem estratificado tipo proporcional em todos os setores da área urbana do Município de Vianópolis. A produção e destinação de resíduos sólidos domésticos têm se tornado um dos maiores desafios da sociedade atual, uma vez que a geração e diversificação dos resíduos vêm aumentando assustadoramente. Neste sentido, os municípios vêm buscando algumas alternativas para amenizar os impactos sócio-ambientais decorrentes da produção dos resíduos domésticos. Dentre as alternativas, a reciclagem vem se destacando, pois envolve a participação da população. Os resultados demostraram a importância de atuação da dona de casa na gestão dos resíduos sólidos domésticos, principalmente no que se refere a sua participação na implantação e desenvolvimento da coleta seletiva.

Submitted by Karen Britto (karenbritto@unipampa.edu.br) on 2018-05-22T12:53:56Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Vinicius Dalagostini Bidarte - 2018.pdf: 1471983 bytes, checksum: 1049f6daa5737dea5e41ceed588c0d25 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2018-05-22T12:53:56Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Vinicius Dalagostini Bidarte - 2018.pdf: 1471983 bytes, checksum: 1049f6daa5737dea5e41ceed588c0d25 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2018-03-21 / A elaboração deste estudo foi orientada pelo objetivo de investigar quem são os sujeitos que abandonaram funções remuneradas no mercado de trabalho para o exercício da profissão do lar, analisando as principais razões para tal atitude e suas implicações para as questões de gênero, domésticas e familiares. Metodologicamente, o estudo caracteriza-se como descritivoexploratório, de abordagem qualitativa, realizado utilizando o método história oral temática. Para a seleção dos sujeitos, utilizou-se a técnica bola de neve, sendo o cenário da investigação limitado, inicialmente, à cidade gaúcha de Santana do Livramento-Brasil. Os dados foram coletados por meio de entrevistas semiestruturadas realizadas com treze profissionais do lar, sendo nove mulheres e quatro homens, entre os meses de agosto e outubro de 2017, com duração média de 1h cada. Os dados foram examinados através da análise textual discursiva. Os resultados revelam que as razões pelas quais os entrevistados abandonaram permanente ou temporariamente o mercado de trabalho, classificadas em ordem de importância decrescente, foram: filhos pequenos, desemprego, familiar idoso e/ou doente, marido, aborrecimentos no emprego, mudança de cidade, sentimento de saudade da família, dupla jornada de trabalho e elevado custo de vida na capital. Essas razões se distinguem entre os entrevistados pela idade, pelas situações sociais e conjugais, pelo contexto econômico, pela escolaridade e pelas relações de trabalho. Ao desagregar as principais razões por imposição/escolha e por gênero, verificou-se o seguinte: mulheres (imposição: desemprego, marido; escolha: maternidade, filhos pequenos), homens (imposição: desemprego; escolha: mudança de cidade). Esses resultados revelam que os homens e as mulheres entrevistadas abandonaram o mercado de trabalho por razões completamente distintas, possuindo, apenas, como razão comum o desemprego. Constatou-se que os homens e as mulheres entrevistadas realizam os mesmos afazeres domésticos, no entanto, no âmbito doméstico e familiar, elas enfrentam dificuldade em compartilhar esses afazeres com seus maridos e/ou com seus filhos do sexo masculino. Os afazeres domésticos consomem muita energia e grande parte do tempo dos entrevistados, sendo maior para elas (4,6 horas diárias; 32,2 horas semanais) do que para eles (3,6 horas diárias; 25,2 horas semanais), e caracterizam-se pela fragmentação, multiplicidade e simultaneidade. Além do sexo, a cor, a escolaridade, o rendimento mensal familiar, o tipo de arranjo familiar, o número e a idade dos filhos e a presença de aparelhos eletrodomésticos constituem variáveis que impactam diretamente sobre a distribuição do tempo dedicado à realização de afazeres domésticos na esfera privada, revelando desigualdades de gênero. O trabalho doméstico é percebido pelos entrevistados, especialmente mulheres, como uma atividade não remunerada, invisível e desvalorizada na esfera privada, tanto pela família quanto pela sociedade. As razões para isso estão profundamente relacionadas com o papel da mulher fundamentado na sociedade patriarcal e com a noção de trabalho elaborada pelo sistema capitalista. É importante, e por isso se faz necessário, pensar em formas de valorizar o trabalho doméstico não remunerado na sociedade brasileira, sendo uma delas a contabilização dos afazeres domésticos no Produto Interno Bruto, por meio da construção de contas-satélites. Enquanto as pesquisas nacionais oficiais continuarem adotando uma visão de trabalho capitalista, o trabalho doméstico e quem o realiza, principalmente as mulheres, continuarão desvalorizados e invisíveis nas esferas privada e social. / The purpose of this study was to investigate who are the subjects who left paid jobs in the labor market in order to become household professionals, by analyzing the main reasons for such an attitude and its implications for gender, domestic and family issues. Methodologically, this study is characterized as descriptive-exploratory, with a qualitative approach, and it is carried out by using the thematic oral history method. In order to select its subjects, this study used the snowball sampling, and the research scenario was initially limited to the city of Santana do Livramento, Brazil. Data were collected between the months of August and October 2017, through semi-structured interviews, with an average duration of 1 hour each, carried out with thirteen household professionals, of whom nine were women, and four were men. Data were examined through discursive textual analysis. Classified in order of decreasing importance, the results reveal that the reasons why the interviewees abandoned permanently or temporarily the labor market were: small children, unemployment, elderly and/or ill relative, husband, job hassle, city changing, the feeling of homesickness, doubled working hours and the high cost of living in the capital. These reasons differ among the interviewees by age, by social and marital situations, by the economic context, by levels of education and by the working relationships. By disaggregating the main reasons as imposition/choice and by gender, the following information were observed: women (imposition: unemployment, husband; choice: maternity, small children), men (imposition: unemployment; choice: city change). These results reveal that the men and women interviewed left the labor market because of completely different reasons – only having unemployment as a common feature. It was found that the men and the women interviewed execute the same household chores, however, in the domestic and familiar spheres, them (the women) face more difficulties in sharing these chores with their husbands and/or with their male children. Household chores consume a great deal energy and a great part of the time of the interviewees – being greater for the women (4.6 hours a day, 32.2 hours a week) than for the men (3.6 hours a day, 25.2 hours a week) and are characterized by fragmentation, multiplicity and simultaneity. Beyond the gender, color, level of education, the family monthly income, the family type of arrangement, the age and the number of children and the presence of household appliances consist in variables that directly affect the distribution of time dedicated to do the household chores in the private sphere, revealing gender inequalities. Domestic work is perceived, by the interviewees, especially the women, as an unpaid, invisible and devalued activity of the private sphere, both by their families and by society. The reasons for this situation are deeply related to the role played by the woman, which is based on a patriarchal society and on the notion of work elaborated by the capitalist system. It is important, therefore, to think about ways of valuing the unpaid household chores in the Brazilian society, one of which is the accounting of domestic chores in the Gross Domestic Product (GDP) through the construction of satellite accounts. As long as official national research continues to adopt a capitalist vision of work, the domestic work, and whoever does it, especially women, will remain devalued and invisible in the private and in the social spheres.

O quilombo de Pedro Cubas situa-se, juntamente com a maioria das comunidades remanescentes paulistas, na região do Vale do Ribeira. Incentivos financeiros por parte do governo estadual na região e a valorização das terras a partir de meados do século XX criaram um ambiente de tensão e ameaça ao modo de vida dessa população, a qual existe desde a primeira metade do século XIX. Durante as décadas de 1990 e 2000, diversas dessas comunidades foram finalmente reconhecidas e tituladas com base na Constituição de 1988, a qual assegura aos quilombos a posse coletiva de suas terras centenárias. Diversas pesquisas antropológicas e ecológicas foram executadas no Médio Ribeira em parceria com as comunidades quilombolas da região, muitas delas contribuindo para os processos reivindicatórios dessas populações. No entanto, nenhuma destas pesquisas teve por enfoque a materialidade dessas populações. Inspirado nos pressupostos teóricos da Arqueologia Histórica, Ecologia Histórica e Arqueologia da Paisagem, esta dissertação de mestrado tem como objetivo a identificação de antigas áreas residenciais, com ênfase na utilização de vestígios arbóreos típicos dos padrões de assentamento locais. Com base principalmente em entrevistas e visitas guiadas à áreas antigamente habitadas, uma correlação clara entre determinadas espécies de árvores frutíferas e antigas habitações foi estabelecida. Por fim, espera-se também que essa dissertação venha a contribuir para o crescimento recente dos estudos arqueológicos em comunidades quilombolas e rurais em geral. / The maroon of Pedro Cubas is located, as the majority of the other paulista communities, at the Ribeira Valley region. State government financial incentives and land valorization by the second half of the XXth century created an environment of tension and a threat to this population\'s way of life, which exists since the end of the XIXth century. During 1990 and 2000 decades several of these communities were finally recognized and conceived collective land titles based on 1988\'s Constitution, which assures the maroons the rights to their centennial lands. Many anthropological and ecological researches were made at the Middle Ribeira Valley in partnership with the region\'s maroon communities, contributing to their reivindication processes. However none of these researches emphasized the materiality of these populations. Inspired on Historical Archaeology, Historical Ecology and Landscape Archaeology theoretical assumptions, this master\'s thesis has as its objective the identification of former residential areas with emphasis on the use of typical arboreal vestiges from local settlement patterns. Based mainly on interviews and guided visits to formerly inhabited areas, a clear correlation between determined tree species and ancient inhabited areas was established. Finally it is also hoped that this master\'s thesis contribute to the recent growing of archaeological studies on maroon and rural communities in general.

Este trabalho aborda a relação do móvel seriado e componível, para fins residenciais no Brasil, com as novas habitações destinadas à população de baixa renda. O enfoque do estudo centra-se na pesquisa dos principais aspectos dos processos atuais do mobiliário no tocante a sua produção, comercialização, montagem e uso, junto às figuras intervenientes - o usuário, o fabricante, o comerciante e o montador. Seus resultados são confrontados com o padrão das moradias produzidas atualmente para esta classe social, cujo modelo referencial majoritário é refletido pelas habitações geradas pelo programa \'Minha Casa Minha Vida\' do governo federal, na busca de proposições e recomendações, no âmbito do mobiliário, que melhor integrem ambos os sistemas. / This work brings into focus the relationship between the mass production of modular furniture for residential purposes in Brazil and new housing programs for the low income class. The core of the study emphasizes the research of the main aspects of the current furniture processes regarding its production, marketing, assembly and use, with the agents of the chain - the costumer, the manufacturer, the dealer and the assembler. The results are compared with the standard of houses currently produced for that social class, which major reference model is the houses of the program \"My Home My Life\" (\"Minha Casa Minha Vida) sponsored by the federal government, aiming to search proposals and recommendations, under the furniture scope, which can better integrate both systems - furniture and housing industries.