The Social Democrats in Denmark and Sweden have dominated the socio-politicalspectrum for decades with a discourse based on the principles of solidarity, equality andfreedom. Since the migrant crisis hit the European Union in 2015, these parties havestrengthened their discourse towards migration and migrant incorporation concerningtheir access to the welfare system. The use of identity for theory, together with thevariables of national identity, the rise of far-right parties, the troublesome fitting ofnational identity and the EU and the economic revision will be analysed in this thesis. Byusing an ideal type analysis for a method, this thesis will explore the shift in the discoursefrom the Social Democrats by looking at their political programs before and after themigrant crisis to find out the changes Third Country Nationals have these days whenaccessing the system and try to obtain social benefits.

The field of algebraic tropical geometry establishes a deep connection between algebraic geometry and combinatorics by associating to certain classical algebraic varieties so called tropical varieties, which are polyhedral complexes in some real vectorspaces. Tropical varieties are closely related to the Groebner complexes of the ideal defining the classical variety. In this thesis the tropical variety of an ideal is studied under a generic change of coodinates. Analogously to the existence of generic initial ideals the existence of generic Groebner complexes and generic tropical varieties is proved. Moreover, it is shown that in the constant coefficient case information on the invariants dimension, Hilbert-Samuel multiplicity and depth of the corresponding coordinate rings can be obtained from generic tropical varieties.

Thesis advisor: David M. Rasmussen / This dissertation defines and defends the concept of ‘criminal oppression.’ Criminal oppression occurs when people are excluded from full participation in important social and political institutions because they are perceived to have violated certain community norms. Oppression is primarily a structural phenomenon, in which practices of formal and informal institutions unjustly harm people based on group membership. In structural oppression, there is rarely an individual who can be said to be responsible for the oppression, but I argue that at times, individuals may also be agents of oppression when they create, perpetuate, or exacerbate structural oppression. Applying this theory of oppression, the criminal justice system in the United States is an oppressive structure that unjustly harms those considered to be ‘criminals’ through a variety of practices. There are three categories of unjust practices: policing, adjudication and punishment, and collateral effects of arrest and conviction. These three categories of practices create the social group ‘criminals’ by subjecting certain people to these kinds of treatments. I use the word ‘criminal’ to describe those who are treated as criminals by police, the courts, and even private individuals like employers. To be a ‘criminal,’ it is not necessary that one has committed a crime or been convicted of a crime. Racial and criminal oppression deeply related historically and conceptually. Nevertheless, they are distinct kinds of oppression. In the United States, those who are not racially oppressed but are ‘criminals’ face many of the same unjust obstacles as those who are racially oppressed in addition to being ‘criminals.’ Some may argue that ‘criminals’ duly convicted of crimes deserve to be socially and politically excluded. But, I argue that the criminal justice system is not properly conceived of as an apolitical institution that can assess moral blameworthiness. Nor should it be able to offer punishments that amount to social and political exclusion. Instead, the criminal justice system is one political institution amongst many, and it ought to be governed by the same principles of liberty and equality that govern other political institutions. Criminal law’s proper function is to facilitate government as a system social cooperation. Therefore, it ought to respond to criminal acts with actions designed to promote inclusion rather than exclusion. Moreover, even if someone has committed a crime, that does not mean that they ought to be subject to violence or permanent second-class status. Finally, I address specific, feminism-driven arguments for using the criminal justice system to fight violence against women. Some feminists argue that the expressivist function of punishment—the ability of punishment to express disapproval and disavowal—makes it a perfect tool for fighting the normalization of violence against women. The problem, they contend, is that this violence is under-punished in the United States, and the solution to ending violence against women is to increase prosecutions and advocate for harsher punishments because punishment will change the social norms and make violence against women rarer. To this, I argue that those who create laws or mete out punishments do not have control over the social meaning of punishment with precision. The historical and present-day oppressive features of criminal law and punishment interfere with the ability of prosecution and punishment to condemn certain types of acts without also condemning people. Thus, feminists who try to use the criminal justice system to fight gender-based violence will find it to be ineffective and potentially harmful to the already oppressed group of ‘criminals.” Chapter 1argues that ‘criminals’ are oppressed using a structural model of oppression that focuses on how collections of institutional policies and practices can create and maintain unjust power relations between groups of people. I will also use an externalist theory of group identity to argue that being arrested or convicted of a crime is not necessary or sufficient for membership in the social group ‘criminal.’ Chapter 2 explains the relationship between racial oppression and the oppression of ‘criminals,’ noting the historical development of the modern prison system. Chapter 3 argues that the proper role of criminal law is to support systems of social cooperation, not to punish pre-political wrongs. I will suggest that criminal law is in essence part of the social contract, not a separate sphere of justice to which distinctive, retributive principles apply. Instead, the criminal law cannot determine moral blameworthiness and is only justified in sanctioning rule violations for the sake of supporting social cooperation in a society whose institutions are worth supporting. In Chapter 4, I propose a feminist, expressivist defense of the use of prosecution and harsh punishment as a response to rape and domestic violence that takes the structural nature of violence against women into account. Chapter 5, however, demonstrates why even this theory cannot justify incarceration in the non-ideal sphere because of the oppressive history and practice of the American criminal justice system. / Thesis (PhD) — Boston College, 2020. / Submitted to: Boston College. Graduate School of Arts and Sciences. / Discipline: Philosophy.

A partir d'une pratique clinique auprès de mineurs suivis dans un cadre judiciaire pénal, nous avons choisi d'aborder les problématiques de transgressions délictuelles à l’adolescence sous un angle interprétatif un peu décalé par rapport à celui, plus habituel, d'un défaut de régulation du Surmoi, en nous intéressant aux articulations dynamiques et topiques de celui-ci avec les instances idéales que sont le Moi-idéal et l'Idéal du Moi. Il apparaît pertinent de distinguer ces deux concepts, l’un étant le substitut du narcissisme primaire, constitué de fantasmes d’autarcie, d’omnipotence et de satisfaction absolue, l’autre étant l’héritier du complexe d’œdipe, fondé à travers l’élaboration du complexe de castration, et nourri des identifications aux objets parentaux idéalisés. Le Moi-idéal engage des mouvements de régression narcissique et apparaît comme un antagoniste du Surmoi, alors que l’Idéal du Moi soutient la maturation du Moi et, dans un développement normal, est amené à s’intriquer progressivement avec le Surmoi jusqu’à former un système Surmoi-idéal. Le Moi-idéal est le substitut du narcissisme primaire à partir de la reconnaissance de l’objet. L’Idéal du Moi peut être considéré comme le substitut du Moi-idéal dont il reprend les aspirations mais en se soumettant aux limites du désir que constituent l’épreuve de réalité, le sentiment de culpabilité et la castration symbolique. Nous soutenons avec d’autres auteurs que si l’Idéal du Moi s’ébauche au décours du complexe d’œdipe, il ne se structure véritablement qu’au cours du processus d’adolescence. Sa structuration s’étaye sur l’axe des relations d’objet isogénériques, c’est-à-dire concernant le parent du même sexe puis ses substituts, et ce à deux niveaux : à un niveau dyadique de relation, non ambivalente, et à un niveau triadique, ambivalent et œdipien. L’Idéal du Moi peut être considéré comme l’aboutissement de l’élaboration du complexe d’œdipe négatif, élaboration qui ne se réalise véritablement qu’à l’adolescence. L’étude clinique d’adolescents auteurs de transgressions délictuelles, sur un registre sexuel et/ou agressif, met en évidence l’existence de perturbations psychiques liées à des traumatismes et à des dysfonctionnements familiaux durant l'enfance de ces sujets, perturbations renforcées par le processus d’adolescence lui-même. L’articulation dynamique et topique entre instances en est atteinte. On peut ainsi repérer dans la séquence qui entoure le délit une alternance, plus ou moins radicale selon les cas, entre sentiment de triomphe et effondrement narcissique, signant respectivement les effets du Moi-idéal et du Surmoi archaïque. L’hypothèse centrale est que l’émergence d’actes délictuels n’est pas le signe d’une faiblesse du Surmoi, celui-ci apparaissant au contraire très actif aussi bien dans des registres de fonctionnement névrotique que limite ; l’apparente inefficience du Surmoi apparaît plutôt comme le résultat d’isolations, voire de clivages à l’intérieur du système Surmoi-idéal, et/ou d’une intensification du mouvement d’identification au Moi-idéal, mouvements défensifs qui érodent les effets interdicteurs du Surmoi. Ces mouvements défensifs peuvent être rangés sous ce que nous nommons une position perverse, investie régressivement ou révélant une inélaboration de la position dépressive et de la triangulation œdipienne. / From a clinical practice with adolescents followed in a criminal justice context, we have chosen to address the issues of tort transgressions in adolescence as an interpretive angle slightly offset from the more usual, a lack of regulation of the superego, interesting ourself to dynamic and topical thereof joints with ideal agencies that are the ideal ego and the ego ideal. It seems appropriate to distinguish these two concepts, one being the replacement of primary narcissism, made fantasies of self-sufficiency, all-powerfullness and absolute satisfaction, the other being the heir to the Oedipus complex, founded through the development of the castration complex, and fed by identifications with idealized parental objects. The ideal ego undertakes narcissistic movements of regression and appears as an antagonist of the superego, while the ego ideal supports the maturation of the ego, and in normal development, is gradually brought to entangle with the superego up form a super-ego - ideal system. The ideal ego is the substitute of primary narcissism from the recognition of the object. The ego ideal can be considered as a substitute for the ideal ego, which it takes aspirations, but by submitting to the limits of desire that is the reality-testing, guilt and symbolic castration. We support with other authors that if the ego ideal to draft the waning of the Oedipus complex, it is really structured during the process of adolescence. Its structure supports on the axis of homosexual object-relationship, that is to say on the same-sex parent and its substitutes, and at two levels : a dyadic relationship level, not ambivalent, and a triadic level, ambivalent and oedipal. The ego ideal can be seen as the culmination of the development of the negative Oedipus complex, development that truly realizes during adolescence. The clinical study of young perpetrators of transgressions tort on a sexual and / or aggressive registry, highlights the existence of psychic disturbances associated with traumas and family dysfunctions during the childhood of these subjects, enhanced by disturbances caused by adolescence process itself. The dynamic and topical relationship between agencies is reached. We can thus identify the sequence surrounding the offense alternating, more or less radical, as appropriate, between the feeling of triumph and a narcissistic collapse, signing respectively the effects of ideal ego and archaic superego. The central hypothesis is that the emergence of torts is not a sign of weakness of the superego, it contrary appears very active both in the neurotic than limit functionnings, the apparent inefficiency of superego appears rather as the result of insulation, and even splittings inside the superego - ideal system, and / or intensification of identification with the ideal ego, defensive moves that erode prohibiting effects of the superego. These defensive moves can be stored in what we call a perverse position, invested regressively or revealing a non-elaboration of the depressive position and the oedipal triangulation.

Syftet med denna uppsats är att undersöka hur lärare upplever att elever påverkas av normeroch ideal om kroppen och hur lärare arbetar med detta i sin undervisning. Utifrån uppsatsenssyfte formulerades tre olika frågeställningar: 1) Vad är lärarens erfarenheter och upplevelserrelaterat till normer om kroppen hos elever? 2) Hur arbetar läraren med frågor om normer ochideal om kroppen? Och 3) Hur kan lärarnas erfarenheter och sätt att arbeta förstås i relationtill tidigare forskning på området? Den empiriska datan samlades in genom semistrukturerade intervjuer med lågstadielärare och analyserade utifrån tidigare forskning omnormer och ideal om kroppen, didaktiska teorier, skolperspektivet samt forskning om socialamedier.Resultatet visade att samtliga respondenter har erfarenheter och upplevelser om att normeroch ideal om kroppen har en viss påverkan på de yngre eleverna i skolan, och att detta framförallt blir synligt i årskurs 3. Lärarna upplever att normer och ideal om kroppen påverkareleverna negativt. Resultatet visar även att respondenterna arbetar med normer och ideal omkroppen i sin undervisning där de behandlar inkludering och allas lika värde. Enligtrespondenterna passar denna typ av undervisning bäst inom SO-ämnet. Lärarnas erfarenheteroch upplevelser överensstämmer till en hög grad med tidigare forskning på detta område, menvissa skillnader iakttogs.

I takt med den ökade digitaliseringen i samhället har sociala medier blivit en allt större del av människors vardag. Att exponeras för det rådande kroppsidealet är idag enklare än någonsin, vilket särskilt anses påverka unga kvinnor och deras förhållande till sina kroppar. Syftet med denna kunskapsöversikt var att sammanställa tidigare forskning kring ämnet för att belysa hur kroppsidealet på sociala medier porträtterades för unga kvinnor och hur det påverkade deras kroppsuppfattning, för att vidare identifiera skyddsfaktorer i deras användning av sociala medier. Resultatet indikerade på att redigering av bilder, publicering av selfies och en konstant jämförelse med andra bidrog till ett större kroppsmissnöje i strävan efter att nå ett smalhetsideal som många gånger är svåruppnåeligt. En medvetenhet om verkligheten som finns bakom den perfekta ytan kunde enligt unga kvinnor verka som en skyddsfaktor för att erhålla en positiv kroppsuppfattning. Vidare ansågs djupare kunskap kring ämnet genom utbildning vara ytterligare en skyddsfaktor för att belysa den problematik som kroppsidealet på sociala medier medför i unga kvinnors vardag. / Due to the increasing digitalisation in society, social media has become a huge part of people’s everyday lives. Being exposed to the prevailing body ideal is easier today than ever, which is especially considered to affect young women and their relationship to their bodies. The purpose of this literature study was to, through a compilation of previous research on the subject, shed a light on how the body ideal on social media is portrayed for young women and furthermore how it affected their body perception, in order to identify protective factors that counteract this. The results indicated that editing photos, publishing selfies and a social comparison with others contributed to a greater body dissatisfaction in the quest to reach an often unrealistic thinideal. According to young women, an awareness of the reality behind the perfect surface was a major contribution to obtaining a positive body image. Disseminating knowledge about the subject through education was thus considered to be beneficial in order to describe the problems that the body ideal on social media entailed in young women’s everyday lives.

The thesis is focused on the theory of special lattices that are important in cryptography, namely ideal, cyclic and NTRU lattices. Specifically, we expand and generalise the work of Ding and Lindner on Identifying Ideal Lattices. The algorithm for identifying ideal lattices is included, along with illustrative examples and more detailed proofs of propositions on which the algorithm is based. In the section about Lattice Isomorphism there is also included a generalised theorem from the paper. We extend the result of identifying the NTRU lattices and supplement it with several examples. The thesis also contains Chapter Applications in Cryptography where we describe a cryptographic hash function based on ideal lattices. And finally, we provide a brief overview of the cryptographic algorithms using NTRU lattices.

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The present study aimed to analyse what gendered ideas around the ideal victim underpin thepublic debate on twitter around the ―Law Mariana Ferrer‖. For this purpose, it was questionedhow the law is discussed in relation to Mariana as a victim and how these discussions arelinked to gendered ideas about the ideal victim. That being the case it was concluded that thegendered ideas that permeate the construction of the ―ideal victim‖ can be both observedthroughout the whole debate in Twitter regarding the Law and thematically categorized usingcommon terms chosen to depict the illegitimate victims.