With this study I aim to understand the role of social networks of migration as very special catalysts of change in the countries of origin of important labor migration streams, particularly in the case of the emergent and second most important system of migration in which Latin Americans participate, i.e. the South European Migration System. I pursue this aim through the means of examining the characteristics and mechanisms of operation of ego – centered social networks of migration that are active within the migration streams from Argentina and Peru to Italy and Spain, therefore: (1) I examine the two different institutional contexts that contribute to the shape of the mentioned social networks of migration in Argentina and Peru; (2) I study the structure of these networks (which comprises characteristics such as size, density, and degree of heterogeneity); their resources and mechanisms of operation ; and (3) I discuss the main possible causal influences that these social networks of migration exert in the countries of origin of the emigration streams I study, namely Argentina and Peru, considering the very specific characteristics these social networks have in each one of the country cases. In order to discuss these causal influences, I examine their impact on children residing in Argentina and Peru who are members of migrant sending households, and I specifically analyze impacts on their living arrangements. I use quantitative and qualitative data on the emigration streams from Argentina and Peru to Italy and Spain which I collected during 2006, 2007 and 2008 , in Buenos Aires (Argentina) and Lima (Peru). Quantitative data was collected using a small household survey targeting relatives of migrants to Spain and Italy, in both cities (Argentina – Italy: n=75, Argentina – Spain: n= 245, Peru – Italy: n= 206, and Peru – Spain: n=398). Qualitative data included expert interviews (n=5 for Peru and n=7 for Argentina); and different types of semi-structured in- depth interviews targeting relatives of migrants to Spain and Italy in different household positions, including children 12 -18 years old (n=11 for Peru, and n=11 for Argentina). / text

This study focuses on the relationship between global economy and women&rsquo / s labor within a feminist standpoint by examining the personal and occupational experiences of immigrant women doing domestic work in Turkey. The main concern of this study is to investigate how working and living experiences of immigrant domestic women workers in Turkey are shaped by their illegal worker and immigrant status. The aim of this study is to listen to the personal experiences of immigrant domestic women workers from themselves, and understand their working conditions and social life experiences in Turkey. There emerged a trend in trading domestic workers between the poor and rich countries since 1990s where many parties, including governments, illegal recruitment agencies, and individual employers benefited. The high unemployment, poverty, shortfalls in living standards, and loss of government-sponsored public services due to the IMF policies implemented by the governments of developing countries severely affected poor and women. For their family survival, women of developing countries forced to migrate in order to seek domestic work in richer countries, where there is a high demand of middle class women for domestic workers. On the other hand, since domestic work is devalued as informal work, policy-makers do not pay sufficient attention, and provide a legal framework regulating the recruitment process and protecting the rights of immigrant domestic women workers. Therefore, immigrant domestic women workers are in a vulnerable position and open to exploitation due to their illegal and immigrant status. Turkey has been one of the domestic worker exporting countries since early 1990s mostly from post-Soviet countries. However, she neither has bilateral agreements with the sending countries nor a legal framework protecting the rights of immigrant domestic women workers. Hence, immigrant women are subject to arbitrary treatment and exploitation both in their workplace and outside, and remained invisible.

Att leva i ett nytt land ställer nya utmaningar. Den nyanlända måste anpassa sig till nya traditioner, en ny kultur och ett nytt språk. Att lära sig kommunicera på ett nytt språk är för det mesta en komplicerad och lång process. Det finns många utmaningar och motivationen och drivkraften hos den nyanlända måste vara stark   Syftet med den här uppsatsen är att undersöka vilken syn nyanlända har på språkets betydelse för integration och vilka faktorer de upplever som centrala för sin språkinlärning. Uppsatsen är byggd på tidigare forskning samt det insamlade intervjumaterialet med hjälp av fenomenografisk forskningsanalys.  En kvalitativ studie med fenomenografisk analys har genomförts, där resultatet baseras på data från semistrukturerade intervjuer. Fjorton respondenter deltog i undersökningen, hälften män och hälften kvinnor. Respondenterna är alla elever på SFI i Nässjö kommun och intervjuerna utfördes på Nässjö Lärcenter. Intervjuerna genomfördes med hjälp av en intervjuguide som gav utrymme för följdfrågor. Resultatet har sedan analyserats med hjälp av fenomenografisk forskningsanalys med utgångspunkt från tidigare forskning samt det insamlade intervjumaterialet för att kunna besvara uppsatsens frågeställningar. I resultatet presenteras fem kategorier som är indelade efter respondenternas inställningar som uppkom ur intervjuerna. Kategorierna fokuserar på deras generella inställning till språkinlärningen och dessa är: Den glada med positiv inställning, den tacksamma som vill ge tillbaka till samhället, den överlevande och praktiska, den uppgivna och frustrerade samt den målmedvetna och ambitiösa som törstar efter kunskap. I resultatet framkommer det att språket är ett viktigt verktyg för integrationen. Resultatet visar även att för flera av respondenterna var språket både det svåraste och det viktigaste med att integreras. De intervjuade diskuterade i flera fall att utan språket kan man inte bli en del utav samhället och att det svenska språket är som en nyckel in i Sverige och samhället. Detta belyser vikten av både institutionell språkutbildning och informella sätt att lära sig språket. / Living in a new country poses new challenges. The immigrants must adapt to new traditions, a new culture and a new language. Learning to communicate in a new language is for most people a complicated and long process. They face many challenges and the immigrant’s motivation and willingness must be strong.   The purpose of this paper has been to investigate what views immigrant have on the importance of language for integration and what factors they perceive as central to their language learning. The essay is based on previous research as well as the collected interview material using a phenomenografic research analysis. A qualitative study with phenomenografical analysis has been conducted, based on data from semi-structured interviews. Fourteen participants took part in the conducted interviews, half of the participants were men and half of them were women. The participants were all students at SFI in Nässjö Municipality and the interviews were conducted at Nässjö Lärcenter. The interviews were conducted using an interview guide that gave scope for follow-up questions. The result has then been analyzed by means of a phenomenographic research analysis, starting with previous research and the collected interview material in order to answer the essay questions. The result presented five categories that were sorted according to the participants conceptions that arose from the interviews. The categories focused on their general attitude towards language learning and these were: The happy one with positive attitude, the grateful one who wants to give back to society, the survivor and the practical, the stated and frustrated as well as the goal-conscious and ambitious who thirsts for knowledge. In the result, it appeared that language is a very important tool for integration. The result also showed that for many of the participants, the language was both the most difficult and the most important matter in integrating into society. The participants discussed in several cases that without the language one cannot be a part of society and that the Swedish language is a key in to Sweden and the society. This highlights the importance of both institutional language education and informal ways of learning the language.

With children on the move at the forefront of policy-making and research in Europe in recent years, it has been argued that children’s rights are increasingly encroached upon through tighter immigration controls and inconsistent policy interventions. The European Network of Ombudspersons for Children (ENOC) is an institution that aims to address children’s rights violations at a regional level throughout Europe, meaning that it should in its promotion of core children’s rights ensure a balance is reached between provision, participation and protection in addressing policy problems relating to children on the move. Through a discourse analysis this thesis critically examines how problems are represented in ENOCs position statements, and how ENOC represent and construct children and childhood in relation to children on the move. Our analysis indicated that the statements were predominantly based within a rights-based approach, especially where longer-term strategies were promoted. This reveals that ENOCs emphasis on the need for children’s rights to take precedence over state sovereignty, that children’s rights to participation and non- discrimination is accentuated over child protection perspectives, and that the recognition of the heterogeneity of the experiences of children on the move is endorsed. However, whilst ENOC seeks to move away from stereotypical notions of the migrant child, by promoting their agency and heterogeneity, children on the move are also represented in isolation in the position papers. Disassociated from family and adult migrants, children on the move are constructed as victims, vulnerable, dependent and in need of special care and assistance. In this light, their construction conveys a notion of complexity, however, it is also evident that their vulnerability is fostered in order to receive the protection and support they are entitled to, whether at a regional, European or international level.

La thèse vise principalement à étudier la décision de migration aussi bien interne qu’internationale des femmes et des hommes individuels ou en couple. Nous essayerons d'étudier les facteurs déterminants de la migration interne et internationale masculine et féminine en Tunisie, et de voir particulièrement comment les relations de genre influencent la décision de migrer, les raisons de la migration et la destination des femmes et des hommes individuels et en couple. Nous stipulons que le phénomène migratoire est en grande partie lié aux exigences économiques. Les inégalités régionales de développement sont la cause principale des flux migratoires internes et internationaux. Mais, nous considérons que les hommes et les femmes n’ont pas les mêmes contraintes, les mêmes conditions de vie, et ne sont pas autant susceptibles de migrer |'un que l’autre. Bien que les relations de genre aient évolué en Tunisie, la décision de migrer est encore influencée par le modèle social et culturel traditionnel. Nos analyses se situent à la croisée de plusieurs disciplines et de plusieurs approches: démographiques, économiques, sociologiques, etc. Nous utilisons plusieurs méthodes d'analyse, notamment l’analyse descriptive, l'analyse multivariée et l'analyse multiniveaux. Notre principale source des données est l'Enquête nationale «Population et emploi » (2005-2006). Mais nous avons également eu recours à d’autres sources de données telles que : les données individuelles de l’enquête Papfam (2001), les données individuelles du recensement général de la population réalisé en 2004, et des séries des indicateurs statistiques officiels publiés par l’institut national de la statistique. / The thesis aims mainly to study the decision to migrate, both intemally and intemationally, for women and men, individual or in couple. We will try to study the determinant factors of internal and intemational migration of men and women in Tunisia, and especially to see how gender relations influence the decision to migrate, the reasons for migration and the destinations for women and men, individual or in couple. We stipulate that migration is largely due to the economic requirements. Regional inequalilies in development are the main cause of intemal and international migration. But we believe that women and men do not have the same constraints, the same living conditions, and have not the same chance to migrate. Although gender relations have changed in Tunisia, the decision to migrate is still influenced by the social and cultural traditional model. Our analyses are at the crossroads of several disciplines and several approaches: demographic, economic, sociological, etc. We use several methods of analysis, including descriptive analysis, multivariate analysis and multilevel analysis. Our main data source is the National Survey "Population and Employment" (2005-2006). But we also used other sources of data such as individual data from the survey PAPFAM (2001), the individual data of the population census conducted in 2004, and series of ofücial statistical indicators published by the National institute of Statistics.

Dominican mass-migration to the United States only started in the 1960s but Dominican Americans are now a sizable minority and in 2014 they became the largest Latino group in New York City. This thesis examines fictional works by Dominican American writers who migrated to the United States from the early 1960s to the 1990s which explore the predicament of Dominican Americans before and after the consolidation of Dominican-American communities. The novels under scrutiny here were published in English between 1991 and 2012 by Julia Alvarez (b. 1950), Loida Maritza Pérez (b. 1963), Junot Díaz (b. 1969), and Angie Cruz (b. 1972) and present us with characters whose search for a ‘home’ and for ways in which to articulate their individual and collective identity are shaped by continuous negotiations between the traditional values of their country of origin and the potentially transformative opportunities afforded by their new country. I will show how these texts powerfully challenge homogeneity, marginalisation, mainstream ideologies, nationalism, and discrimination while questioning the economic, social, religious, patriarchal, educational, and political structures of both the Dominican Republic and the United States in order to formulate diverse modalities of belonging to what Julia Alvarez has called a new “country that’s not on the map” and establish their own distinct position as Dominican American writers.

Human migration in the world is an old and on-going phenomenon. Humans move from place to place across local and international boundaries for various reasons. International migration requires documentation such as visas, passports, resident and work permits that are required for one to legally migrate to, and settle in an area. However, there are people who enter countries without documentation, and such people are referred to as undocumented migrants. This research investigates undocumented immigration in Zambia, with reference to Lusaka City. The theoretical framework that underpinned the research comprised four theories of international migration. These were the neoclassical economics theory of migration, new economics of labour migration theory, dual labour market theory of migration, and Kunz’s refugee migration theory. This researcher adopted the intensive research design and used the case study method, where Lusaka City (Zambia) constituted the case study area. The researcher gathered primary data from the Lusaka City Council, the Zambian immigration department headquarters, and from the informal settlements of Chibolya, Mandevu and Matero. Questionnaires were administered to the sampled immigration officers and Lusaka City Council officers, and interviews were conducted with Zambians and undocumented immigrants in the informal settlements. The research findings showed that undocumented immigrant interviewees came from the Common Market for Eastern and Southern Africa (COMESA) region. The undocumented immigrant interviewees entered Zambia due to the peace and economic opportunities found in the country, as well as joining their relatives, spouses and friends who were already in Zambia. Once in Zambia, the undocumented immigrant interviewees migrated to Lusaka City mainly for economic reasons. The major economic activity that undocumented immigrant interviewees were engaged in, was trade. Others were employed in the informal sector. Cooperation and complaints (challenges) characterised the co-existence between the interviewed Zambians and undocumented immigrants. Furthermore, undocumented immigrants in the case study areas brought about socio-economic and cultural benefits to the Zambians. Undocumented immigrants also contributed to socio-economic and environmental challenges in the case study areas. The Zambian government worked towards addressing the challenges of undocumented immigration in Lusaka City and above all, reducing the phenomenon. Much literature and research on undocumented immigration focussed on the phenomenon at the national level, and not the local urban spatial scales. The research therefore aimed at investigating undocumented immigration in Zambia with specific reference to the urban locality of Lusaka City / Geography / M. Sc. (Geography)

Syfte – Avsikten med uppsatsen är att undersöka hur den katolska kyrkan och Equmeniakyrkan i Jönköping ser på integrationsarbete. Studien görs på två kyrkor i Jönköping, dels på den lokala katolska församlingen, dels på Andreasförsamlingen, som tillhör Equmeniakyrkan. Därför kommer dessa två församlingarna att jämföras. För att uppnå detta så ställs följande frågeställning: Hur ser katolska kyrkan och Andreasförsamlingen i Jönköping på frågor om integration och migration? Vilka är likheterna och skillnaderna mellan katolska kyrkan och andra kyrkor inom Sveriges Kristna Råd i synen på integration och migration? Metod – Studien kommer att få svar på frågorna i frågeställningen genom en serie semi-strukturerade intervjuer med diakoner, pastorer och representanter från två församlingar i Jönköping och två organisationer som är relaterade till församlingen (en via mejl och en via telefon). De fyra intervjuade i studien var: Sankt Franciskus Katolska Församling i Jönköping, med diakonen Göran Fäldt. Equmeniakyrkans församling Andreasförsamlingen i Fjällstugan, Jönköping, där pastor Lennart Johansson är verksam. Sveriges Kristna Råd (SKR), där Björn Cedersjö är direktor för Ekumenisk diakoni/kyrka-samhälle. Caritas Sverige, där George Joseph är ansvarig för migrations- och flyktingfrågor. Från början skulle både SKR och Caritas intervjuas via mejl men på grund av omständigheter så kunde Caritas representant bara intervjuas via telefon. Dessa intervjuer kommer att jämföras för att få svar på frågorna som ställdes i uppsatsen. Diskussion och slutsatser – Katolska kyrkan via Caritas och Andreasförsamlingen hjälper migranterna med arbetssökandet, såsom att kontakta arbetsgivare och företag, samt hjälper dem att skriva sina CV:n. En annan likhet mellan Anderasförsamlingen och Sankt Franciskus Katolska Församling är att de hjälper migranterna att kontakta myndigheter, dock med några skillnader. Enligt resultatet anordnar samtliga intervjuade aktörer språkcaféer och språkhjälp till migranterna i sina samfund. För samtliga som var med i studien var språket och delaktigheten i samhället viktiga för integration av migranter.  Begränsningar – Denna studie är begränsad till två församlingar i Jönköping och två organisationer i Sverige: Caritas och Sveriges Kristna råd.

A história migratória compartilhada entre Brasil e Portugal foi marcada, durante séculos, pela vinda de portugueses para o Brasil. No entanto, nas últimas décadas, o Brasil, tradicional país de imigração, se transformou num país de emigração, sendo Portugal um dos países preferenciais de destino desta corrente migratória. Portugal, por sua vez, experimenta o movimento oposto: em paralelo aos movimentos populacionais de saída, assiste-se a uma crescente entrada de imigrantes em território português. A presente Dissertação de Mestrado tem por objetivo, portanto, compreender que fatores levaram a mudança na relação entre o Brasil e Portugal no que diz respeito aos fluxos migratórios entre estes dois países a partir da década de 1980. A metodologia empregada para o desenvolvimento desta pesquisa consistiu na leitura de bibliografia especializada no assunto e referente aos conceitos considerados norteadores deste trabalho (migração e redes sociais), além da realização de entrevistas com brasileiros que foram para Portugal depois do ano de 1980, visto que os mesmos configuram importantes fontes na apreensão de características específicas deste processo migratório. Para uma melhor compreensão deste fenômeno, centramos nossa atenção na análise de alguns elementos considerados explicativos desta mudança, como o próprio fenômeno da globalização. A situação econômica e política em que se encontrava o Brasil, no período caracterizado como a década perdida, também foi bastante esclarecedora dos fatores responsáveis pelo desencadeamento desta corrente emigratória. Já a compreensão do direcionamento desta corrente migratória para Portugal passou pela análise do contexto econômico deste país, de sua legislação de estrangeiros e do papel exercido pelas redes sociais consolidadas entre brasileiros e portugueses. Por fim, procuramos traçar um perfil desses migrantes, numa tentativa de compreender quem são estes brasileiros que migraram para Portugal a partir da década de 1980. Além de algumas características gerais da população brasileira em Portugal, como sua qualificação acadêmica e sua distribuição no território português, buscamos apreender como se processou a inserção dos imigrantes brasileiros no mercado de trabalho português, através do reconhecimento das principais profissões desempenhadas pelos mesmos. / The migratory history shared between Brazil and Portugal has been marked, for centuries, by the coming of Portuguese to Brazil. However, in recent decades, Brazil, traditional country of immigration, has become a country of emigration, Portugal being one of the preferred countries of destination of this migratory movement. Portugal, in turn, experiences the opposite movement: parallel to population movements in output, there has been a growing influx of immigrants into Portuguese territory. This masters thesis is aimed at, therefore, to understand what factors have led to the change in the relationship between Brazil and Portugal with regard to migration flows between the two countries from the 1980s. The methodology for this research consisted of reading relevant literature on the subject and referring to the guiding concepts in this work (migration and social networks), plus interviews with Brazilians who went to Portugal after the year 1980, whereas they make up important sources in the seizure of specific characteristics of this migratory process. For a better understanding of this phenomenon, we focus on the analysis of some explanatory factors noted this change, as the phenomenon of globalization. The economic and political situation that Brazil was in, in the period characterized as the "lost decade", was also quite enlightening of the factors responsible for the trigger of this emigration flow. The understanding of the direction of this migratory flow towards Portugal required the examination of the economic e political context of this country, its foreign legislation and the role played by social networks consolidated between Brazilians and Portuguese. Finally, we draw a profile of migrants in an attempt to understand who are these Brazilians who migrated to Portugal from the 1980s. Besides some general characteristics of the Brazilian population in Portugal, as their academic qualification and their distribution in the Portuguese territory, we tried to understand how the insertion of Brazilian immigrants in the Portuguese labor market occurred through the recognition of the main occupations performed by them.

Orientadora: Profª. Drª Gabriela Spanghero Lotta / Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Federal do ABC. Programa de Pós-Graduação em Políticas Públicas, 2017. / O presente trabalho tem por objetivo analisar o arranjo institucional da política migratória brasileira, tanto na esfera federal quanto na municipal, a partir do estudo de caso dos municípios de Porto Alegre e São Paulo. A abordagem metodológica inclui examinar o arranjo em quatro eixos ¿ intersetorialidade, relações federativas, participação de atores não estatais e territorialidade ¿ nas três etapas do ciclo de políticas públicas ¿ formulação, implementação e monitoramento/avaliação, a partir da análise documental, normativa e de entrevistas com gestores públicos. O estudo de caso analisa as experiências locais dos dois municípios, pois representam uma inovação recente na política migratória brasileira, antes centralizada pelo governo federal. Procura-se avaliar o nível de descentralização da política promovido pelos governos municipais, quais os desafios encontrados, como o arranjo poderia ser incrementado do ponto de vista dos gestores responsáveis pelas políticas, e como incrementar o arranjo em termos de uma melhor governança da mobilidade humana e da ampliação da capacidade estatal de atuar sobre ela. Os resultados da pesquisa revelam que a Prefeitura de São Paulo avançou consideravelmente no sentido de maior institucionalização do tema no município, descentralizando competências e assumindo responsabilidades sobre sua população migrante, com relativa autonomia do governo federal. No caso de Porto Alegre, verificou-se um arranjo menos institucionalizado, com pouca capacidade técnica e financeira, menos autonomia frente aos governos estadual e federal, mas com grande ênfase na participação da sociedade civil. Em comum, há críticas dos municípios à falta de apoio federal e estadual, e de coordenação federativa da política migratória. Na análise do arranjo na esfera federal, avalia-se que, apesar da visão generalizada de que o Brasil não possui uma política migratória, o país tem seguido uma linha humanitária sobre as migrações internacionais, ainda que não formalizada. Contudo, a fragmentação institucional e as legislações contraditórias são grandes obstáculos à implementação de políticas para migrantes. Enfim, a iminente aprovação de uma nova lei de migrações e sua posterior regulamentação são oportunidades para a construção de um pacto federativo e uma política migratória nacional clara, aumentando a capacidade do Estado de organizar os fluxos migratórios e garantir os direitos da população migrante. / The present work aims at analyzing the institutional arrangement of Brazil migration policy, both at the federal and municipal levels, based on the case study of the municipalities of Porto Alegre and São Paulo. The methodological approach includes examining how the arrangement operates within four axes ¿ intersectionality, federative relations, non-state actors participation and territoriality ¿ in the three stages of the public policy cycle ¿ formulation, implementation and monitoring/evaluation ¿, based on documentary analysis, normativeness and interviews with public managers. The study focussed on local experiences developed by two municipalities, which represent recent innovation in Brazil migration policy, previously centralized by the federal government. The objectives were to assess the level of decentralization promoted by these municipal governments, to account for the challenges encountered in both experiences, to understand how the arrangement could be improved from the point of view of policy makers, and to draw conclusions on how the arrangements may achieve better governance of human mobility and expansion of the State's capacity to act upon it. The results of the survey reveal that the City Hall of São Paulo has advanced considerably in the sense of welcoming the subject into municipal institutions, decentralizing responsibilities and commiting to its migrant population, with relative autonomy from the federal government. In the case of Porto Alegre, although there was a less institutionalized arrangement, with poor technical and financial capacity, and less autonomy from the state and federal governments, the city has had stronger emphasis on the participation of civil society. In both cases, municipalities are critical of the lack of federal and state support, and of federative coordination of the migratory policy. The analysis of the arrangement at federal level shows that despite the generalized view that Brazil lacks migration policies, the country has followed a humanitarian approach on international migrations, even though it is not instituted. It is, therefore, evident that institutional fragmentation and contradictory legislation are major obstacles to the implementation of policies for migrants. The imminent approval of a new migration law and its subsequent regulation are opportunities for the construction of a federative pact and a clear national migration policy, increasing the capacity of the State to organize migratory flows and guarantee the rights of the migrant population.