Designers e profissionais de diversas áreas de conhecimento têm utilizado a Etnografia com o intuito de aproximar a teoria da realidade na qual pode ser aplicada. No processo de design, a Etnografia propõe uma forma empática de abordar pessoas em seu ambiente de vivência, auxiliando o designer a conhecer a realidade do grupo da forma mais natural possível. Assim, o designer torna-se mais propenso a compreender melhor o comportamento das pessoas e identificar necessidades reais a serem atendidas. Esta pesquisa teve como objetivo elaborar um Framework para auxiliar o designer na realização da pesquisa com usuários, utilizando métodos que partem de uma abordagem etnográfica para identificar as necessidades de um grupo de pessoas. Para tanto, a revisão de literatura abrangeu o estudo da Etnografia e sua aproximação com a disciplina de Design, concentrando-se, em seguida, nos métodos de pesquisa com usuários. A partir disso, foi possível estabelecer categorias de métodos que se baseiam em diferentes formas de participação do usuário na pesquisa, incluindo métodos comumente aplicados em pesquisas de Marketing, métodos provenientes da Etnografia e métodos com influência do Co-design. Após a revisão de literatura, deu-se início ao desenvolvimento do Framework para Pesquisa com Usuários, realizado em três momentos. Inicialmente, foram definidas as etapas que compõem a pesquisa com usuários; em seguida, foram definidos os manuais e livros utilizados como fontes de referência; por fim, realizou-se uma triagem para selecionar os métodos de pesquisa com usuários. A triagem foi dividida em quatro etapas (listagem, mapeamento, agrupamento e seleção), abrangendo 337 métodos retirados das fontes de referência. Ao final, foram selecionados 45 métodos caracterizados a partir de uma abordagem etnográfica e agrupados de acordo com as categorias estabelecidas. O resultado deste estudo é composto por sugestões sobre importantes aspectos a serem considerados durante a pesquisa com usuários e pelo “Framework para Pesquisa com Usuários”, estruturado em três etapas (Planejar, Coletar, e Organizar), que contém as sugestões elaboradas de forma resumida e os métodos passíveis de aplicação, em conformidade com o objetivo de cada etapa. / Designers and professionals from various fields of knowledge have been used Ethnography in order to bring the theory for the reality in which it can be applied. In design process, Ethnography proposes an empathic manner to approach the user in its context, assisting the designer to know people’s life in the most natural way as possible. Thus, the designer becomes more likely to better understand people’s behaviour and identify real needs to be addressed. This research aimed to develop a Framework to assist the designer in conducting users research, using methods based on an ethnographic approach in order to identify real needs of a group. For such purpose, the literature review covered the study of Ethnography and its approximation with Design discipline, focusing then on methods for users research. From this, it was possible to establish categories of methods that are based on different forms of user participation in research, including methods generally used in Marketing research, methods from Ethnography, and methods influenced by Co-design. After the literature review, the development of the Framework for Users Research was performed in three moments. Initially, the steps of user research were defined; then the manuals and books used as reference sources were defined; and finally, a screening for select methods of user research was carried out. The screening was divided into four stages (listing, mapping, grouping, and selection) including 337 methods taken from reference sources. A whole of 45 methods were selected and characterized from an ethnographic approach, then they were grouped according to the established categories. The result of this study is composed by suggestions about important aspects to be considered during the user research; and by the “Framework for Users Research” structured in three stages – Planning, Collecting, and Organizing, that contains the suggestions briefly and the methods that can be applied in accordance with the purpose of each stage.

The deleterious effects of not completing high school in the United States and around the world in the current monetary, societal, and employment climate make efforts toward increasing graduation rates an imperative. The impetus for educational reform for improving graduation rates is even more salient for students with disabilities who graduate at lower rates than their peers without disabilities (Stetser & Stillwell, 2014). To provide the multi-tiered systems of support (MTSS) necessary to engage in this reform, data-systems with accurate and timely information are necessary. This research included construction of Hierarchical Generalized Linear Models to investigate the individual- and school-level predictor variables associated with on-time high school graduation for students with disabilities. To that end, the research examined the relationships among (1) individual student demographic background variables (2) individual academic and behavioral school related variables (3) school-wide characteristics of the schools that students in the research study attended and (4) on-time graduation as defined by the Federal Uniform Graduation Rate criteria. This research revealed significant relationships between on-time graduation and individual-level variables for students with disabilities including grade point average, attendance, and primary disability labels of Autism Spectrum Disorder and Intellectual Disabilities across grade levels. Additional significant predictors were found at specific grade levels (e.g., socio-economic status and education in a more restrictive environment). Implications for research to practice include a focus on early intervention prior to high school to increase odds of on-time graduation for students with disabilities and inclusion of additional variables for students with disabilities in Early Warning Systems (EWS). Additionally, customizing EWS through analysis of predictor sensitivity for specific populations by school district or school was discussed.

Människohandel för sexuella ändamål är en lukrativ och organiserad brottslighet som kan beskrivas som en modern slavhandeln. De som utsätts för människohandel får ofta svåra psykiska men, i vissa fall berövas de på sina liv. Oftast är offer i människohandeln från länder med socioekonomiska utmaningar och annan social problematik. I Sverige kan den som utsätter någon för människohandel dömas till fängelse till lägst sex månader och högst fyra år. Studien undersöker arbetet kring identifieringen av offer i människohandel för sexuella ändamål samt samverkan mellan regionkoordinatorer och polis, utifrån regionkoordinatorns perspektiv. Tre regionkoordinatorer intervjuades. I intervjuerna framkom det bland annat att det finns en allmän okunskap av människohandel, vilket sätter krav på utbildning av yrkesverksamma. Det råder ett mörkertal gällande offer, och att uppsökande arbete kan vara ett effektivt sätt att identifiera dessa. Utöver uppsökande arbete kan offer identifieras hos migrationsverk och polis. I Sverige finns det polisgrupper som är specialiserade inom människohandel. I intervjuerna framkom det även att det är viktigt att polisen har goda kunskaper om människohandel för att kunna bemöta offer på ett adekvat sätt. Gällande samverkan så beskrivs en lyckad samverkan genom fall som lett till domar, medan det är av stor vikt med tydliga roller för regionkoordinatoren och polis i samverkansarbetet. Vidare fungerar samverkan väldigt bra med engagerade poliser och en avsaknad av formella mål verkar inte vara hämmande för arbetet med människohandelsoffer. / Human trafficking for sexual purposes is a lucrative crime and could be described as a modern slave trade. Those who fall victims for human trafficking often suffer physical trauma, and sometimes get killed. The victims often origin from countries with socioeconomical challenges and other social problematics. In Sweden, those who engage in human trafficking could face jail for least six months to four years at most. This study examines the identifying of and collaboration between regional coordinator and police in cases regarding human trafficking for sexual purposes, from the regional coordinators’ perspective. The results consist of interviews from a total of three regional coordinators. The interviews revealed among other things that there is a general lack of knowledge of human trafficking, which shows a necessity of education for practitioners. There a high estimated number of unknown cases regarding victims, and outreach work could be an effective method to identify them. In addition to outreach work, victims can be identified by immigration agencies and police. In Sweden, there are police groups that specialize in human trafficking. The interviews also showed that it is important that the police have knowledge of human trafficking in order to respond appropriately to victims. Regarding collaboration, successful collaboration is described through cases leading to a sentence, while it is of great importance with clear roles for both the regional coordinator and the police while collaborating. Furthermore, collaboration works very well with committed police officers and a lack of formal goals for the collaboration does not seem to be hampering the work with human trafficking victims.

Bakgrund: Medellivslängden ses öka i världen därmed ökar även förekomsten av demenssjukdomar. Demenssjukdom är ett tillstånd som bland annat kan medföra en oförmåga att förmedla upplevelser av smärta verbalt. Sjuksköterskan har ansvar att identifiera smärta och lindra lidandet hos personer som har demenssjukdom. Syfte: Syftet med litteraturstudien var att belysa sjuksköterskans erfarenhet av att identifiera smärta hos personer som har demenssjukdom på särskilt boende. Metod: Studien var en allmän litteraturstudie, där sju vetenskapliga artiklar sammanställdes och analyserades med inspiration av innehållsanalys. Resultat: Resultatet av studien grundades på sju vetenskapliga artiklar och tre kategorier framkom: begränsningar på grund av kommunikationsbrist, vikten av kontinuitet och anhörigstöd samt vikten av erfarenhet och kompetens. Konklusion: Sjuksköterskorna erfar svårigheter vid identifiering av smärta, eftersom personer som har demenssjukdom ofta har begränsad förmåga att kommunicera sin smärta. Det var därför svårt att få en ömsesidig dialog. Utbildning och erfarenhet var en viktig faktor för sjuksköterskan. Kontinuitet i vården och stöd av anhöriga lyftes även fram som värdefullt. / Background: The prevalence of dementia in the world is increasing with a rising average life expectancy. Dementia is a condition that, among other things, means that a person has difficulty communicating pain verbally. Nurses are responsible for assessing pain in people with dementia. Aim: This literature study aimed to shed light on the nurses' experiences of pain assessment among people with dementia in nursing homes. Method: A general literature study was conducted where seven scientific articles were compiled and analysed based on a qualitative content analysis. Results: The study results were based on seven scientific articles that resulted in three main categories: nurses experience limitations due to communication barriers, the importance of continuity and support from relatives and the importance of nurses' experience and competence. Conclusion: The nurses experienced difficulties in assessing pain in people with dementia. This was due to limited communication skills in people with dementia. It was, therefore, challenging to have a mutual dialogue. Education and experience where an important factor for nurses. Continuous care setting and support of relatives was also highlighted as valuable.

Purpose - The purpose of this study is to identify and describe how B2B salespeople utilize social media when prospecting for new customers based on a sequential sales process.Design/methodology/approach - The study employs an interpretive approach as it attempts to convey a phenomenon through the eyes of the participants. The data is derived from six participants collected through semi-structured interviews. The thematic analysis aids to decipher patterns in the data and display these descriptive and narratively.Findings - The study identified four themes of social media use when prospecting for new customers. Further, the study suggests that salespeople are using social media to identify and qualify the prospects and their competencies in a networking manner and consequently follow the key targets of interest in order to initiate possibilities for offering customized solutions or adapt their approach accordingly.Research limitations/implications - The findings describes prospecting on social media through identified themes and points to new techniques to obtain information regarding prospects. This study opens up for future research in order to strengthen the newly discovered themes and its underlying forces.Managerial implications - The study reveals that prospecting techniques on social media are exercised and fueled by a salesperson's own intuition. This should be considered by the management as the employees’ intuition may depart from a company’s core strategy and values.Originality/value - No studies has examined how prospecting is carried out in practice on social media. The empirical findings in this study provide a new suggestion of how social media is used by salespeople and accordingly contributes to current sales literature by adding four descriptive themes of prospecting on social media.

The present study investigates the predictive accuracy of a key approach to interpretation of the verbal-spatialcognitive (VSC) and sensorimotor (SM) factors of the McCarron-Dial System (MDS). The subjects include 99 brain damaged and 30 normal adults. The following research questions are addressed: (a) Does the neuropsychological key classify brain damaged and non-brain damaged subjects at a level significantly above chance? (b) Among the brain damaged subjects, does the neuropsychological key identify right brain damage, left brain damage and diffuse brain damage at an accuracy level significantly above chance? (c) Is the neuropsychological key approach superior to the empirical model derived from discriminant function analysis in predictive accuracy? The neuropsychological key correctly classifies 90% of the cases as brain damaged and 90% of the cases as non-brain damaged, for a total of 89.9% predictive accuracy. The obtained Kappa coefficient of .74 is statistically significant. The key accurately classifies 71.4% of the brain damaged group as right damage, 70% as left damage, and 93.8% as diffuse damage, for a total predictive accuracy of 7 9.5%. The Kappa coefficient of .68 is statistically significant. Chi square analysis of the difference between the key approach and multiple discriminant function analysis reveals that no significant difference is present between the accuracy of the two approaches in differentiating between brain damaged and non-brain damaged, or in differentiating among left, right and diffuse brain damage. The results support the validity of a neuropsychological key approach to interpretation of the McCarron-Dial System, although cross-validation is indicated to confirm the stability of these results. Differences in sex, educational level and racial composition of the comparison groups may have affected the results obtained. Refinement of the key in future research and the addition of test instruments assessing memory, auditory processing, attention and emotional/behavioral variables are recommended.

Female trombonists are underrepresented throughout the United States especially in collegiate teaching positions. Is the underrepresentation of female trombonists as professional musicians and teachers causing less females to pursue playing the trombone? After discussing the expected roles of females and acceptable instruments for women to play during the 1800’s, this document mentions many women who were able to surpass the norms of female musicians and make their own musical choices. The purpose of this study is to discover if there is any relevance of gender bias towards female trombonists in society today and potentially determine how these biases affect their musical opportunities. This study and the survey questions were inspired by Melissa Ewing’s dissertation, Examining the Under-Representation of Female Euphonium Players in the USA, which examined the lack of female euphonium players in the United States. In order to create a trombone-centered survey, I used questions from Ewing’s survey as a guide while adding other questions to help gain useful information from trombone professors and female-identifying trombone students in the USA. The names of college trombone professors in the United States were collected from the College Music Society directory and this determined the professors who were surveyed and asked to provide their studio gender ratio and questions about identifying as female when applicable. In addition, the professors forwarded the student survey invitation to female-identifying students in their studios to provide their individual experiences as female trombonists in college. This document will serve as a resource for future studies on female-identifying trombonists and gender studies in general regarding music education and performance.

Software development is a collaborative process where many developers come together and work on a project. To make things easy and manageable, software is developed on a version control system. A version control system is a centralized system which stores code and adds code from all other developers as an increment to the code base in the repository. Since multiple people work on the same code repository together, it is important to make sure that their contributions do not conflict with each other. It is important to maintain the quality and integrity of the repository. This is where the code review process comes into the picture. All the changes made to the repository by developers are reviewed by other, preferably senior developers, before it is integrated into the repository. This is done to maintain a high standard of development. The problem is that this is a manual and highly time consuming process. This research proposes a tool that tries to optimize the code review process. This is done by ranking the changes that the developers need to review: this makes it easier for the developer to decide which change he/she needs to review first. Also since every reviewer has their own preference and style, the tool takes feedback from the code reviewer after every change and readjusts the ranked change list according to his/her feedback. Adding to that, the tool classifies each change and tags it so that the code reviewers have a better understanding of the change that he/she is about to review. It also provides additional refactoring information about each change. Refactoring changes are very easy to miss, since they are not usually erroneous changes, but they erode the quality of the software overtime. The tool points out these changes so that these changes are not missed by the code reviewer. The research was evaluated on 7 open source project and a usability study was conducted which prove that this tool does have a positive impact on the code review process.

A common observation in animal space use studies is that animals do not use space uniformly, but rather use some areas of their home ranges and territories with much higher intensity than others. Numerous methods have been developed to estimate these "core areas"; however, all of the current methods available are based on arbitrary rules. Additionally, most studies do not attempt to understand what behavioral processes lead to the observed patterns of non-uniform space use. This study has four main objectives: 1) to develop an objective and more precise method for estimating core areas, 2) to understand the processes leading to unequal coyote capture probabilities across territories, 3) to understand the biological mechanisms that influence the location of bobcat core areas, and 4) to determine how differences in territory size affect coyote movement patterns. The core area estimation method I developed consistently performed better than methods using arbitrary values to define core areas. Using this method to estimate coyote core areas, I determined that coyote capture locations were not actually biased towards low use areas because of low familiarity with those areas, but rather because of a higher probability of encountering traps there. Intensity of coyote use did, however, influence the location of bobcat core areas. When prey abundance was high, bobcat core areas were located in areas of low coyote use but occurred in areas of high coyote use when prey abundance was low, indicating bobcat core areas are the result of at least two processes: foraging conditions and avoidance of intraguild predation. Lastly, coyote movement behavior changed significantly as territory size increased, leading to faster and straighter movement patterns. However, even though coyotes in larger territories moved twice as fast as those in small territories, they took significantly longer to traverse their territories compared to those in small territories. This might be the result of coyotes occupying large territories being less constrained by defense due to lower conspecific density compared to coyotes occupying small territories. Overall, my research reveals the importance of using more precise methods to delineate animal space use patterns, and the greater information researchers can obtain when they attempt to understand the processes underlying space use patterns.

Bakgrund: Barn som utsätts för försummelse riskerar livslånga hälsoproblem. Tecken på att ett barn utsätts för försummelse kan vara till hjälp i identifieringen av försummelse. Här visar sig anknytningen spela en central roll. Genom kunskap om tecken på barn som far illa kan barnhälsovårdssjuksköterskor bli mer uppmärksamma i mötet med familjerna. Däremot råder det brist på kunskap om försummelse bland medicinsk personal. Syfte: Att belysa barnhälsovårdssjuksköterskans erfarenheter av att identifiera barn som försummas. Metod: Utifrån en kvalitativ ansats intervjuades barnhälsovårdsjuksköterskor (n=10) med frågor utifrån erfarenheter, där insamlade data har analyserats genom kvalitativ innehållsanalys. Resultat: Erfarenheter av försummelse framkom i form av en komplexitet kring begreppet försummelse och dess innebörd samt vad som sker i identifieringen. Ur detta framträdde fyra kategorier under analysprocessen; Att reflektera över ett komplext begrepp, Att se olika tecken, Att samverka kring barnet samt Att önska än mer utbildning. Dessa redovisar likartade erfarenheter bland barnhälsovårdssjuksköterskorna, där det fanns en samsämmighet i vikten av försummelse som ämne. Konklusion: En tydlig definition av begreppet försummelse och dess innebörd behövs då det kan tänkas underlätta för barnhälsovårdssjuksköterskor i sitt arbete. Vilket kan möjligggöra en tidig identifiering av tecken på försummelse som i sin tur kan leda till att barn erbjuds tidigt stöd. Rekommenderat är därför vidare forskning som möjliggör sådan definition.