Este trabalho se propõe a entender a dimensão lúdica da paisagem em uma área localizada na divisa entre os municípios de Santo André e São Bernardo do Campo, região metropolitana de São Paulo. Nessa área encontra-se o Parque Estadual Chácara da Baronesa, consolidado apenas em 2014. Antes de sua abertura ao público era uma área abandonada há anos. Esse abandono da área possibilitou a invasão de pessoas na busca por local de moradia, em uma parte da área do parque, que se consolidou em uma favela. No entorno do parque e da favela localizam-se bairros residenciais, tanto em Santo André quanto em São Bernardo. A proposta da pesquisa foi estudar a favela e esse entorno. Como procedimentos metodológicos foram realizadas oficinas com os moradores da favela e do entorno, com crianças e adultos, pois entende-se que o elemento lúdico faz parte da dimensão humana em todas as idades. Como método complementar foi aplicado o teste do imaginário, o ATl-9, porque acredita-se que a compreensão do universo simbólico das pessoas pode revelar significados que nem sempre são expressos em entrevistas e conversas. Também foi desenvolvido um arcabouço teórico sobre os principais assuntos que embasam a pesquisa: o lúdico, a paisagem e o imaginário. Acredita-se que a compreensão dessas realidades, através das ferramentas utilizadas, revela como essa dimensão lúdica é percebida e vivenciada pelas pessoas, que são também construtoras das suas paisagens. / This study aims to understand the playful dimension of the landscape in an area located on the landmark between the cities of Santo André and São Bernardo do Campo, in the metropolitan region of São Paulo. In this areais located the Parque Estadual Chácara da Baronesa, consolidated only in 2014. Before to its opening to the public, it was an abandoned area for years. This abandonment of the area allowed the invasion of people in search for place of residence, in a part of the park area, which was consolidated in a slum. Around the park and the slum are located residential neighborhoods, both in Santo André and São Bernardo. The aim of this research was to study the slum and this environment. The methodological procedures were workshops with the dwellers of the slum and the surroundings, with children and adults, because it is understood that the playfulness is part of the human dimension in all ages. As a complementary method was applied the test of the imagery, ATL-9, because it is believed that the understanding of the symbolic universe of people can reveal meanings that are not always expressed in interviews and conversations. It was also developed a theoretical framework on key issues that underlie the research: the playful, the landscape and the imaginary. It is believed that the understanding of those realities, through the tools used, reveals how the playful dimension is perceived and experienced by people who are also the builders of their landscapes.

Nesta dissertação estudamos o Imaginário fenomenológico da vigilância a partir de matérias publicadas pelo jornalismo de referência brasileiro que abordam mecanismos de vigilância em suas narrativas, a fim de descobrir quais as motivações pulsionais que orientam essas práticas. Iniciamos a pesquisa tendo como pressuposto a ideia de que o jornalismo tem na vigilância um elemento fundamental de composição de seu Imaginário e que, portanto, oferece um ambiente privilegiado para buscar as simbolizações sobre os mecanismos de vigiar, podendo nos dar acesso ao Imaginário da vigilância e, indiretamente, ao Imaginário do próprio jornalismo. Buscamos, inicialmente, compreender qual o cenário estabelecido entre as comunicações em rede, as novas configurações da vigilância e as formas de estar-junto, apontando o encadeamento entre essas três condições que acabam por instaurar uma socialidade própria no contemporâneo. Consideramos primeiramente que a pulsão estética (de partilha), acompanhando Michel Maffesoli, é a principal norteadora do cimento social da atualidade, sendo uma forma de transfiguração da questão política. Consideramos também o trabalho de Byung-Chun Han para compreender a extensão e a força com que se consolidou o valor da transparência no contemporâneo. Consideramos ainda que tais comunicações em rede, motivadas pela pulsão de partilha e alimentadas pelo valor da transparência, estão intimamente relacionadas aos mecanismos de vigilância do contemporâneo, que atuam de forma sutil, eficiente, descentralizada e distribuída, conforme o trabalho de Fernanda Bruno. Classificamos os mecanismos de vigilância em três grandes regimes (panóptico, escópico e de rastreamento), de acordo com trabalho de Lucia Santaella. Atentamos para o regime mais recente da vigilância e de mais difícil delimitação, o de rastreamento, estudando especialmente sua manifestação na internet e sua configuração nas bolhas de filtros, com auxílio de Eli Pariser. A partir do estudo do social e da vigilância nele implicada, partimos para o detalhamento teórico do Imaginário e da maneira com que se formam as imagens simbólicas no trajeto antropológico, das pulsões às coerções. Isso é feito através do estudo das obras de Gilbert Durand, Mircea Eliade e Ana Taís Martins Portanova Barros, tendo como principal objetivo apresentar os regimes das imagens simbólicas descritos por Durand e como tais imagens se articulam entre o pulsional e o social. A teoria de Durand também nos serve de heurística para realizar a etapa analítica do trabalho, em que buscamos os símbolos universais descritos pelo autor, através de um procedimento chamado de leitura simbólica, dentro de nosso corpus – composto por 17 matérias publicadas na Folha de S.Paulo e no Estadão e que abordam diretamente mecanismos de vigilância panópticos, escópicos e de rastreamento. As leituras simbólicas, que são interpretações das matérias a partir dos grandes símbolos da humanidade, mostraram concentrações e repetições de imagens apenas do regime esquizomorfo, apresentando assim uma narrativa simbólica – paralela à narrativa textual – que dá a ver um cenário de guerra, medo, perigo, incerteza, alerta e queda. Na conclusão, realizamos, primeiramente, uma interpretação sobre a característica de equilibração e compensação do Imaginário para, a partir disso, compreender que essa reincidência de imagens semelhantes representa uma repressão de símbolos de outros regimes simbólicos, relegados no contemporâneo. Ao buscar a interpretação dos símbolos preponderantes em contato com o cenário teórico estabelecido sobre o social, percebemos que o investimento em uma hiper-transparência positiva, que visa a ignorar simbolizações “negativas” do ser, retorna como opacidade que se manifesta como violência e confusão. / In this dissertation we studied the surveillance´s phenomenological Imaginary based on reports published by reference journalism in Brazil that approach the mechanisms of surveillance in its narratives, in order to discover what pulsion motivations guide such practices. We started the research by having as assumption the idea that the journalism has in its surveillance a fundamental element of its Imaginary composition and therefore presents a privileged environment to search for symbolizations on mechanisms of surveillance, giving us access to the Imaginary of surveillance, and indirectly, to the Imaginary of journalism itself. At first, we looked for to understand what is the established scenario amongst network communications, new configurations of surveillance and be-together ways, pointing out the link amongst these three conditions that end up by establishing a particular sociality proper in contemporary. As a following step, taking the work of Michael Maffesoli as a referral, we considered the aesthetic pulsion (of sharing) is the main guide of the social cement in the present, being a form of political question transfiguration. We considered the work of Byung- Chun Han to learn the extent and force wherewith the value of transparency in contemporary has been consolidated, and we looked attentivaly at Fernanda Bruno´s work which say that such network communications, motivated by pulsion for sharing and fed by the value of transparency, are closely related to contemporary mechanisms of surveillance and operate in a subtle, efficient, decentralized and distributed way. We also classified the mechanisms of surveillance into three major regimes (panoptic, scoptic and tracking), according to Lucia Santaella´s work, and aided by Eli Pariser thoughts, we paid attention to the most recent (and more difficult to delimit) regime of surveillance of tracking, carefully studying its manifestation in the internet and its configuration in filters’ bubbles. Based on the study of the social and the surveillance implied in it, we proceeded to the theoretical detailing of the Imaginary and the way wherewith symbolic images are formed on the anthropological path, from pulsions to coercions. That was done by studying the works of Gilbert Durand, Mircea Eliade and Ana Taís Martins Portanova Barros, having as the main goal to present the regimes of the symbolic images described by Durand and how such images articulated itself between the pulsion and the social. Durand's theory also serves us as a heuristic to perform the analytical stage of the work, wherewith we looked for the universal symbols described by the author through a procedure called “symbolic reading” in the corpus – composed by 17 articles were published in Folha de São Paulo and O Estado de São Paulo, that approach in a direct way the mechanisms of surveillance: panoptics, scoptics and tracking. The symbolic readings, understood as interpretations of such articles from the great symbols of humanity, showed concentrations and repetitions of images only in the schizomorphic regime, thus presenting a symbolic narrative - parallel to the textual narrative, that makes it possible to see a scenario of war, fear, danger, uncertainty, attention and fall. In conclusion of this dissertation, we performed an interpretation on the characteristic of equilibration and compensation of the Imaginary in order to understand from this that this recidivism of similar images represents a repression of symbols of other symbolic regimes, relegated in contemporary. By seeking interpretation of preponderant symbols in contact with the established theoretical scenario on the social, we perceived that the investment in a positive hyper-transparency, which aims to ignore "negative" symbolizations of being, returns as opacity that manifests itself as violence and confusion.

The advent of climate change promises extreme disruptions to existing concepts of political time, namely the distinction between the modes of time adopted by modern nation-states, natural time, and the everyday life of human beings. Yet the nation-state remains the primary actor through which climate politics is shaped. India is one the most prominent actors in the UN Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) and also likely to be one of the most climate-affected societies moving forward. Over the 30-year history of India's engagement at the UNFCCC, there has been a shift from constructing a secular, past-oriented imaginary to a sacred, future-oriented one. The state has fostered these temporal imaginaries through three discursive registers: international politics, climate science, and conservative Hindu ideology. These imaginaries act as a heuristic tool with which to analyze the changing dynamics of political temporality in an era of rapid and extreme climate change. / Doctor of Philosophy / Climate change challenges fundamental notion of political time, the temporal relationship that embeds actors and processes. Yet this topic is underanalyzed in academic literature, especially when it comes to non-Western states. India has been one of the most prominent actors at the United Nations climate negotiations and also likely to be heavily affected by extreme climate shifts. Over the 30-year history of the UN Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC), the Indian government has framed the temporality of climate change in two ways. First, from 1988-2004, it constructed and followed a secular, past-oriented imaginary of climate change. Beginning in 2005, and accelerating with the election of Prime Minister Modi in 2014, the government has begun to construct and follow a sacred, future-oriented imaginary. In this way, the State has moved from rhetorically framing climate change as a significant problem to an opportunity that can be met if India and other societies follow conservative Hindu precepts.

In this thesis, I develop a history of thyroid hormone treatment (THT) that centers on the bodies of animals and women between 1890 and 1970. This history contextualizes the current debate between two forms of THT, desiccated and synthetic. Drawing on the discourses present in biomedical journals, I trace how medical practitioners used the animals and women to demonstrate and make sense of THT's effectiveness over time. As such, I study what Catherine Waldby terms the "biomedical imaginary" or the speculative fabric of scientific thought, to demonstrate how an "ordinary" medical technology crosses and reinforces the conceptions of gender and animality. THT emerged in the 1890s as an organotherapy, or a medicine made from animal organs. Like other organotherapies, general physicians used THT for a wide variety of ailments that had not been scientifically proven through the practices of vivisection or animal experimentation. From its emergence, THT served as a site of tension between scientific researchers and general practitioners. This tension only increased when a synthetic form of THT was invented in the 1920s, when scientific researchers embraced synthetic THT and general practitioners continued using desiccated THT. At the center of the controversy were the productive and subversive relationships of animals and women to biomedical meaning-making. Over the twentieth century, methods of defining THT's effectiveness and purity were defined in opposition to these bodies. These chemical measures combined the specialist and physician's measurement of THT's clinical effectiveness, which led to a preference for synthetic THT. / Master of Science

Le Costa Rica a connu un véritable tournant touristique de son économie à partir des années 1990, fort d'une identité basée sur la représentation d'un petit État pacifique sans armée ainsi que la représentation mythifiée d'une nature sauvage et préservée. Ce travail interroge le discours sur 1'« exception» costaricienne déployé dans le cadre de la mise en tourisme du pays. Une généalogie de la composition de ces images permet d'établir l'étroite relation entre l'imaginaire touristique et l'imaginaire national. En effet, l'imaginaire touristique se nourrit des principaux attributs historiques de la nation costaricienne forgés au moment de l'indépendance du pays, mais participe également de l'incorporation du paradigme environnemental dans l'imaginaire national. Ce travail examine ainsi la dimension instituante de l'imaginaire touristique qui participe de la production du territoire et de la production d'une image de la nation associée à des figures de la nature. Cet imaginaire touristique se veut toutefois hégémonique et exclusif, à l'instar de l'imaginaire national au XIXe siècle véhiculant l'idée d'une nation costaricienne démocratique et pacifique basée sur la théorie de la race blanche. Du discours historique sur la blanchitude au discours contemporain sur la nature, ce travail examine également le rôle de l'imaginaire touristique dans la reproduction de processus de racialisation spatiale à l'encontre des populations indigènes et afro-caribéennes du Costa Rica. L'imaginaire touristique devient ainsi le lieu où non seulement se dessinent mais également se négocient les figures de la nation et de l'altérité et l'appartenance à la communauté politique nationale. / Costa Rica has undergone a touristic turn of its economy since the 1990s, with a tourism identity based on the representations of a peaceful state without armed forces as well as the wilderness. This research examines the discourse on the Costa Rican exception deployed within the context of tourism development. A genealogy of the composition of these images reveals the deep relation between the tourism imaginary and the national imaginary. Indeed, the tourism imaginary takes on the main historical characteristics of the Costa Rican national ideology shaped within the context of its independence, but also entails the incorporation of an environmental paradigm into the national imaginary. This work analyzes the instituting dimension of the tourism imaginary as participating in the production of space and place, and the production of an image of the nation associated with figures of nature. However, this tourism imaginary is also hegemonic and exclusive, as was the national imaginary in the nineteenth century, which promoted the idea of a democratic and peaceful Costa Rican nation based on the theory of the white race. From the historical discourse on whiteness to the contemporary discourse on nature, this study investigates the role of the tourism imaginary in the reproduction of spatial racialization processes against the Costa Rican indigenous and Afro-Caribbean populations. Thus, the tourism imaginary becomes the space where figures of the nation are defined, and where their belonging to the national political community are negotiated.

Submitted by Diego dos Santos Borba (dborba@uffs.edu.br) on 2017-04-13T19:47:51Z No. of bitstreams: 1 FRANTZ.pdf: 1627989 bytes, checksum: f493bced18a6133315bd0e8906bd1a0c (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-04-13T19:47:51Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 FRANTZ.pdf: 1627989 bytes, checksum: f493bced18a6133315bd0e8906bd1a0c (MD5) Previous issue date: 2014-04-03 / Neste trabalho procuramos compreender na perspectiva te?rico-metodol?gica da An?lise de Discurso fundada nos trabalhos de Michel P?cheux e Eni Orlandi... / Is This Work ....

Det sociala mediet Instagram är en applikation där människor världen runt kan dela med sig av resor, måltider och den nya familjemedlemmens ankomst. Genom att kommentera, gilla, arkivera och utforska kan användaren hålla sig uppdaterad dygnet runt. När Instagram i mars 2016 meddelade att de skulle införa algoritmer, vilka profilerar och kartlägger användare, ändrades rangordningen på inläggen i användarnas flöde. Vem som nu får se vad, när och hur styrs av dessa osynliga matematiska formler. Studien syftar till att undersöka hur svenska Instagramanvändare i åldern 15-40 år upplever dessa personliga algoritmer och huruvida dessa har en inverkan på hur de använder sig av applikationen. Då Instagram är tätt förknippat med att visa upp sig själv ser jag det även intressant att undersöka vilken roll algoritmerna har för individernas syn på sig själva. Genom mixed methods kommer både en enkät och kvalitativa intervjuer att utföras för att få en genomgripande förståelse för fenomenet på flera plan. Den kvantitativa delen ämnar att skapa en mer generell uppfattning hur individerna upplever algoritmerna och hur deras användning ser ut. Detta medan den kvalitativa delen är till för att fördjupa förståelsen för relationen mellan individerna och algoritmerna. Med hjälp av teorier rörande synlighet, algoritmer och identitet är målet att få en djupare förståelse för detta tämligen nya fenomen. Analysens resultat visar att medvetenheten är måttlig och kunskapen om algoritmerna är relativt begränsad. Det finns en tydlig skillnad mellan de som har skapat egna teorier om hur algoritmerna fungerar och de som är helt omedvetna. Vidare var det tydligt att algoritmerna hade en inverkan - både medvetet och omedvetet - på individerna vad gällde olika strategier för att bättre synas och få likes. Slutligen visade det sig att de personliga algoritmerna spelar en jämförelsevis stor roll för individernas syn på sig själva i termer av validitet och reflektion.

A presente pesquisa reúne uma construção teórica sobre a Cidade a partir de autores como Bárbara Freitag, Henri Lefebvre, Lewis Mumford, Massimo Canevacci, Susana Gastal, entre outros, para aproximá-la de outro corpo teórico, aquele construído em torno da questão do Imaginário. O objetivo é avaliar como os imaginários urbanos, presentes na mídia especializada em Turismo, contribuem para a construção do Imaginário cidade turística, em especial na apropriação e ressignificação da idéia de paraíso. Para a análise, foram elencadas, entre as 120 edições da revista Viagem e Turismo, aquelas que apresentaram em sua capa destinos turísticos urbanos. A pesquisa se deu à luz da Análise de Conteúdo de Laurence Bardin, da qual emergiram as categorias Excessos, Labirinto, Pecado, Interdito (associadas ao Imaginário da Cidade) e Paraíso, Sagrado, Natureza, Paisagem (associadas ao Imaginário do Turismo). Aplicadas às categorias, constata-se que o Imaginário da Cidade, associado aos excessos, labirintos, pecados e interditos, construído historicamente, é reproduzido nas práticas da imprensa especializada contemporânea, desqualificando o espaço Cidade para o Turismo. A pesquisa propõe o debate do conceito de Turismo para que a partir dele haja um resgate da auto-estima da Cidade e, por conseqüência, uma ressignificação do Imaginário da Cidade para o Turismo. / Submitted by Marcelo Teixeira (mvteixeira@ucs.br) on 2014-05-21T17:53:07Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Dissertacao Milena B Bandeira.pdf: 6063545 bytes, checksum: 04b8452f06ed1462b71ad51fe6cef81e (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2014-05-21T17:53:07Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Dissertacao Milena B Bandeira.pdf: 6063545 bytes, checksum: 04b8452f06ed1462b71ad51fe6cef81e (MD5) / This research brings together a theorical construction on the City, from authors such as Barbara Freitag, Henri Lefebvre, Lewis Mumford, Massimo Canevacci, Susana Gastal, among and others, bringing it closer to another theorycal body theory, the one built around the question of Imaginary. The objective is to evaluate how the Imaginary City, present in this midia specialized in Tourism, contribute to on building the Imaginary of tourist city, especially on appropriation and re-signification the idea of paradise. For analysis were listed among the 120 editions of the magazine Viagem e Turismo to those which brought in its cover some urban tourist destinations. The research follows of the Content Analysis of Laurence Bardin, from which had emerged the categories Excess, Maze, Sin, Forbidden, associated to the Imaginary City and Paradise, Sacred, Nature, Landscape associated to the Imaginary Tourism. Applied to the categories, it appears that the Imaginary of the City, associated with the excesses, mazes, sins and banned, historically buit is reproduced in the contemporary press practices, disqualifies the space City for Tourism. The research suggests discussing the concept of Tourism so that from it there will be a redemption of self-esteem for the City and, consequently, an imaginary res-signification of the City for Tourism.

A presente pesquisa reúne uma construção teórica sobre a Cidade a partir de autores como Bárbara Freitag, Henri Lefebvre, Lewis Mumford, Massimo Canevacci, Susana Gastal, entre outros, para aproximá-la de outro corpo teórico, aquele construído em torno da questão do Imaginário. O objetivo é avaliar como os imaginários urbanos, presentes na mídia especializada em Turismo, contribuem para a construção do Imaginário cidade turística, em especial na apropriação e ressignificação da idéia de paraíso. Para a análise, foram elencadas, entre as 120 edições da revista Viagem e Turismo, aquelas que apresentaram em sua capa destinos turísticos urbanos. A pesquisa se deu à luz da Análise de Conteúdo de Laurence Bardin, da qual emergiram as categorias Excessos, Labirinto, Pecado, Interdito (associadas ao Imaginário da Cidade) e Paraíso, Sagrado, Natureza, Paisagem (associadas ao Imaginário do Turismo). Aplicadas às categorias, constata-se que o Imaginário da Cidade, associado aos excessos, labirintos, pecados e interditos, construído historicamente, é reproduzido nas práticas da imprensa especializada contemporânea, desqualificando o espaço Cidade para o Turismo. A pesquisa propõe o debate do conceito de Turismo para que a partir dele haja um resgate da auto-estima da Cidade e, por conseqüência, uma ressignificação do Imaginário da Cidade para o Turismo. / This research brings together a theorical construction on the City, from authors such as Barbara Freitag, Henri Lefebvre, Lewis Mumford, Massimo Canevacci, Susana Gastal, among and others, bringing it closer to another theorycal body theory, the one built around the question of Imaginary. The objective is to evaluate how the Imaginary City, present in this midia specialized in Tourism, contribute to on building the Imaginary of tourist city, especially on appropriation and re-signification the idea of paradise. For analysis were listed among the 120 editions of the magazine Viagem e Turismo to those which brought in its cover some urban tourist destinations. The research follows of the Content Analysis of Laurence Bardin, from which had emerged the categories Excess, Maze, Sin, Forbidden, associated to the Imaginary City and Paradise, Sacred, Nature, Landscape associated to the Imaginary Tourism. Applied to the categories, it appears that the Imaginary of the City, associated with the excesses, mazes, sins and banned, historically buit is reproduced in the contemporary press practices, disqualifies the space City for Tourism. The research suggests discussing the concept of Tourism so that from it there will be a redemption of self-esteem for the City and, consequently, an imaginary res-signification of the City for Tourism.

Ce mémoire porte sur la question de la relation entre l’imagination et la perception d’un point de vue phénoménologique. Husserl prend ses distances par rapport aux modernes en concevant l’imagination comme un mode intentionnel de la conscience et non comme une perception de faible intensité. L’ « image mentale » (ou phantasia) demeure cependant assujettie au travail de la perception. Tirant sa matière dans la perception, l’imagination (Phantasie) en neutralise le caractère de croyance et présentifie ses objets dans un domaine d’expérience parallèle à celui de la perception que Husserl nomme « l’irréel ». Sartre radicalise cette séparation entre le réel et l’irréel (ou la perception et l’imagination) en concevant l’imagination à partir de la spontanéité de la conscience, laquelle justifierait sa liberté absolue, alors que la perception demeurerait pure passivité. Merleau-Ponty, opère au fil de son oeuvre un renversement graduel de cette position antithétique. Analysant l’expérience perceptive à partir du corps propre à travers le prisme de la Gestaltpsychologie, perception et imagination apparaissent comme deux consciences qui s’interpénètrent. Leur empiètement, que Merleau-Ponty repère dans la notion d’« inconscient corporel », se manifeste le plus clairement dans l’étude de la psychologie enfantine et dans des expériences comme le rêve, l’hallucination et l’illusion. Le but de notre mémoire est donc double : d’abord, nous présentons un aperçu historique de la phénoménologie de l’imagination et de la perception chez Husserl et Sartre; ensuite, nous mettons en valeur la thèse merleau-pontienne de l’empiètement entre imagination et perception sur les plans phénoménologiques et ontologiques et les avantages qu’elle présente par rapport à celle de ses prédécesseurs. / This Master's thesis deals with the question of the relation between imagination and perception from a phenomenological standpoint. Husserl distances himself from his modern predecessors by conceiving imagination as an intentional mode of consciousness and not as a perception of low intensity. However, the « mental image » (or phantasia) remains subject to the work of perception. Drawing its matter from perception, imagination (Phantasie) neutralizes its character of belief and presents its objects in a domain of experience conceived as running parallel to that of perception, namely what Husserl calls "the unreal". Sartre radicalizes the separation between the real and the unreal (and accordingly that between perception and the imagination) by conceiving the imagination as stemming from the spontaneity of the consciousness, which would justify its absolute freedom, whereas the perception would remain pure passivity. In the course of his work, Merleau-Ponty operates a gradual reversal of this antithetical position. Analyzing experience from the perspective of the living body (corps propre) through the tools of Gestaltpsychology, perception and imagination appear as two consciousnesses that interpenetrate. Their encroachment, which Merleau-Ponty identifies in the notion of "bodily unconscious", is most clearly manifested in the study of child psychology and in experiences such as dreaming, hallucination and illusion. The purpose of our dissertation is thus twofold: first, we present a historical overview of the phenomenology of imagination and perception in Husserl and Sartre; second, we highlight the Merleau-Pontian thesis of the encroachment between imagination and perception on phenomenological and ontological levels and the advantages it has over that of his predecessors.