L’exposition aux aérosols microbiologiques présents dans les environnements clos est susceptible de provoquer, chez les occupants, diverses pathologies telles que des infections, des toxi-infections et des allergies. Pour s’en prémunir, diverses stratégies passant notamment par l’emploi de dispositifs épurateurs d’air, ont été développées et commercialisées par les industriels de la ventilation et du traitement de l’air. Cependant, à ce jour, aucune méthodologie d’évaluation y compris normative ne permet d’évaluer la pertinence de ces stratégies. Ce travail de recherche se propose, d’une part, d’appréhender le devenir des aérosols microbiologiques au sein des espaces clos : de la source à l’individu exposé, en explorant le rôle de la ventilation dans ce transport et, d’autre part, d’explorer le gain apporté par les nouvelles technologies de traitement microbiologique de l’air sur l’exposition des occupants. Pour ce dernier point de l’étude, une démarche globale d’évaluation en 3 volets a été adoptée avec l’étude de l’efficacité du ou des principes d’épuration mis en oeuvre, la détermination du rendement intrinsèque en condition dynamique de ces systèmes et l’évaluation du gain apporté par ces derniers sur l’exposition des occupants. Les travaux menés avec les dispositifs épurateurs (filtration et photocatalyse) ont montré que les efficacités intrinsèques des systèmes ne permettent pas de préjuger de leur gain vis-à-vis du niveau de l’exposition des individus lorsqu’ils sont mis en oeuvre en environnement intérieur. Les résultats obtenus ont également mis en évidence que la prise en compte des flux aérauliques et du transport des particules induit par la ventilation et le dispositif épurateur est indispensable à la définition d’une stratégie cohérente de traitement d’air / Exposure to bioaerosols in indoor environments is associated with a wide range of adverse effects on health including infectious diseases, acute toxic effects and allergies. In order to guard against this phenomenon, the ventilation and air treatment industry has developed and marketed many air control strategies. However, at present, there is no methodology adapted to the evaluation of the relevance of these strategies. The aim of this research work was to characterize, in a first time, the progress of microbiological aerosol from the original source, to their eventual inhalation by person exposed, considering their dissemination through the indoor environments. Secondly, the work consisted of determining the efficiency of air cleaner devices applied to control indoor air quality. For this point, a global approach of evaluation in 3 steps was adopted, consisting of studying the efficiency of the epuration principle implemented, determining the intrinsic performance of the systems in dynamic conditions and their impact on the exposure level of the exposed persons. The tests carried out with air cleaner devices (filtration and photocatalysis) have shown that the intrinsic performance wasn’t able to estimate the beneficial impact of these systems on the exposure level of people when there were applied in indoor environments. So the intrinsic performance of devices is not the single impact factor, the airflow promoted by the device is also a factor to consider. Moreover, the characterization of indoor airflows and airborne particles transport is essential to define a coherent strategy of air treatment

Children are a susceptible group to environment pollution. The environment, in which they spend the most time, is the home, the second is the school. Therefore, the indoor environment of a school affects their health, wellbeing and even school results. The present work investigated concentrations of air pollutant, aerosol particles, in the specialized classrooms (computer lab, arts and biology/chemistry) in an elementary school, Prague. Direct reading instruments measuring mass concentration of four aerosol fractions and number concentration of submicrometer particles were used for measurement. Measurements were carried out for four weekdays in each month from November 2011 to July 2012. It was found that mass concentrations of submicrometer particles were dependent on outdoor concentrations, in contrast to supermicrometer particles which were affected mainly by physical activities of students and outdoor concentration had a minimal effect. Increased number concentrations of submicrometer particles were observed only during children presence, concentrations were probably induced by student activities during lessons. Seasons also influenced mass concentrations, when the highest indoor and outdoor concentrations were recorded in a spring/autumn season. Classroom location affected submicrometer...

People spend most of their time indoors and mostly in the dwelling. It is therefore important to investigate associations between indoor exposure in dwellings and health. Symptoms that may be related to the indoor environment are sometimes referred to as the "sick building syndrome" (SBS). SBS involves symptoms such as eye, skin and upper airway irritation, headache and fatigue. Three longitudinal studies and one prevalence study on personal and environmental risk factors for SBS in adults were performed. The prevalence study included measurements of indoor exposures in the dwellings. The longitudinal studies, with 8-10 years follow-up time, showed that smoking and indoor paint emissions were risk factors for SBS. Moreover, building dampness and moulds in dwellings were risk factors for onset (incidence) of general symptoms, skin symptoms and mucosal symptoms. In addition subjects living in damp dwellings have a lower remission of general symptoms and skin symptoms. Hay fever was a risk factor for onset of skin symptoms and mucosal symptoms, and asthma was a risk factor for onset of general and mucosal symptoms. Biomarkers of allergy and inflammation (bronchial reactivity, total IgE, ECP and eosinophil count) were predictors of onset of SBS symptoms, in particular mucosal symptoms. In the prevalence study, any SBS-symptom was associated with some individual volatile organic compounds of possible microbial origin (MVOC) e.g. 2-pentanol, 2-hexanon, 2-pentylfuran and 1-octen-3ol. Moreover, there were associations between indoor levels of formaldehyde and the plasticizer Texanol and any SBS. The result from the study indicates that individual MVOC are better indicators of SBS than the total value of MVOC. A final conclusion is that smoking, dampness and moulds and emissions from indoor painting may increase the onset of SBS. The indoor environment in dwellings over time has improved, but there is still a need for further improvements of the indoor environment in dwellings. More longitudinal SBS studies are needed.

Inom den svenska förskolan har antalet barn ökat i barngrupperna samtidigt som resurserna har minskat. I det ökade barngrupperna skapas det en större oro bland barnen. Pedagogerna inom den svenska förskolan upplever att det blir mycket spring och konflikter. Detta gör att pedagogerna strävar efter att hitta nya arbetssätt som minskar oron och konflikterna bland barnen. Mitt syfte i denna studie är att undersöka hur en förskola genomförde en förändringsprocess kring sin innemiljö, det vill säga rum, möblering och material. Syftet är även att studera hur barns sociala samspel påverkas av den nya miljön där kommunikationen och interaktionen det vill säga samspelet mellan barn-barn och barn-miljö är som en viktig del i barnens lärande. I interaktioner mellan barnen stimuleras språket och språket stimulerar barnens tänkande. En viktig del i interaktionen är miljön. Miljön har en betydelsefull roll för att stimulera barnens utveckling och lärande. Metoden för studien har bestått i kvalitativa intervjuer och studien är utförd på en förskola med fem informanter som är pedagoger. Resultatet av studien visar att för att en förändringsprocess ska bli framgångsrik behövs det inspirerande och lyhörda ledare. Ledarna behöver ge sina medarbetare tid att gå igenom förändringsprocessens alla steg. Solrosens förskola vill ge en tillgänglig, inspirerande och utmanande innemiljö där barnen får utvecklas i sin egen takt. Efter förskolans förändringsprocess, är deras innemiljö inte längre hemlik utan en miljö gjord för att barn ska bli inspirerade, kreativa och utvecklas som individer. / There is a great increase of the number of children in Swedish preschools and in the same time there is less resources. With the increase of the size of the group of children we have a growth of greater anxiety. The teachers in Swedish preschool experience a lot of running around and conflicts. This means that the teachers strives to find a new way to decrease the anxiety and conflicts among the children. The purpose of my study is to examine how one preschool carried out a change process in their indoor environment concerning the room, furniture and material. The purpose is also to study how children’s social interaction is affected by the new environment, there communication and interaction that is between child –child and child- environment which is a great deal of importance to a child’s learning process. This interaction between children stimulates their language which in its turn stimulates the children´s thinking. An important deal in interaction is the environment. The environment has an important part in stimulating the children´s development and learning. My method has included qualitative interviews and the study is done on a preschool with five informants which are teachers. The result of the study shows that to get a successful changing process the leaders has to be inspiring and perceptive. The leaders need to give their collaborators the time to go through every step of the changing process. The preschool Solrosen is keen on offering an accessible, inspiring and challenging indoor environment for children to develope in their own pace. After the preschools changing process, their indoor environments is no longer like a home, instead it has become a place for children to be inspired, creative and develope into individuals.

Economic development brings about urbanisation which may result in rapid housing expansion. The health and well-being of communities is often not considered as a priority of urbanisation with the pressure for developing better economies. Sustainability principles in housing developments are perceived to be able to enhance and to improve the quality of living. The approach to sustainability can, however, be interpreted and prioritised differently. Many developing countries such as Malaysia are depending upon industrialisation for the development of their economies. Continuing urbanisation and industrialisation in these countries indirectly creates tensions between the need for a better built environment, and the push for economic growth. One specific phenomena in Malaysia is the introduction of the mixed-use urban neighbourhood, whereby residential development is netsled within the industrial establishments. On one hand, this helps to create job opportunities and improve the local economy. On the other, it creates concerns in the relations to the house planning, and to the well-being of the residents. These have potential exposures to industrial activities that are associated with environmental problems, such as, poor air quality, local temperature increases, and excessive noise levels. This research applied the current international trends of sustainability practices in housing development in searching for the most appropriate strategies for developing sustainable residential-industrial neighborhoods. Cross reference to other countries strategies and experiences can be adaptation for Malaysian conditions. A residential-industrial community in the city of Pasir Gudang Johor, Malaysia, has been selected as a case study in order to examine the perceived problems of indoor environmental quality in such environments. The result of a questionnaire survey and in-situ measurement indicates that they are facing indoor environmental problems. A set of recommendations for housing guidelines which are tailored for local Malaysians conditions have been identified, and have potential for improving the housing development guidelines and policies for mixed-use community living. Comprehensive strategies will need to be developed to achieve housing development sustainability goals. The development of Master Planned Communities (MPC's) is suggested to be appropriate mechanism to developing planning controls. This will ensure the improvement of indoor environmental quality of living in residential-industrial housing developments in Malaysia. It is anticipated that this research will make a positive contribution to developing decision-making procedures that are appropriate to achieving the goals of sustainable housing development in relation to mixed-used residential housing, It is also expected that this research will assist in establishment of a unified national sustainable housing strategy, and in the rationalised adoption of a master planned community approach.

I den här texten beskriver jag min studie om hur fyra olika Grade R-pedagoger i Sydafrika arbetar med barns språkutveckling, vilka metoder och artefakter de använder samt varför. Under utbildningen till förskollärare har vi fått lära oss vikten av den pedagogiska verksamhetens miljö, den ska bland annat vara stimulerande och inspirera barn till att utforska och lära (Skolverket, 2016). Detta arbete belyser miljöns vikt och användning ur ett lärarperspektiv eftersom det är deras erfarenheter och arbetssätt jag vill ta reda på. Barns språkutveckling är viktig för deras lärande och nu för tiden blir verksamheten alltmer flerspråkig vilket ger oss pedagoger ett visst ansvar att se till att varje individ utvecklas både inom svenskan och sitt modersmål. Till insamlingen av det empiriska materialet valde jag att använda mig av både semistrukturerade intervjuer och observationer som metod. Min studie analyseras och beskrivs sedan ur ett sociokulturellt perspektiv på lärande där användning av miljö och artefakter är en viktig del i lärandet. I resultatet beskrivs att pedagogerna anser miljön väldigt betydelsefull eftersom det underlättar det språkliga lärandet både i planerade aktiviteter och i leken, men att man som pedagog inte bara ska förlita sig på en välplanerad lärandemiljö. / In this text I’m describing my study on how four different Grade R preschool educators in South Africa work with the children’s language development. What methods and artifacts they use, and why. During our education to become preschool teachers we have learned the importance of the educational environment, which should stimulate the children to explore and learn (Skolverket, 2016). This text will highlight the importance of using the environment from a teacher perspective, as it is their experiences and methods I want to find out. The language development of children is important for further education and nowadays the preschools are becoming more multilingual, giving us educators a certain responsibility to ensure that each individual evolve in both their mother tongue and the second language. I chose to use both semi structured interviews and observations as my method of collecting data. My study is both analyzed and presented from a sociocultural perspective on learning, where using the environment and artifacts is an important part. The result will show that the preschool educators consider the environment very important, because it facilitates linguistic learning both in planned activities and in free play, but also to not only rely on a well-planned learning environment alone.

Undersökningen har bearbetat förväntningar och förbättringar på planlösningar i flerbostadshus. Enkätundersökning bland allmänheten och de boende i Vikaholm, Växjö, samt intervjuer med arkitekter användes för att få synpunkter på förbättringar. Även intervjuer med de boende utfördes för att få mer utvecklande och motiverande svar än enbart från enkätundersökningen. Framtagning och utformning av planlösning har utformats efter de önskemål och synpunkter som framkommit i undersökningen. Planlösningarna är yteffektiva och är utformade med hänsyn till bland annat omätbara värden som finns i en bostad, det vill säga rumsliga kvalitéer som är mindre uppenbara och svåra att kvantifiera. Olika punkter som bekvämlighet, bättre möblerbarhet och mer förvaringsmöjlighet har gjort att bostaden har fått en annan utformning än de ursprungliga planlösningarna. Flexibla och generella rum som följer krav vid utformning och som inte har onödiga ytor har varit målet med arbetet. Arbetets resultat kan användas till andra framtida planlösningar än till det flerbostadshus som legat som grund för detta examensarbete. / The survey has processed expectations and improvements on floor plans in a multi-family house. A survey by the public and residents in Vikaholm, Växjö, and interviews with experts were made to get views of improvements. Also interviews with residents were also made to get more developing and motivational answers than just from the opinion poll. The design and layout of the planning has been designed according to the desires and views expressed in the survey. The plan solutions are highly space-efficient and are designed with regard to, inter alia, intangible values that exist in a dwelling, which is spatial qualities that are less obvious and difficult to quantify. Different items such as comfort, better furnishing and more storage have made the accommodation a different design than the original floor plans. Flexible and general spaces that meet design requirements and have no unnecessary surfaces have been the aim of the work. The results of the work can be used for other future floor plans than for the multi-family house that has been the basis for this degree project.

Made available in DSpace on 2016-12-01T19:18:34Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Mariana Pereira Querino.pdf: 78829 bytes, checksum: 6751a2365690fd086cc945315c61a8e4 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2012-05-03 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / O objetivo desta pesquisa foi identificar os fatores que influenciaram o processo de adaptação estratégica vivenciado pela Escola Superior de Administração e Gerência ESAG desde a sua concepção à gestão de 2009, segundo a percepção dos gestores estratégicos da organização. A ESAG faz parte da Universidade do Estado de Santa Catarina (UDESC) e oferece cursos de graduação em Administração, Administração Pública e Ciências Econômicas, sendo que, possui duas unidades, uma em Florianópolis e outra em Balneário Camboriu. Para a investigação, delineou-se a pesquisa a partir de um estudo de caso. Os dados foram obtidos por meio de entrevistas em profundidade, consulta de documentos da organização, leis, diretrizes, resoluções. Permitiu-se, com isso, estabelecer a análise dos dados, efetuada de forma histórico-interpretativo, de acordo com a abordagem qualitativa adotada, embasada na Pesquisa Direta. Com isso, foi possível fazer uma análise dinâmica e simultânea dos fatos ocorridos no período estudado. Foi, através disso, que conseguiu-se identificar eventos críticos, divididos em quatro períodos estratégicos na análise da Adaptação Estratégica, sendo que, nos momentos estudados, percebeu-se a forte influência da gestão e do ambiente externo no processo de adaptação estratégica, de modo que, os fatores externos, foram determinantes nas mudanças e no processo de adaptação estratégico sofrido pela Organização

Du fait de l’omniprésence de l’homme au sein du compartiment intérieur, y passant jusqu’à 90% de son temps au cours d’une journée, il est devenu essentiel de caractérisé correctement l’atmosphère et donc les polluants présent dans ce milieu. Ce travail de thèse prend la suite d’une étude menée au sein de notre laboratoire montrant une importante présence de radicaux hydroxyles dans cette atmosphère. Le polluant précurseur des radicaux supposé au cours de cette étude est l’acide nitreux (HONO), présent dans des quantités de l’ordre du ppb pour l’intérieur. Ce travail de thèse a donc eu pour but, dans un premier temps de caractériser la photolyse de l’acide nitreux conduisant à la formation de radicaux hydroxyles, et dans un second temps d’établir ses différentes voies de formation, directes et indirectes, afin de quantifier ses sources dans les atmosphères intérieures. / People in Western societies spend about 90% of their time indoors, predominantly within indoor places. The residence time of the airborne indoor pollutants is much longer due to the smaller volumes compared to the outdoor atmosphere and low air exchange rates. Therefore, a comprehensive understanding of indoor air quality is essential.Nitrous acid (HONO) is an emerging indoor pollutant because 1) it can lead to human respiratory tract irritation and formation of carcinogenic nitrosamines, and 2) it can be effectively photolyzed leading to a pulse of hydroxyl radicals (OH).The PhD work here presented is focused on understanding of the formation processes of oxidizing species such as HONO and, hence, OH radicals in the built environment.

The purpose of the study is to investigate how play is affected by the physical indoor environment in leisure-time centers with a focus on promotional and inhibitory factors. The survey is based on qualitative interviews with five educators who shared their perceptions and experiences within the subject. The study's results show a large agreement on enabling and limiting factors where variation, flexibility and students' participation in the environmental design are crucial for the stimulus of play. When these factors are missing, play is considered to be inhibited because the environment is not perceived to meet what is needed to be a rewarding play environment for the students. The result is related to environmental psychological theory and analyzed using an affordance perspective to understand how the students' different experiences of the environment affect the environmental offering for play.