The ring of real-valued continuous functions on a completely regular frame L is denoted by RL. As usual, βL denotes the Stone-Cech compactification of ˇ L. In the thesis we study ideals of RL induced by sublocales of βL. We revisit the notion of purity in this ring and use it to characterize basically disconnected frames. The socle of the ring RL is characterized as an ideal induced by the sublocale of βL which is the join of all nowhere dense sublocales of βL. A localic map f : L → M induces a ring homomorphism Rh: RM → RL by composition, where h: M → L is the left adjoint of f. We explore how the sublocale-induced ideals travel along the ring homomorphism Rh, to and fro, via expansion and contraction, respectively. The socle of a ring is the sum of its minimal ideals. In the literature, the socle of RL has been characterized in terms of atoms. Since atoms do not always exist in frames, it is better to express the socle in terms of entities that exist in every frame. In the thesis we characterize the socle as one of the types of ideals induced by sublocales. A classical operator invented by Gillman, Henriksen and Jerison in 1954 is used to create a homomorphism of quantales. The frames in which every cozero element is complemented (they are called P-frames) are characterized in terms of some properties of this quantale homomorphism. Also characterized within the category of quantales are localic analogues of the continuous maps of R.G. Woods that characterize normality in the category of Tychonoff spaces. / Mathematical Sciences / Ph. D. (Mathematics)

Income and price affect chickpea trade expenditure and consumption expenditure share respectively. An empirical model was estimated to examine the trade effect through the expenditure channel using Almost Ideal Demand System and thus considering non-homotheticity in preferences. The results of the analysis indicated that global chickpea trade has increased from 100000 metric tons in 1988 to about 2.5 million metric tons in 2015. Between the same period consumption and production of chickpea had an increasing trend. USA and Canada had become part of the top 10 chickpea producers by 2015 signifying the increasing demand of chickpea in western countries. Factors that affected relative chickpea trade to importers income were relative market size of the exporter, bilateral distance and contiguous borders. Also, a percentage increase in the adjusted mean income of chickpea consuming country will lead to 94% decrease in the consumption of chickpea when country pair effects are considered.

There is a lack of a feminist perspective within general theories of international relations, but also in those documents that represents the basis for foreign policy, and a feminist assessment of the same. Assessment-tools for foreign policy that constitute a feminist perspective are therefore very limited, and an explanatory factor for the lack of such tools may be that there are a various number of feminist perspectives that rest on different ontological grounds. The purpose of this thesis was to explore how it is possible to theoretically justify a framework for feminist assessment of foreign policy. Proceeding from this theoretical justification, construct a specific methodology including a framework for feminist assessment of foreign policy, and lastly to test the viability and usefulness of the proposed methodology by using the action plan, “Swedish Foreign Service action plan for feminist foreign policy 2015 - 2018 including focus areas for 2016” as an empirical case study. This study concludes that it is possible to theoretically justify the construction of such an assessment-tool in spite of variations within feminist theorizing. A methodology and a framework was developed and tested on Sweden’s action-plan for its feminist foreign policy. The methodology developed in this study made it possible to identify what type of feminism the action-plan represents, but also which areas that is left alone and should be dealt with.  It is also concluded that the plan consist of a type of rights-based feminism that focuses on the inclusion of woman in all areas of society, the particular vulnerability women represent concerning violence, sexual violence, domestic violence and that politics also must be concerned about issues regarding women’s private life and autonomy.

Titel: Neutrala massmedierFörfattare: Jonathan Grönlund och Joakim Zakariasen Kurs, termin och år: C-uppsats HT 14Antal ord i uppsatsen: 8947 Problemformulering och syfte: Medierna har ett demokratiskt ansvar att informera medborgarna, speciellt inför ett val. Syftet med studien är att undersöka lokala morgontidningars rapportering av den lokala valrörelsen och se hur de uppfyller de journalistiska idealen objektivitet och mångfald. Metod och material: Kvantitativ innehållsanalys på fyra svenska morgontidningars pappersupplagor under valrörelsens tre sista veckor inför kommunalvalet 2014. Tidningarna är Norrländska Socialdemokraten, Sundsvalls Tidning, Nerikes Allehanda och Östgöta Correspondenten. Totalt har vi undersökt 193 journalistiskt bearbetade nyhetsartiklar. Huvudresultat: Svenska morgontidningar är ofta neutrala i sin bevakning av kommunalvalet. Generellt sett vinklas artiklarna på ett balanserat sätt gentemot de etablerade partierna. Sverigedemokraterna är det enda undantaget, med betydligt fler negativt vinklade artiklar än övriga etablerade partier. Något av de styrande partierna i kommunen är alltid det som förekommer mest i varje tidning. Partiet som förekommer mest är också partiet som uttalar sig mest i artiklar.Det finns flera sätt att mäta om proportionalitetsprincipen eller jämlikhetsprincipen råder. Om man sammanfattningsvis analyserar dessa sätt att mäta så ligger svaret någonstans mittemellan dessa båda. Dessutom finns det partier som inte riktigt passar in på någon av principerna, vilket kan bero på starkt profilerade lokala politiker eller att det finns ett stort nyhetsvärde i ett särskilt parti. Nyckelord: media, kommunalval, journalistiska ideal, objektivitet, mångfald, jämlikhet, proportionalitet, Luleå, Sundsvall, Örebro, Linköping.

Abstract The purpose of this essay is to discover the driving forces in top athletes, concerning training, body image and social positioning. Furthermore the object is to study how important being fit is for social reasons in today’s society. The athletes have been interviewed face-to-face and described their personal drive regarding training, their goals and the significance of the sport. They have also described how they see the image of the ideal body that currently exists within the field of sport and society and how training affects their own body image. The interviews also covered views of the physically inactive as a group and their personal thoughts concerning this. Status varies regarding driving forces and some are considered more favorably than others, in other words they are the ‘good driving forces´. The most important positive driving forces that have been highlighted are the pleasure principle and the challenge principle . The pleasure principle is characterized by the sport itself having its own intrinsic value, while possible positive effects connected with or after training are secondary. The activity alone is a real pleasure. The challenge is characterized by a desire to test oneself and see how far one can go. Competing is connected with personal achievement and not with comparisons with others. At the same time the feeling of winning is emphasized as an important driving force and these factors (challenge and win) tend to act simultaneously. Driving forces that are seen to be low-status, i.e. the ´bad driving forces’ are aesthetic reasons as well as winning for competitive reasons. Training for aesthetic reasons in order to be body beautiful is not considered a positive driving force. On the other hand it is pointed out that looking fresh and healthy is desirable. This is described as personal characteristics such as ´nice’ or ‘fresh’ and not as a physical description of someone’s body. Competitions are essential but should be seen first and foremost as proof that training gives results, and not to prove oneself better than anyone else. However the thrill of winning a competition is described as important and worthwhile. Top athletes inspire each other and are not only seen as role models but also help form one’s own identity and social position. Being physically active in sports is seen as a lifestyle and is the most important part of a social group and its identity. This is emphasized by distancing oneself from the physically inactive as a group and their characteristics. This group is described in terms of being overweight, unhappy and unsocial. They use food and alcohol excessively, do not take personal responsibility for their future health and are unwilling to change. Keywords: Sports, training, the ideal body, social positioning.

This diploma thesis focuses on a discursive object called "ideal woman ", which is constructed in the Vlasta magazine. It is a women's magazine suitable for middle - aged ladies. In this work, I will examine the discourse, which is based on an implicit critique of the masculine order of the world, but the discourse is paradoxically structured to covertly affirm this order. I will focus on naturalization strategies of how the discursive object of the "ideal woman" is presented to the reader as natural. The aim of the work is the analysis of media content using tools combining narrative theory and discursive analysis. Key words: Discourse, narration, ideal woman, magazine, stereotypes, Vlasta

We present several results for growth functions of ideals of different com- binatorial structures. An ideal is a set downward closed under a containment relation, like the relation of subpartition for partitions, or the relation of induced subgraph for graphs etc. Its growth function (GF) counts elements of given size. For partition ideals we establish an asymptotics for GF of ideals that do not use parts from a finite set S and use this to construct ideal with highly oscillating GF. Then we present application characterising GF of particular partition ideals. We generalize ideals of ordered graphs to ordered uniform hypergraphs and show two dichotomies for their GF. The first result is a constant to linear jump for k-uniform hypergraphs. The second result establishes the polynomial to exponential jump for 3-uniform hypergraphs. That is, there are no ordered hypergraph ideals with GF strictly inside the constant-linear and polynomial- exponential range. We obtain in both dichotomies tight upper bounds. Finally, in a quite general setting we present several methods how to generate for various combinatorial structures pairs of sets defining two ideals with iden- tical GF. We call these pairs Wilf equivalent pairs and use the automorphism method and the replacement method to obtain such pairs. 1

The overall purpose of the present study was to examine fitness athletes' motivation for competition and training as well as athletes' well-being in relation to their own body and its body ideal. A total of six interviewees participated in the study, of which four women and two men aged 25-34 years (M=29, SD=3.31). The study used a semi-structured interview guide based on a theoretical framework regarding body perception (Lox et al., 2014). The result was divided into three developed themes: preparation for a competition, the time after a competition and internalization of body ideals. The results showed that mental toughness and discipline are required both in terms of training and diet because it requires a strict diet and extreme training to achieve a form of competition which can also have an impact on the individual's social life. What drove the participants to compete in an assessment sport where the appearance is judged was the attention, the confirmation and the feeling of being on stage. Furthermore, sports psychological counselors or mental coaches were considered to be in demand as the time after a competition was perceived as mentally challenging. The results indicate that it is not risk-free to compete in assessment sports such as bodybuilding and fitness as it can contribute to negative psychological factors and unhealthy behaviors regarding diet, exercise and the pursuit of a specific body ideal. / Det övergripande syftet i föreliggande studie var att undersöka fitnessatleters motivation till tävling och träning samt atleternas välbefinnande i relation till den egna kroppen och dess kroppsideal. I studien deltog totalt sex intervjupersoner varav fyra kvinnor och två män i åldrarna 25–34 år (M=29, SD=3.31). I studien användes en semistrukturerad intervjuguide som baserades på ett teoretiskt ramverk gällande kroppsuppfattning (Lox et al., 2014). Resultatet delades upp i tre framtagna teman: förberedelser inför en tävling, tiden efter en tävling samt internalisering av kroppsideal. Resultatet visade att det krävs mental tuffhet och disciplin både gällande träning och kost eftersom det krävs en strikt kosthållning samt extrem träning för att uppnå en tävlingsform vilket också kan ha en inverkan på individens sociala liv. Det som drev deltagarna till att tävla i en bedömningssport där utseendet bedöms var uppmärksamheten, bekräftelsen och känslan av att stå på scen. Vidare ansågs idrottspsykologiska rådgivare eller mentala coacher vara en efterfrågan då tiden efter en tävling upplevdes som mentalt utmanande. Resultaten tyder på att det inte är riskfritt att tävla i bedömningssporter likt bodybuilding och fitness eftersom det kan bidra till negativa psykologiska faktorer och ohälsosamma beteenden gällande kost, träning och strävan efter ett specifikt kroppsideal.

In light of the recent trend of body positive advertisements, the question arises if they are having the positive outcome intended. The purpose of this study is to investigate how women create meaning in relation to two recently launched body positive commercials from KappAhl and Lindex. This is explored through studying how women experience and assess the selected ads, how they perceive body positive advertisements more generally, and how they experience their potential to change the perception of the ideal body in society. The primary material consisted of semi-structured interviews which were analyzed through Schrøder’s multidimensional model of media reception, objectification theory and commodity feminism. The main results showed that the reception of the body positive message is complex. Overall, the women had a predominantly positive attitude towards both the ads and body positive messages in general. Regarding the advertisements, the main critique concerned the authenticity of the message, where the women emphasized the importance of genuine and realistic portrayals of both the models and the scenarios in the ads. Body positive messages were generally perceived as creating identification and representation of diversity, as well as broadening the view of what is normal. A recurrent critique was that companies are exploiting a trend which led to the women questioning the companies’ intentions. Concerning the potential to change the perception of the ideal body, the conclusion is that it would be possible through long term exposure and more companies contributing to the change. This research provides insights regarding how distancing women from the negative effects of the thin ideal can contribute to strengthening their prosperity and empowering them.

Examensarbetet Dialog -Naturens viskningar och kroppens gehör, berättar om tre naturnära karaktärer som tillsammans gestaltar versioner av vardagsobjekten vi känner igen, bland annat pallen och bordet. Objekten är gjorda av stamdelar i olika träslag, vilka kommer ifrån arboristens beskärningar. Varje stamdel har bearbetats för hand utefter sin unika karaktär och sedan blivit tilldelad funktion med enkla tillägg i metall. Objekten har kommit till under en medskapande process mellan kropp och material, där träets inneboende egenskaper möter människan som brukare. Genom en relationsbyggande metod där materialet får ta plats, strävar jag efter att uppmärksamma och återupprätta relationen mellan människa/objekt. En relation som jag anser har gått förlorad i ohållbara värderingar och osund massproduktion. I en alltmer distanserad samtid tenderar objekten att bli menlösa artefakter tagna ur kommersialiserade ideal, objekt som varken tar hänsyn till människa, behov eller natur. Jag vill med mitt projekt visa exempel på en medskapande process som tar kontroll över tillverkningen och genom en sådan designprocess ge utrymme för andra värden som kan ligga till grund för förändrade perspektiv kring design och produktion.