Bakgrund: Kärnan i omvårdnaden består av mötet mellan sjuksköterska och patient, där patienten görs delaktig. För att kunna mötas krävs en god kommunikation. I vården av en patient med ett annat modersmål kan språket bli en barriär, vilket kan överbryggas med hjälp av en tolk. Syfte: Syftet med denna studie var att belysa sjuksköterskans erfarenheter av kommunikation med patienter som har ett annat modersmål. Metod: Metoden som användes var en litteraturbaserad studie, där 12 kvalitativa vetenskapliga artiklar inkluderades. Resultat: Ur analysen framkom två kategorier; problem att inhämta information som grund för omvårdnaden samt finna lösningar som underlättar kontakt med patienten med sex underkategorier. Sjuksköterskornas erfarenheter var att bristen på information ökade risken för missförstånd, men gjorde det även svårt att lära känna patienten och att bedöma patientens hälsotillstånd. Sjuksköterskorna hade erfarenheter av att överbrygga språkbarriären på olika sätt. De använde sig av tolkar och tog hjälp av familjemedlemmar. De fick även använda sig av andra kommunikationsvägar som främjade konversationen. Slutsats: Sjuksköterskorna hade erfarenheter av att bristen på information påverkade patientens vård på ett negativt sätt. För att överbrygga språkbarriären krävs bättre tillgång till tolkar. / Background: The core of nursing is the meeting between the nurse and the patient, where the patient is participant. In order to meet, a good communication is required. When caring for a patient with a different mother tounge, the language becomes a barrier. An interpreter may help bridging these obstacles. Aim: The aim of this study was to illuminate nurses’ experiences of communication with patients with a different mother tounge. Method: The chosen method was a literature based study. Twelve qualitative research articles were included in the study. Findings: The findings is presented in two categories; problems to obtain information as a basis for nursing, and find solutions that facilitate contact with the patient, with six subcategories. Nurses experiences was that lack of information made misunderstandings arise. It also made it difficult to getting to know the patient and assess the patients’ health. The nurses had experiences of overcoming the language barrier in different ways. They used interpreters and enlisted the help of family members. They also had to use other ways to communicate. Conclusion: The nurses had experiences that the lack of information affected the health care negatively. To overcome the language barrier better access to interpreters is required.

Thesis (Ph. D.)--University of Washington, 2004. / Vita. Includes bibliographical references (leaves 115-130).

This research attempts to explore how African immigrant teachers in South African schools reconstructed their professional identities. In this study African immigrant teachers are those teachers who have undergone teacher professional training in an African country other than South Africa. The study was qualitative in nature and utilized narrative inquiry and the case study approach. Data-gathering techniques included a mix of semi-structured interviews, observations, focus group interviews, field notes and a researcher’s journal (multiple variable sampling of five different South African public schools- one African immigrant teacher per school; school principals and focus group interviews of learners who were students of the immigrant teachers). Data analysis made use of grounded theory and content analysis. Findings from the study were fourfold: First, African immigrant teachers in South African schools cultivated good relationships with colleagues and administrators in order to reconstruct their professional identities. Second, they developed special traits such as perseverance and resilience. Third, access to opportunities, resources and materials in their schools were useful. Fourth, immediate employment on arrival in South Africa was available. Apart from factors that promoted the reconstruction of African immigrant teachers’ professional identities, there are also factors that opposed the reconstruction of their professional identities, namely their immigration status, their employment status and the attitudes of indigenous learners towards them. The new knowledge that was generated indicated that African immigrant teachers in South African schools are considered desirable and indispensable partners by employers, colleagues, administrators and learners. This is in contrast to the general perception in the literature that immigrant teachers are mere work seekers; opportunists and desperate individuals who are not an asset to the host country. / Dissertation (MEd)--University of Pretoria, 2012. / Humanities Education / MEd / Unrestricted

Bakgrund: Det finns uppskattningsvis över 250 miljoner internationella migranter ivärlden. Utmaningen för mottagarländers hälso- och sjukvård är att överbryggaspråkbarriärer och säkerställa god kommunikation och säker vård i mötet medimmigranterna. Syfte: Syftet med litteraturstudien var att beskriva immigranters erfarenheter av attanvända tolk inom vården. Metod: En litteraturstudie som utgår från 8 kvalitativa studier. Databassökningarnagjordes i Cinhal, PubMed och Scopus. Kvalitetsgranskning genomfördes enligt SBU:s mall.Analysen genomfördes med stöd av beskrivande syntes enligt Evans. Resultat: Analysen resulterade i fyra huvudkategorier: ’Olika typer av tolkning’, ’Tolk somverktyg’, ’Tolken som ett hinder’ och ’Begränsningar i organisationen’. Resultatet visade attimmigranter hade erfarenheter av både professionell- och icke professionell tolkning.Tolken var en länk mellan immigranten och vårdpersonalen, men tolksituationen kundeäven upplevas som negativt av immigranten. Tolkningen påverkades av begränsningar påorganisationsnivå av bristande tillgänglighet, bristande rutiner och otillräcklig kunskap. Konklusion: Litteraturstudien visade att tolk var ett bra verktyg för att brytaspråkbarriärer. Tillgång till en professionell tolk upplevdes som positivt av de flestaimmigranter. Familjemedlemmarna och tvåspråkig vårdpersonal agerade tolk när inteprofessionell tolk fanns tillgänglig. Rutiner och mer kunskap behövs om tolktjänster inomhälso- och sjukvården. / Background: Worldwide, about 250 million people are international migrants. In healthcare, the challenge is to bridge language barriers, ensure good communication and safecare in the meeting with immigrants. Aim: The aim of the literature was to describe immigrants' experiences of usinginterpreters in health care.Methods: This review was based on 8 studies using qualitative methods. The databasesCinhal, Pubmed and Scopus were used. The analysis was performed based on descriptivesynthesis. Results: The analysis resulted in four main categories: ‘Different types of interpretation’,‘Interpreter as a tool’, ‘The interpreter as an obstacle’ and ‘Limitations in the organization’.Immigrants had experience of both professional and non-professional interpretation. Theinterpreter was a link between the immigrant and the care staff, but the interpretationcould also be perceived as negative. The interpretation was influenced by limitations suchas lack of accessibility, lack of routines and insufficient knowledge. Conclusion: Interpreters in this study were a good tool for breaking language barriers.Access to a professional interpreter was perceived as positive by most immigrants. Thefamily members and bilingual care staff acted as interpreters when a professionalinterpreter was not available. Routines and more knowledge are needed about interpretingservices in health care.

Thesis advisor: Thomas M. Crea / Thesis advisor: Ruth E. Prado P. / Undocumented Mexican immigrants and their children make up a considerable proportion of the United States population at risk of mental health problems. Yet research to inform the mental health of undocumented Mexican immigrants and their children is very limited, and the majority of existing studies are qualitative; both types of studies are needed to understand better the relationship among different factors that may influence the mental health of immigrant parents and their children. This three-paper dissertation analyzed the implications of parents’ and children’s immigration status for the mothers' mental health and the children’s behavioral problems. It utilized subsamples from the Los Angeles Family and Neighborhood Survey (L.A. FANS), a survey representative of Los Angeles County, which includes direct measures of respondent’s immigration status. Paper 1 used path analysis to examine the relationship between the mothers' immigration status and major depression, and whether self-efficacy served as a mediator. Surprisingly, undocumented mothers had fewer symptoms of major depression compared with Mexican American and documented mothers. However, when self-efficacy mediated the relationship, immigration status lowered self-efficacy, increasing symptoms of major depression. Paper 2 used hierarchical regression analysis to examine the associations of mother’s and children’s immigration status with children’s behavioral problems. Immigration status was significantly associated with internalizing problems, but not with externalizing problems. For children in mixed-status families, the influence of immigration status on internalizing problems was more severe for children in middle childhood compared to children in early childhood. The influence of immigration status on internalizing problems was more severe for adolescents compared to children in early childhood and middle childhood. Also, the mother’s self-efficacy ameliorated the negative influence of immigration status on children’s behavioral problems (internalizing and externalizing) for girls in undocumented and mixed-status families. Finally, marital conflict exacerbated the negative effects of immigration status on children’s behavioral problems (internalizing and externalizing) for girls in undocumented and mixed-status families. Paper 3 utilized path analysis to examine the mediating role of mother’s mental health (e.g., major depression and self-efficacy) and parenting stress in the relationship between immigration status and children’s behavioral problems. It was found that immigration status influences the mothers' mental health and parenting stress, which in turn influences the behavioral functioning of children in middle childhood and adolescents. Results of these three studies will help inform practice and policy by addressing critical gaps in the literature impacting a growing number of undocumented immigrant mothers and their children. / Thesis (PhD) — Boston College, 2018. / Submitted to: Boston College. Graduate School of Social Work. / Discipline: Social Work.

Immigrant entrepreneurship is defined as business establishment and ownership among immigrants who arrive to a new host country. Immigrant entrepreneurship has become an important theme due to the increasing rates of immigration to developed countries, and its impact on their economic development. However it is also discredited and qualified as low value-added, rarely innovative, restricted to the ethnic communities and with stagnating growth potential. Following this debate, a new research stream affirms that immigrants should not be treated as one entity. Thus attention is shifting towards groups of immigrant entrepreneurs that were previously neglected in the literature. One such group consists of the second generation children of immigrants. Work to date provides ample investigation about immigrant entrepreneurs and their entrepreneurial process; however there is less research on similarities and differences in the entrepreneurial process experienced by first and second generation immigrant entrepreneurs. Despite some recent research on second generation immigrant entrepreneurs, this topic remains understudied. The objective of this study is to understand, from a multi-level perspective, how different generations of immigrant entrepreneurs experience the entrepreneurial process. Using a grounded theory approach and qualitative in-depth interviews, the findings indicate that first and second generation immigrant entrepreneurs experience the entrepreneurial process differently by facing different micro and macro level enablers and obstacles. They also recognize, evaluate and exploit opportunities differently. The extent to which they are embedded in specific environments affects their entrepreneurial experiences.

Indiana University-Purdue University Indianapolis (IUPUI) / In the United States, there is very little knowledge about the health of African immigrants. Although their population exceeds 2 million and still on the rise exponentially, a big gap exists regarding knowledge about health care access and outcomes for this population. Before relocating to the US, many African immigrants face health-threatening conditions, including civil wars and poverty, which are exacerbated by the lack of understanding and attention to their health care needs in the US. Methods: To examine the health care experiences of African immigrants in the US, two distinct studies were conducted. A scoping review examined literature between 1980 and 2016 using four databases, to identify knowledge-gaps concerning African immigrant in the US. A qualitative study comprising 33 semi-structured (one-on-one) interviews and 4 focus groups was conducted using Nigerian immigrant participants in Indianapolis, to assess how discrimination affects their health care experiences and quality of care, and the factors their influence their health care meanings, respectively. Results: For the scoping review, 14 articles were included. All the studies were focused on barriers to the health care access of African immigrants in the US. Along with religion and culture, lack of culturally-competent healthcare and distrust of the US health system, were identified as the major barriers. Both the one-on-one interviews and focus groups revealed provider attitudes, through implicit and open biases, were a key contributing factor to the participants’ health care meanings and healthcare utilization. Additionally, results showed an important intersectionality within the healthcare experiences of the participants, as a result of their perception as “black,” along with African Americans and other physically-related groups. Conclusion: African immigrants in the US grapple with the critical process of reconciling their original identities with their emerging realities, including negative provider attitudes and discrimination, and lack of identify in the US health system. This study highlights the importance of understanding African immigrant health in the US, through the examination of the role of the African framework of understanding of their health in their approaches to healthcare and well-being. / 2021-03-06

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This project challenges the practice of preaching shamanistic prosperity-focused messages to Korean immigrant churches in the United States in order to construct a more liberative theological foundation for sermons and eventually offer an alternative form of immigrant preaching: “a psalmic-theological homiletic.” A shamanistic-prosperity gospel reinforces a mostly success-oriented way of life, owing to its heavy emphasis on God’s promises about individuals’ material rewards. Such a prosperity gospel syncretizes shamanistic beliefs with the American Dream in that it implicitly advises believers to “make it” in the capitalist economy and uphold the prevailing values created by the dominant group. Accordingly, the project not only examines the prosperity gospel and its problematic syncretism with the American Dream ideology, this project also offers a more appropriate immigrant theology for preaching by reclaiming the priorities of God’s future in our lives and confirming God’s active identification with Korean immigrant congregations in the depth of their predicament as immigrants. After offering a practical-theological construction, this project provides “a psalmic-theological homiletic,” critically adopting features from psalmic theology and its theological-rhetorical movement. My proposed homiletic relies on Claus Westermann who argued that the Psalms are honest public speeches about a realistic faith that can be practiced in the midst of suffering. Along with a critical reading of Westermann’s theoretical approach to the Psalms, my homiletic engages in dialogue with Eunjoo Mary Kim’s sermon. As a result, a psalmic-theological homiletic has a four-fold rhetorical movement inspired by and intended for Korean immigrant contexts: (a) lament, (b) retelling the biblical story, (c) confessional doxology, and (d) vow of obedience. This project gives its attention to the theological significance of these four rhetorical steps from the perspective of marginalized people. Its theological-rhetorical strategy intends to transform the immigrant congregation’s habitus of living in faith and to enhance their hope-filled life through communal anticipation of God’s coming future. The project concludes with homiletical-dialogical analyses of two Korean immigrant sermons. Examining their homiletical strengths and weaknesses, the analysis provides guidance for future Korean immigrant preaching to prompt a more faithful and transformative way of life for hearers.

Bakgrund: Postpartumdepression är ett globalt förekommande fenomen, ungefär 20 procent av immigranter lider av sjukdomen. Det behövs mer kunskap kring postpartumdepression hos immigranter. Syfte: Syftet med denna litteraturöversikt var att syntetisera kvalitativ forskning om hur immigranter upplever sin livssituation och behov av stöd från vården i samband med en postpartumdepression. Metod: Kvalitativ litteraturöversikt med tematisk analys. Resultat: Fyra teman identifierades. De var rädsla för stigma, uppfattningen om postpartumdepression, upplevelsen av vårdsammanhang samt behov av stöd. Resultatet visade att immigranter hade brist på kunskap för postpartumdepression och upplevde att de inte får tillräckligt med stöd varken från familj och sjukvård. Slutsats: Det finns fortfarande en stigmatisering hos immigranter att hantera psykisk ohälsa. Känslor som skuld och skam är ofta orsaker att inte våga träda fram eftersom att bli mamma är förknippat med lycka. Det leder till utmaningar att fånga upp dem med symtom som tyder på postpartumdepression. Sjukvården behöver mer kompetens att ge personcentrerad vård till patienter med olika kulturella bakgrunder. Mer forskning om effekten av hembesök skulle förbättra immigranters hälsa och upptäcka postpartumdepression i tid. / Background: Postpartum depression is a global occurring phenomenon, where approximately 20 percent of immigrants suffer from it. More knowledge is needed about postpartum depression in immigrants.  Purpose: The aim of this literature review was to synthesize qualitative research on how immigrants’ experience their life situation and need for support from healthcare in association with postpartum depression. Methods: A qualitative literature review with thematic analysis.  Results: Four themes were identified. These were fear of stigma, the perception of postpartum depression, the experience of care context and need of support. Result shows that immigrants don’t have enough knowledge about postpartum depression. Furthermore, they lack support from both family and healthcare.  Conclusions: There is still a stigma among immigrants’ dealing with mental illness. Emotions such as guilt and shame are often reasons for not coming forward because becoming a mother is associated with happiness. These factors lead to challenges identify those symptoms that indicates postpartum depression. The healthcare needs more education to provide individual care to patients with different cultural backgrounds. More research on the effect of home visits can improve immigrants' health to detect postpartum depression in time.