The budgeting debate concerns that traditional budgets have become dysfunctional in today’s volatile business environment. Thus, it can seem logical that organisations would implement alternatives, and beyond budgeting has become popular. Nevertheless, knowledge of beyond budgeting’s practical implications is limited, and future research needs to study organisations that have implemented beyond budgeting. This study, therefore, investigates beyond budgeting in practice through a qualitative multiple case study with eight semi-structured interviews, whose respondents come from four retail organisations. The study intends to research reasons for choosing beyond budgeting, how the beyond budgeting solution is designed and what consequences beyond budgeting implies. The study finds that organisations choose to implement beyond budgeting for several reasons, some similar, such as budgets being time-consuming and aiming for higher adaptability, and some more organisation specific. The study also finds that the beyond budgeting solutions differ, for example, the companies’ management processes are designed differently. However, no organisation intentionally implemented all beyond budgeting principles, and all have a high focus on the management processes. Further, the study finds that the company's consequences implies some similarities and differences. For example, higher adaptability was a consistent outcome. Moreover, the study shows that all companies experienced consequences that were unanticipated. Lastly, the study implies that an organisation’s contingencies affects reasons, beyond budgeting solution and outcomes as beyond budgeting should be adjusted to its situation.

Thesis (M.A. (Anthropology)) -- University of Limpopo, 2017 / Climate change as a developmental problem warrants extensive research to provide information about its implications on the socio-economic and health conditions of rural communities and the types of local adaptation measures they have developed and used to limit its effects. There is evidence that climate change and its negative impacts are mostly felt by poor and rural communities whose economies are dependent upon favourable climatic conditions. Explanations of climate change and its threats to rural communities are among major challenges faced by scientists. Fewer studies prove that these communities are aware of change in climatic conditions and their impacts on people‘s livelihoods. The present study explored the community‘s perceptions of climate change, its impacts on the livelihoods of the community and the mechanisms developed and used by community members to adapt to the impacts of change in climatic conditions. Interviews with community members revealed that the members of Dikgale community are aware of changes in climatic conditions and how these changes impact on their livelihood. They are aware of increased temperature and erratic rainfall patterns. These changes have impacted negatively on their cultural activities. However, adaptation measures used to cope with the change are the indigenous knowledge systems which are informed by the culture and world-view of the community.

No description available.

The implications of extensive organizational turnover and the subsequent challenge of retaining child welfare social workers have been highlighted as problematic in Sweden. For that reason, child welfare social workers experiences of organizational turnover in their work life and subsequent intentions to remain in or leave the job are explored. This dissertation comprises of qualitative semi-structured interviews with eight (8) child welfare social workers working in different municipalities across Sweden. Collegial social support, making a difference in children’s lives, regular supervision, salary and several organizational incentives such as flexitime, wellness allowance implemented by the organization appeared as factors for child welfare social workers’intention to stay. Discernment of irregular supervision, not being able to make a difference; as a result of the crisis nature of the job, lack of time caused by high caseload, access to crucial resources and management prioritizing financial gain rather than children’s needs, physical (e.g., high blood pressure) and emotional health (e.g.,emotional exhaustion), and lack of salary proportional to their task are factors for their intention to leave. Negative impacts on novice practitioners (e.g., lack of proper induction), caseload size impacting investigation processing time frame negatively, diminished quality (e.g., mismatched interventions), and being directly or indirectly coerced to take cases were perceived as implications of extensive organizationalturnover.

This research analyses the influence of the power of a name, particularly on Zulu speaking people in South Africa. It further analyses the effect of names in other Nguni speaking communities in this country. On a wider scale it also looks at the power and the influence of names given to people of other countries on the African continent. The research primarily investigates the effects of the power of a name on the life of a black person. A name could actually lure a person to enact its meaning. For instance, the name uBagangile could influence the bearer of the name to be generally naughty or if not so, relatives around her might act naughty in different ways. It is pointed out that the act of name-giving with concomitant power vested in a name originates from God. The bearer was expected to act out the meaning of his/her name. God's power hidden in the name would constrain an individual to behave in a certain way within his/her community. The research points out that a name is not only a label that helps in the identification of an individual or an entity. A name is something that is multi-functional. First it becomes a label, a descriptive tool that may refer to a person's body structure. It is possible that a name may divulge a situation in which the person was born. Most importantly, it has the power to make the bearer become what the name means. Usually names carry one of the above accounts. If the name was chosen by an insightful name giver it may carry more than one of the above qualities. During the years of oppression before the advent of democracy in South Africa in 1994, community members made extensive use of names from the languages of the white oppressors. White names had an impact on the lives of bearers, because of the meanings and contexts associated with them. / African Languages / D.Litt. et Phil. (African Languages)

Text in Afrikaans / Die doel van die ondersoek was om insig in die leefwereld van die leergestremde adolessent te bekom, ten einde probleemareas wat doeltreffende aanpassing in die leefwereld verhinder, bloot te le. In die probleemontleding het die volgende aspekte na vore getree: Daar is 'n groeiende bewuswording onder navorsers dat die sosiaalemosionele probleme wat die leergestremde adolessent ervaar, duideliker aangespreek moet word. Die noodsaaklikheid om die leergestremde adolessent vir volwassenheid voor te berei, word toenemend besef. In die literatuurstudie is die tydperk van adolessensie, leergestremdheid as fenomeen, en die leefwereld van die leergestremde adolessent onderskeidelik bespreek. Enkele gevolgtrekkinge word aangestip: Adolessensie word gekenmerk deur fisiese, kognitiewe, affektiewe, sosiale en morele ontwikkeling. Hierdie veranderinge hou implikasies in vir die adolessent se uitvoer van ontwikkelingstake, die ontplooiing van die selfkonsep en die groei na onafhanklikheid. Die fenomeen leergestremdheid openbaar 'n komplekse aard wat 'n persoon in sy totaliteit raak. Die manifestasies van leergestremdheid betrek die akademiese vordering sowel as die sosiaal-emosionele ontwikkeling van die individu. Die leergestremde adolessent se aanpassing in sy leefwereld word nadelig beinvloed deur sosiale vaardigheidstekorte, interpersoonlike verhoudingsprobleme, 'n gebrekkige selfkonsep, emosionele probleme, die gebruik van verdedigingsmeganismes en 'n verminderde strewe na onafhanklikheid. In die empiriese ondersoek is inligting oor die leergestremde adolessent se interpersoonlike verhoudinge, selfkonsep en emosionaliteit bekom. In die interpretasie van die data is veranderlikes waar die leergestremde ado l essente swakker aanpassing as die normal e populasie getoon het, eerstens geidentifiseer. Verskille wat by die leergestremde adolessente ten opsigte van geslag en ouderdomsgroep voorgekom het, is vervolgens uitgelig. Ten slotte is 'n faktorontleding uitgevoer ten einde 'n gemeenskaplikheid tussen die onderskeie veranderlikes te bepaal. Op grond van die bevindinge uit die literatuur en die empiriese studie, is riglyne vir hulpverlening geformuleer. Die navorsingsbevindinge is veral van belang vir onderwysers, ouers en ander opvoeders wat met die leergestremde adolessent gemoeid is. / The purpose of the study was to gain insight into the life-world of the learning disabled adolescent in order to reveal problems which prevent effective adjustment in the life-world. In the analysis of the problem the following aspects were prominent: It is recognised that the social-emotional problems experienced by the learning disabled adolescent should be addressed in greater depth. The need to prepare the learning disabled adolescent for adulthood is realised. In the literature study the period of adolescence, learning disabilities as a phenomenon, and the life-world of the learning disabled adolescent were discussed. The following conclusions can be mentioned: Adolescence is characterised by physical, cognitive, emotional, social and moral development. These changes have implications for the adolescent's accomplishment of developmental tasks, the development of the self-concept and the grow towards independence. Learning disabilities as a phenomenon reveals a complex nature that affects the total person. The manifestations of learning disabilities involve the academic progress and the social-emotional development of the individual. The adjustment of the learning disabled adolescent in his lifeworld is adversely affected by deficits in social skills, problematic interpersonal relationships, an inadequate self-concept, emotional problems, the use of defence mechanisms and an insufficient strive towards independence. In the empirical investigation information was obtained about the learning disabled adolescent's interpersonal relationships, self-concept and emotionality. In the interpretation of the data variables were identified where the learning disabled adolescents showed poorer adjustment than the normal population. Differences between learning disabled adolescents with regard to age and sex were highlighted next. Finally, a factor analysis was carried out to determine whether a communality exists among the respective variables. On the basis of the findings of the literature and the empirical study, guidelines for the rendering of aid were formulated. The research findings are especially important to teachers, parents and other educators involved with the learning disabled adolescent. / Psychology of Education / D. Ed. (Sielkundige Opvoedkunde)

本研究主要探討在英文敘述文和論說文文本中，英文限定關係子句的篇章功能(discourse functions)。我們主要是從句法、語意、語用和篇章結構(discourse structure)的觀點，來探討限定性關係子句的功能與它在篇章單位(discourse unit)所出現的位置有何關聯。研究結果顯示多數的限定性關係子句出現在篇章單位最前面的位置，而且他們往往引導他們新的先行詞(new head NPs)作為整個篇章單位的主題(topic)。因此我們認為，大多數限定性關係子句會出現在篇章單位最前面的位置，是因為它們有一個很重要的篇章功能，那就是它們要引介新的先行詞作為整個篇章單位的主題。此外，本論文也探討大學英文系學生在他們的英文寫作中，使用限定性關係子句的情形。研究結果發現，在大學生的寫作中，限定性關係子句的先行詞常是泛指，而且限定性關係子句的內容常常是舊有的訊息。因此，台灣大學生鮮少使用限定性關係子句來引導新的先行詞作為篇章單位的主題。我們推論大部份學生並未習得限定性關係子句的篇章功能。本論文根據此研究結果提出一些在英語教學上的建議：在課堂上教導英文限定性關係子句時，應以篇章單位為主，使學生了解限定性關係子句的篇章功能。 / The findings of the previous studies on discourse functions of English restrictive relative clauses are mainly based on spontaneous conversations and written narrations. Rare studies were found on the discourse functions of English restrictive relative clauses in written data. The purpose of the present study, thus, is to investigate the discourse functions of English restrictive relative clauses in written expositions and argumentations by native speakers of English. Also, we study the use of English restrictive relative clauses in the compositions by Taiwanese college students. In particular, we want to know how the discourse functions of English restrictive relative clauses are related to their occurrences in discourse structures. Thus, our analysis includes considerations from four dimensions: syntax, semantics, pragmatics and discourse. We found that the majority of English restrictive relative clauses occur in the beginning position of discourse units. And they serve as a device to introduce their new head NPs as the topics in the subsequent discourse when occurring in such a position. Therefore, we conclude that the main purpose of using a restrictive relative clause is to introduce a new head NP as the topic when the new referent is firstly mentioned in a new discourse unit. Moreover, we examined English restrictive relative clauses in the compositions by English Department juniors to see if the factors found in native speakers’ writings are also at work in their compositions. We found that students have not fully understood the discourse functions of English restrictive relative clauses. Based on our findings, we offer pedagogical implications with the aim of hoping that students can learn the discourse functions of English restrictive relative clauses.

In this dissertation, the examination of energy sector development is presented. The purpose is to understand and highlight the importance of financing access for innovation activities, along with the business transparency necessary for firm value and the impact of corruption on capital investments in energy companies. Globally, long-term energy confidence is dependent on energy security and supply. Based on our empirical estimations, we expect there to be an increasing need for understanding financing innovations in the European energy industry. We expect more support for corporate governance integrity within Russia, as Russia is the main energy supplier for the European energy sector. It is expected that corruption will be a dominant issue for countries that are rich in natural resources. The main empirical findings and concluding comments are as follows:  The EU energy sector requires substantial financial support for promoting innovations, especially among ‘younger’ energy companies and those in the newest EU countries.  We expect to see increased discussion and long-term development of corporate governance integrity (transparency and disclosure, in particular) among Russian energy firms based on the long-term investment attractiveness of sustained energy production and supplies to countries that are energy dependent.  We conclude that investment activities in natural resource exploitation are directly linked with the presence of corruption, and that tightening up on corruption should facilitate FDI (foreign direct investment) in the primary industry and enable the effective use of received natural resource gains. To summarise, in this assessment, we empirically studied the EU, Russian and global energy industries, focusing on the issue of the development of energy within three key areas: the examination of financing for innovation, corporate governance integrity and corruption within primary FDI inflows.

An existing body of research indicates that peer-on-peer abuse, involving the physical, sexual and/or emotional abuse of young people by their peers, is an issue of serious concern within the UK. Whilst a range of studies have explored the individual and familial vulnerabilities associated with this phenomenon, there is an increasing recognition of the need to also consider the relationship between young people‟s peer groups, and other pertinent social fields, to their experiences of such abuse. This thesis offers an original contribution to the field by explicitly seeking to develop this contextual approach. It applies an age-specific and gendered interpretation of Bourdieu‟s constructivist structuralism (and specifically the concepts of field, habitus and symbolic violence) to the analysis of nine cases where young people raped or murdered their peers. In doing so, it offers a unique, in-depth, exploration of the interaction between individuals and the social fields that they navigate, in the context of nine abusive incidents. This methodological approach demonstrates how harmful norms underpinning these incidents are informed by a multi-way interplay between various social fields and young people‟s reflexive engagement with this process. It is through this interplay that motives and power hierarchies are established, and gender, age, consent, culpability, vulnerability and ultimately safety, are socially constructed and experienced.

Made available in DSpace on 2016-04-27T18:47:15Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Gustavo de Almeida Herrera.pdf: 1253578 bytes, checksum: 11236d741d6de95ebcd1b100b23e1063 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2014-08-14 / This work was performed at the Clinic of Cognitive Neurology, Faculty of Medicine Catanduva (SP), Brazil, and is a study of symptomatic manifestations with clinical relevance for the diagnosis and treatment of Alzheimer's disease (AD) and its implications subjective-social . Were evaluated individuals with the diagnosis of AD, vascular dementia (VD), frontotemporal dementia (FTD), and dementia with Lewy bodies disseminated (DCL). 867 individuals complaining of some disturbance of cognition were referred to the clinic and undergo an assessment, the data resulted from the analysis of the history obtained from these patients and their caregivers / family, clinical examination and comprehensive neurological and neuropsychological assessment. Patients with a diagnosis of dementia underwent a battery of tests that contained: complete blood count, fasting blood glucose, serum lipids, renal evaluation, heart, liver, lung and thyroid function, serum vitamin B12 and CT or MRI and nuclear magnetic skull. AD was diagnosed in 42.3% of cases, the DV in 15.6%; DFT at 2.8%, and 1.6% in DCL. The severity of dementia was considered mild in 71.4% of cases, moderate in 24.9% and severe in 3.7%. It was important in the diagnosis of AD at the beginning of the clinical, the onset of oblivion to recent events (96.5%) and did not contribute to the difficulty in finding the words (15%), disorientation in time and space (11, 4%), behavioral changes (16.3%), personality change (12%), depression (22.3%), hallucinations (8.5%), abnormal gait (13.9%), disorders Language (13.1%) and recognition disorder (14.2%). All symptoms and signs above were significant in the evolution of the clinical picture, but at this stage virtually all dementia symptoms overlap. In AD, the onset of symptoms was slowly progressive in 98.1%, and also slowly progressive evolution in 89.9%. The obtained Hachinski score was 0 to 4 in 73.6% of cases of AD. In these, the history of hypertension was obtained in 49.9%, of stroke by 0.5% and 31.6% in psychiatric. Urge the professional care giving for the elderly prepare to take account of the implications of subjective-social order, ie, reflect on the nature of the empirical material which comes to hand: eg., Of how that elderly person and family / caregiver often can manifest on a disease, in a non-accurate or not-consistent, can falter or contradict themselves in their answers, health professionals should be discerning enough to seek the proper interpretation to such speeches / Este estudo foi realizado no Ambulatório de Neurologia Cognitiva da Faculdade de Medicina de Catanduva (SP), Brasil, e se trata de um estudo das manifestações sintomáticas clínicas com relevância para o diagnóstico e tratamento da doença de Alzheimer (DA) e suas implicações subjetivo-sociais. Foram avaliados, indivíduos com o diagnóstico de DA, demência vascular (DV), demência frontotemporal (DFT) e demência com corpos de Lewy disseminados (DCL). 867 indivíduos com queixa de algum distúrbio da cognição foram encaminhados ao ambulatório e submetidos a uma avaliação, cujos dados resultaram da análise da história obtida com esses pacientes e seus cuidadores/familiares, exame clínico e neurológico e avaliação neuropsicológica abrangente. Os pacientes com o diagnóstico de demência foram submetidos a uma bateria de exames em que constavam: hemograma completo, glicemia de jejum, lípides séricos, avaliação renal, cardíaca, hepática, pulmonar e de função tireoidiana, dosagem de vitamina B12 e tomografia e ou ressonância nuclear magnética de crânio. A DA foi diagnosticada em 42,3% dos casos; a DV em 15,6%; a DFT em 2,8%; e a DCL em 1,6%. A intensidade de demência foi considerada leve em 71,4% dos casos; moderada em 24,9%; e grave em 3,7%. Foi importante, no diagnóstico de DA, no início do quadro clínico, o aparecimento de esquecimento para fatos recentes (96,5%); e não teve significância a dificuldade em encontrar as palavras (15%), desorientação temporal e espacial (11,4%), mudança de comportamento (16,3%), mudança de personalidade (12%), depressão (22,3%), alucinações (8,5%), alteração da marcha (13,9%), distúrbios de linguagem (13,1%) e distúrbio do reconhecimento (14,2%). Todos os sintomas e sinais acima tiveram significância na evolução do quadro clínico, mas nesta fase praticamente todos os sintomas de demência se superpõem. Na DA, o aparecimento dos sintomas foi lentamente progressivo em 98,1%; e a evolução também lentamente progressiva em 89,9%. O escore de Hachinski obtido foi de 0 a 4 em 73,6% dos casos da DA. Nestes, o antecedente de hipertensão arterial foi obtido em 49,9%; de acidente vascular encefálico em 0,5% e o psiquiátrico em 31,6%. Urge que o profissional que dá atendimento à pessoa idosa se prepare para ter em conta algumas implicações de ordem subjetivo-social, ou seja, refletir sobre a natureza do material empírico que lhe chega às mãos: por exemplo, de como a pessoa idosa e o familiar/cuidador, muitas vezes podem se manifestar, sobre uma doença, de forma não-precisa ou não-coerente, podendo vacilar ou contradizer-se em suas respostas, cabendo ao profissional ter discernimento suficiente para buscar a interpretação adequada a tais discursos