A Avaliação do Ciclo de Vida (ACV) é uma ferramenta da gestão ambiental que identifica os aspectos ambientais e avalia os impactos ambientais associados aos produtos, durante todo o seu ciclo de vida, em outras palavras, do berço ao túmulo. O ciclo de vida inicia-se quando todos os recursos requeridos (sejam eles materiais ou energéticos) para a manufatura de determinado produto são extraídos da natureza e finaliza-se após o cumprimento da função pelo produto, retornando ao meio ambiente. Devido à quantidade de dados que necessita ser coletada, um estudo de Avaliação do Ciclo de Vida somente torna-se viável caso exista a disponibilidade de um banco de dados nacional constituído por inventários do ciclo de vida dos principais insumos empregados pela sociedade - matérias primas, energia, etc. Estes inventários possuem caráter de regionalidade e representatividade, podendo tornar novos estudos mais completos, confiáveis e fáceis de serem concluídos. A ACV vem assumindo uma importância a nível global, o Brasil vem se aprimorando na capacitação e uso desta técnica. O GP2 - Grupo de Prevenção da Poluição do Departamento de Engenharia Química da Escola Politécnica da USP, tem como seu principal objetivo a contribuição para o aprimoramento de recursos humanos necessários e consolidação do uso da ACV no Brasil. Desse modo, as atividades do GP2 têm se concentrado na construção de um banco de dados que deve ser adequado, obrigatoriamente, às condições regionais. O presente estudo está inserido nessa linha de pesquisa e tem como propósito a elaboração do Inventário do Ciclo de Vida (ICV) para o papel offset produzido no Brasil. O papel offset pertence a categoria de papéis de imprimir e, atualmente, representa o tipo de papel mais produzido no país. O resultado deste estudo consiste em um inventário consolidado dos aspectos ambientais considerados significativos para a produção da madeira, a extração da celulose, a fabricação do papel offset e outros subsistemas associados, sob as condições tecnológicas típicas dominantes no Brasil. A qualidade do estudo está intrinsecamente ligada à cadeia produtiva do papel offset, que se baseou primordialmente em dados primários. Os resultados do estudo mostraram-se coerentes com um estudo parcial realizado no Chile. Uma análise mais apurada para os resultados encontrados no estudo, com base em pesquisas internacionais, não se fez necessária, considerando as diferenças tecnológicas e de matérias-primas empregadas no ciclo de vida do papel de outros países. / The Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) is a tool for the environmental management which identifies its aspects and evaluates its environmental impacts related to the products during its whole life cycle. In other words, a cycle that goes from cradle to grave. The life cycle begins when all the required resources (material or energetic) to manufacture a certain product are extracted from the nature and it ends after accomplishing its function, returning to the environment. Due to the amount of data to be collected, a study of the life cycle assessment is only viable in case there is a national data base available formed by inventories of the main input used by the society, such as raw material, energy, and so on. These inventories have a regional and representative character, allowing new studies to be fuller, more reliable and easier to be concluded. The LCA has taken on a world wise importance. Brazil has been improving its competence and usage of such technique. The GP2 - Preventing Pollution Group from the Chemical Engineering Department of Escola Politécnica at USP - has as its primal objective the contribution to an improvement of necessary Human Resources and the consolidation of the LCA usage. In this manner, GP2 activities have to be focused on a data base construction, which should be compulsorily adequate to the regional conditions. The present study is inserted in such line of research and has as its purpose the elaboration on a Life Cycle Inventory (LCI) for the offset paper made in Brazil. The offset paper belongs to the printing paper category and, lately, represents the most used type of paper in this country. The result of such study consists in a solid inventory of the environmental aspects considered meaningful for wood production, cellulose extraction, offset paper manufacture and other related subsystems under typical predominant technological conditions in Brazil. The quality of this study is significantly related to the production chain of the offset paper, which was based mainly on primary data. The results of this study showed to be coherent to the ones achieved in a Chilean study, even though they were partial results. A more refined analysis on the pursued results in the study, based on international researches, isn't necessary, considering the technological differences and raw material used in the paper life cycle in other countries.

O presente trabalho de mestrado descreve o estudo da viabilidade da aplicação de ferro de valência zero no tratamento de quatro classes de corantes muito utilizados pela indústria têxtil: corante preto remazol B (azo), vermelho remazol RB 133 (triazina), azul remazol brilhante RN (antraquinona) e turquesa remazol G 133 (ftalocianina). O processo também foi aplicado na remediação de um efluente têxtil. O Fe0 mostrou uma grande eficiência na degradação dos corantes estudados, empregando-se uma concentração de Fe0 de 5 g L-1 (oriundo de um resíduo de processo metalúrgico) no tratamento de soluções de azocorantes com concentração de 100 mg L-1, obteve-se uma taxa de descoloração superior a 90% em apenas 15 minutos de tratamento. Uma característica bastante favorável do processo proposto foi sua ampla faixa operacional de pH, observando-se uma degradação do grupo cromóforo superior a 80% para soluções com pH entre 1,5 e 9 (sendo a faixa ótima observada entre 3 e 5). O processo também se mostrou pouco susceptível a variações na concentração de corante (faixa estudada: 25 - 150 mg L-1). Por outro lado, a eficiência do tratamento com ferro de valência zero mostrou-se dependente do tamanho de partícula, da massa e da superfície do material metálico. O mecanismo de degradação também variou em função do emprego de condições anaeróbias ou aeróbias. Para 15 minutos de tratamento, a descoloração dos corantes e do efluente têxtil atingiu níveis ao redor de 95% independente da condição anaeróbia/aeróbia. Entretanto na presença de O2 , observou-se uma redução do carbono orgânico total de até 75% (contra cerca de 25% na condição anaeróbia), mostrando que quando esta espécie aceptora de elétrons esta presente, o mecanismo envolve etapas de oxidação, provavelmente associadas a reações do tipo Fenton. O processo de tratamento emp~egando Fe0 apresentou uma cinética de pseudo-primeira ordem para a degradação dos grupos cromóforos e para a mineralização da matéria orgânica dos corantes e do efluente real. Para os corantes, as constantes cinéticas apresentaram a seguinte ordem: ftalocianina < azo < antraquinona < triazina. De um modo geral, o processo remediatiyo estudado apresentou boas características, que o capacitam como uma alternativa promissora para o tratamento de corantes e efluentes têxteis. / This work describes a study to evaluate the viability of zero-valent iron in the treatment of four classes of dyes that are commonly used in the textile industry: Remazol Black B (azo), Remazol Red RB133 (triazine), Remazol Brilliant Blue RN (anthraquinone) and Remazol Turquoise G133 (phtalocyanine). The process was also apllied in the textile effluent remediation. Fe0 process showed a great efficiency in the degradation of the studied dyes, it was obtained a discoloration level higher than 90% in just 15 minutes of treatment employing 5 g L-1 of Fe0 (obtained from of a metallurgic residue) in the degradation of 100 mg L-1 azodye solutions. A quite favorable characteristic of the proposed process was the wide pH operational range; the degradation of chromophore group was upper to 80% for azodye solutions with pH between 1,5 and 9 (the optimum range observed between 3 and 5). The process showed low susceptibility to variations in dye concentration (studied range: 25 - 150 mg L-1). On the other hand, the efficiency of the treatment with zero-iron valence zero was dependent on particle size, mass and surface of the metallic material. The degradation mechanism also varied as function of anaerobic and aerobic conditions. For 15 minutes of treatment, the discoloration of studied dyes and textile effluent reached levels around 95% independent of anaerobic/aerobic condition. However, in the presence of O2, the total arganic carbon showed a reduction up to 75% (versus just around 25% observed in the anaerobic condition). These results showed that when this electron acceptor species is present, the mechanism involves oxidation stages, probably associated with type Fenton reactions. The treatment using Feo presented pseudo-first arder kinetics for the degradation of chromophore groups and for organic matter mineralization. The kinetic constants presented the following order for the studied dyes: phtalocyanine < azo < anthraquinone < triazine. In general, the studied remediative process showed some good characteristics, which makes it a promising alternative for the treatment of dyes and textile effluents.

Submitted by Josiane ribeiro (josiane.caic@gmail.com) on 2016-04-06T20:04:37Z No. of bitstreams: 1 0000010616.pdf: 2336069 bytes, checksum: 58182cdbfbd93b1f32bfc75cd6fb082c (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by cleuza maria medina dos santos (cleuzamai@yahoo.com.br) on 2016-04-15T16:41:17Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 0000010616.pdf: 2336069 bytes, checksum: 58182cdbfbd93b1f32bfc75cd6fb082c (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2016-04-15T16:41:17Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 0000010616.pdf: 2336069 bytes, checksum: 58182cdbfbd93b1f32bfc75cd6fb082c (MD5) Previous issue date: 2014 / Buscou-se, neste trabalho, investigar, na perspectiva da Educação Ambiental crítica e transformadora, a Poluição Industrial no Estuário da Lagoa dos Patos (RS, Brasil), através de suas aproximações aos campos da História Ambiental, Justiça Ambiental e Gestão Ambiental, bem como sua correlação com a produção acadêmica do Programa de Pós-Graduação em Educação Ambiental da Universidade Federal do Rio Grande. Esta tese foi desenvolvida junto à linha de pesquisa de ―Educação Ambiental: Ensino e Formação de Educadores‖ (EAEFE) do PPGEA-FURG, por articular a discussão do processo de formação de pesquisadores-educadores ambientais da Universidade, focalizado na abordagem sobre a Poluição Industrial, uma das questões socioambientais mais adversas e comprometedoras da qualidade de vida regional. Para tal, foi realizada a revisão bibliográfica e a integração dos dados dispersos relativos ao processo de industrialização regional, os riscos e impactos socioambientais da poluição industrial gerada. Paralelamente, foi efetuada a compilação e análise do conjunto de dissertações de mestrado e teses de doutorado produzidas nos vinte anos do PPGEA (1994-2014). Os resultados descrevem, por um lado, um grande conjunto de conflitos e impactos agudos e crônicos da poluição industrial na região. Por outro ângulo, os resultados indicam uma reduzida amostra da produção do PPGEA direcionada ao tema de pesquisa; porém, apesar de reduzida, esta produção mostra-se crítica e propositiva ao discutir o tema, seus sujeitos/atores, suas causas e repercussões. Por fim, discutem-se as possíveis causas para o fenômeno da invisibilidade relativa do tema de pesquisa, procurando relacionar o papel institucional da Universidade na concepção de um modelo de desenvolvimento regional, social e ambientalmente referenciado. Esta tese reflete também o perfil e trajetória profissional do autor, atuante na Gestão e Educação Ambiental, como pesquisador associado ao ―Laboratório de Gerenciamento Costeiro‖ (Instituto de Oceanografia), e colaborador do ―Observatório dos Conflitos Socioambientais‖ e do ―Grupo de Pesquisa em Justiça Ambiental‖ da FURG, na perspectiva de construção coletiva de um patamar de sustentabilidade e justiça socioambiental regional. / We sought in this study, to investigate, from the perspective of critical and transformative Environmental Education, the Industrial Pollution in the estuary of Patos Lagoon (RS, Brazil), through its approaches to the field of Environmental History, Environmental Justice and Environmental Management, as well as their correlation with the academic production of the Post-Graduate in Environmental Education, Federal University of Rio Grande. This thesis was developed by the line research of "Environmental Education: Education and Training of Educators" (EAEFE) of PPGEA-FURG for joint discussion of the training of environmental educators, researchers at the University process, focused in approach to pollution industrial, one of the most adverse environmental issues and compromising the quality of regional life. To this end, the literature review and the integration of scattered data on the regional industrialization process, risks and social and environmental impacts of industrial pollution generated was performed. In parallel, we make the compilation and analysis of all the dissertations and doctoral theses produced in the twenty years of PPGEA (1994-2014). The results describe, on the one hand, a large group of acute and chronic conflicts and impacts in the area of industrial pollution. From another angle, the results indicate a small sample of the production of PPGEA directed the research topic; however, although reduced, this production proves critical and purposeful to discuss the theme, its subjects / actors, its causes and consequences. Finally, we discuss the possible causes for the phenomenon of relative invisibility of the research topic, trying to relate the institutional role of the University in designing a model of regional, social and environmentally referenced development. This thesis also reflects the profile and career of the author, active in Environmental Management and Education, as associated with the "Laboratory of Coastal Management" (Institute of Oceanography), researcher and contributor to the "Observatory of Social and Environmental Conflict" and "Research Group Environmental Justice "FURG, from the perspective of collective construction of a regional level of sustainability and environmental justice.

Submitted by Elaine Lucia (lucia.elaine@live.com) on 2015-06-30T18:57:27Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Dissertação - Edson Pinheiro Gomes.pdf: 12347358 bytes, checksum: 2db06179cb92fda9fad72e50d6fc95e4 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Divisão de Documentação/BC Biblioteca Central (ddbc@ufam.edu.br) on 2015-07-01T15:13:30Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 Dissertação - Edson Pinheiro Gomes.pdf: 12347358 bytes, checksum: 2db06179cb92fda9fad72e50d6fc95e4 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Divisão de Documentação/BC Biblioteca Central (ddbc@ufam.edu.br) on 2015-07-01T15:21:41Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 Dissertação - Edson Pinheiro Gomes.pdf: 12347358 bytes, checksum: 2db06179cb92fda9fad72e50d6fc95e4 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2015-07-01T15:21:41Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Dissertação - Edson Pinheiro Gomes.pdf: 12347358 bytes, checksum: 2db06179cb92fda9fad72e50d6fc95e4 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2009-04-09 / CAPES - Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / There is a growinglack for effective action to obtain an air quality improvement, especially in urban areas where air pollution has become one of the factors that affect the quality of life. The assessment of air quality involves the measurement of its quality and identifies the main sources that cause pollution. In the present work was done the survey the main generating sources of air pollutants in the urban area of Manaus, to support actions such as the preparation of the inventory of emissions, monitoring of air quality and control of the generating activities. Currently, in the city of Manaus are found many sources of atmospheric emission. The mobile sources are probably the most significant because the progressive growthofthe vehicular fleet,makingit necessary to implement the Pollution Control Program of from Vehicles in Use - PCPV and Inspection and Maintenance Program of Vehicles in Use - I / M, for the control of vehicular emissions. In the particular industrial emissions case, the practice has been the pollution sources control in the licensing or monitoring process. However, this action is insufficient to comply with the law. In this work is recommended to carryout the emissions inventoryto establish a net work for monitoring air quality. This action would be to contribute for a more effective activities control to air pollution in thecity. / Há uma crescente necessidade de ações efetivas para obtenção de uma melhoria na qualidade do ar ambiente, principalmente nos centros urbanos, onde a poluição do ar tornou-se um dos fatores que mais afetam a qualidade de vida da população. A avaliação da qualidade do ar envolve não somente a medição de sua qualidade, como também a identificação das principais fontes que causam a poluição. No presente trabalho foi realizado o levantamento das principais fontes geradoras de poluentes atmosféricos na área urbana de Manaus, para subsidiar ações como, a elaboração do inventário das emissões atmosféricas, o monitoramento da qualidade do ar e o controle das atividades geradoras. Atualmente, existe na cidade de Manaus uma grande diversidade de fontes de emissões atmosféricas, sendo as fontes móveis, provavelmente as mais significativas, pelo crescimento progressivo da frota veicular,fazendo se necessário a implementação do Plano de Controle da Poluição por Veículos em Uso PCPV e do Programa de Inspeção e Manutenção de Veículos em Uso – I/M, para o controle das emissões veiculares. No caso particular das emissões industriais, a prática tem sido o controle por fontes poluidoras, seja na fase de licenciamento ou na fiscalização. No entanto, esta ação não tem sido suficiente para atender o que a legislação estabelece. Neste trabalho, recomenda-se que seja realizado o inventário de emissões, a fim de estabelecer uma rede de monitoramento da qualidade do ar, para que haja um controle mais efetivo das atividades que contribuem para a poluição do ar na cidade.

The presented doctoral thesis “Fly ash impact in forest ecosystems in Northeastern Germany - an assessment and regionalization approach” intends to (a) test if the field assessment of ferrimagnetic susceptibility can be used as cost efficient method to get information on fly ash deposition impacted chemical site properties. (b) develop a regionalization approach to bridge the gap from plot-wise assessed data to spatial management information. The thesis is a follow-up of extensive research activities by the Institute for Soil Science and Site Ecology on industrial deposition in Dübener Heide and Upper Lusatian region which started in the early 1960ies and were intensified from the middle of the 1990ies on. A central topic of these research activities was the assessment of the impact of fly ash deposition on chemical soil properties. A major challenge was to transfer the assessed chemical characteristics from plot to region and to aggregate the measured values to provide an information basis, which can be used for a site potential and risk oriented forest management. This challenge was picked up by the joint research project “ENFORCHANGE” (FKZ 0330634 K, German Federal Ministry of Education and Research). The presented thesis was carried out in the frame of this project during the period 2005 - 2009. The thesis was conceived as cumulative work, which includes ten papers in total. Five articles are published in peer-reviewed journals (ISI listed, 1 paper still in revision), and five are part of books or conference proceedings. • Chapter 1 “Introduction” gives an overview on the motivation, idea and structure of the thesis. • In chapter 2 “Aims and Scope of the presented work” information on the background and frame of the study within the project ENFORCHANGE is given. • Chapter 3 “Background and State of the Art” deals with the history of fly ash deposition in the model region Dübener Heide. • Chapter 4 “Material and Methods” gives information on fly ash and presents the spatial assessment design and the hereon based approaches for up-scaling and correlation of magnetic susceptibility with selected chemical characteristics. • Chapter 5 “Results” presents results of the spatial modeling and linear regression based approach to use ferrimagnetic susceptibility for predicting the contents of selected base cations, selected acid and heavy metal cations and Black Carbon. • Chapter 6 “Discussion and Conclusions” compares the assumptions and findings in the different articles, discusses contradictory findings and open questions and provides a comprehensive evaluation of the outcomes. Final conclusions are drawn and an outlook is given. A key finding of the thesis is that the industrial complex Bitterfeld was the most important source of fly ash deposited in the model region Dübener Heide. The power plant Zschornewitz plays only a minor role contrary to the research hypothesis formulated in ENFORCHANGE. Related to the targets of the thesis, spatial variation of magnetic susceptibility was predicted with high precision by a multiple linear regression model. A slightly differing set of model parameters  according to their explanatory value for three selected depth levels  improved the prediction quality. The selection of the parameters supported understanding the major drivers for magnetic particle deposition, storage, and vertical displacement in the forest soils. Humus layer (depth level 6-10 cm), horizontal distance to Bitterfeld and soil type (Podzol, semi-terrestrial sites) were the most important variables. These variables point to a slowed-down humus dynamic, which causes the accumulation of fly ash in the humus layer. In depth level 11 – 15 cm, variables such as “aspect” gain in importance, which describe the exposure against the major wind direction and thus indicate the probability and of deposition. For the mineral horizon (depth level 21-25 cm), exposition and especially stand properties are most important. The latter gives evidence for the intensity of deposition caused by surface roughness. Therefore, the variables “coniferous” and “mixed” stands were highly relevant for the model. Variable correlations between mass susceptibility and selected base cations, acid cations and heavy metals have been found. When using a linear regression model, a prediction of Ca and Mg and of Mn was possible. The model performance was lower for Fe, Al, Cd and Black Carbon. A possible reason was the use of different plot types: the assessment of magnetic susceptibility and chemical soil properties was well harmonized at the ENFORCHANGE plots considering the sampling material and sampling location. A comparable harmonization could not be achieved at a number of monitoring plots, which were included into the analysis to broaden the data base. Comparing the results from the linear regression model based prediction with the results achieved by multiple regression based spatial modeling lead to the conclusion that the mul¬tiple regression approach is more promising: by using other model parameters such as orographic, climatic or stand parameters together with magnetic susceptibility, the prediction quality of the deposed agents could be improved and small scale variations in nutrient potentials and risks driven by fly ash deposition could be better recognized and made available for forest management decisions. / Die vorgelegte Doktorarbeit “Fly ash impact in forest ecosystems in Northeastern Germany - an assessment and regionalization approach” (Flugascheeinträge in Waldökosysteme in Nordostdeutschland  ein Erfassungs- und Regionalisierungsansatz) verfolgte die Ziele (a) zu testen, ob sich die Erfassung der ferrimagnetischen Suszeptibilität eignet, um kosteneffizient quantitative und / oder qualitative Informationen zu den eingetragenen Flugaschemengen und den in der Folge veränderten bodenchemischen Potenzialen zu erheben (b) zu testen, ob der Indikator „ferrimagnetische Suszeptibilität“ genutzt werden kann, um Informationen über Flugascheeinträge von der punktbezogenen Erfassung auf einen regionalen Maßstab hoch zu skalieren. Grundlage dieser Zielstellungen sind Forschungsarbeiten zu der Frage der langfristigen Wirksamkeit und ökologischen Bedeutung von Industrieexhalationen auf Waldökosysteme, die am Institut bereits in den 1960ziger Jahren begonnen wurden und verstärkt seit Mitte der 1990ziger Jahre fortgeführt wurden. Auf ihrer Basis wurde die Herausforderung eines kostengünstigen und flächenbezogenen Erhebungsansatzes identifiziert und formuliert. Die vorgelegte Arbeit ordnete sich in diese Forschungsarbeiten ein und führte sie im Rahmen des Verbundforschungsvorhabens ENFORCHANGE ((FKZ: 0330634 K, Bundesministerium für Bildung und Forschung) von 2005 - 2009 fort. Die Doktorarbeit ist als kumulative Arbeit angelegt, im Rahmen derer insgesamt 10 Publikationen zusammengefasst wurden. Davon sind 5 in internationalen Journalen bereits publiziert, akzeptiert oder in einem Fall in Begutachtung; 5 weitere Publikationen wurden ergänzend und auf speziellere Themen bezogen in Proceedings oder Buchbeiträgen publiziert. Die Arbeit gliedert sich in 5 Abschnitte: • Kapitel 1 (Einleitung) gibt einen kurzen Überblick zur Motivation und Struktur der Doktorarbeit. • In Kapitel 2 (Ziele und Rahmen der Arbeit) wird der Arbeitsansatz im Rahmen des Verbundforschungsvorhabens ENFORCHANGE vorstellt. • Kapitel 3 umfasst eine Auswertung von Veröffentlichungen zur Geschichte und den ökologischen Auswirkungen der Flugascheeinträge am Beispiel der Modellregion Dübener Heide. • In Kapitel 4 wird der methodische Ansatz der Arbeit vorgestellt, der von einem Vortest zur Eignung der Erfassung der magnetischen Suszeptibilität über die Ableitung eines flächigen Erhebungsansatzes bis hin zur Frage der Modellbildung und Korrelation mit chemischen Kenngrößen reicht. • Kapitel 5 beinhaltet die Ergebnisse der räumlichen Modellbildung und der Korrelation der magnetischen Suszeptibilität mit ausgewählten Basen-, Säure- und Schwermetallkationen sowie mit Schwarzem Kohlenstoff. • Kapitel 6 diskutiert, vergleicht und bewertet die Ergebnisse der den Veröffentlichungen zugrunde liegenden Studien und zieht ein abschließendes Resumé. Ein Schlüsselergebnis der vorgelegten Arbeit belegt, dass entgegen der ursprünglichen Arbeitshypothese des Projektverbundes ENFORCHANGE nicht das mehr als 100 Jahre alte Kraftwerk Zschornewitz die wesentliche Quelle für die Flugascheeinträge in der Modellregion Dübener Heide war, sondern der räumlich entfernter gelegene, aber deutlich größere Industriekomplex Bitterfeld. Bezogen auf die Zielsetzung der vorgelegten Arbeit, konnte mithilfe multipler Regressionsverfahren und auf Basis von Feldaufnahmen der ferrimagnetischen Suszeptibilität in einem regelmäßigen Stichprobenraster ein hoch auflösendes räumliches Modell gebildet werden. Unter Berücksichtigung weiterer Modellparameter, die schrittweise hinsichtlich ihres Erklärungswertes ausgewählt wurden, konnten mikrotopographische und vegetationsbedingte Informationen genutzt werden, um die räumliche Variabilität des magnetischen Signals differenziert darzustellen. Damit ergibt sich eine Planungsgrundlage, die die bisher genutzte, auf Waldschadensansprachen basierende Stratifizierung in Zonen unterschiedlicher Eintragsintensität mit Bezug zur Planungseinheit deutlich detaillierter untersetzt. Der Versuch, auf Flugascheeintragsmengen, respektive -vorräte zu schließen ließ sich hingegen auf Basis der verfügbaren Daten nicht umsetzen. Die Korrelationsbeziehungen der von Volumen- in den Massenbezug umgerechneten Suszeptibilität mit Basen-, Säure und Schwermetallkationen sowie Schwarzem Kohlenstoff fielen heterogen aus. Eine gute Vorhersage auf Basis eines linearen Regressionsmodells konnte für Ca, Mg und Mn getroffen werden, wohingegen die Modellqualität für Fe, Al sowie Cd und Schwarzen Kohlenstoff deutlich schlechter zu beurteilen war. Dies ergab sich zum einen aus der verfügbaren Datenbasis, die keine durchgängige Harmonisierung für die Erhebungen der Suszeptibilität und der chemischen Kennwerte erlaubte. Zum anderen geht diese Erkenntnis mit Ergebnissen aus der Regionalisierung einher, die einen Einbezug weiterer Modellparameter und die Nutzung multipler anstelle linearer Regressionsmodelle nahe legt.

Les potentiels de nouveaux moyens d’investigation en sciences de l’environnement, tel que la géochimie des isotopes stables du Cu et du Zn et l’étude de la spéciation des éléments en trace métalliques (ETM) par titrage acidimétrique sont évalués dans le cadre de trois cas d’études, faisant intervenir des matériaux de matrices et de concentrations en ETM variables. Afin de mettre en évidence de très subtiles variations des compositions isotopiques du Cu et du Zn dans les matériaux particulaires variablement pollués, une attention particulière à été voué à la mise au point des méthodes de séparation chimique et d’analyse par MC-ICP-MS. La méthodologie analytique a été développée afin d’exploiter tout les avantages techniques offerts par le spectromètre de masse à l’ULB. Différents modes d’introduction (plasma humide vs plasma sec (Aridus/DSN), d’acquisition des mesures (mode statique ou dynamique) de correction du biais de masse (dopage au Cu, au Zn et au Ga; correction SSBM, SSBC et EEN)ont été évaluées, pour leurs effets sur la précision et la reproductibilité des mesures. D’autres travaux ont permis de quantifier les effets des interférences spectrales et non spectrales par les éléments de la matrice (Ti, Cr, Co,Fe, Ba, Si, Na, Mg et Ca) et par le rapport dopant/analyte en vue de comprendre les sources d’inexactitudes des mesures isotopiques et d’y remédier. Les données isotopiques acquises sur des minerais, sur des (plaques de) dépôts atmosphériques (usine Pb-Zn Metaleurop de Noyelles-Godault), sur des sédiments et des matières en suspension (estuaire de l’Escaut et mer du Nord), révèlent des variations significatives des compositions isotopiques du cuivre et du zinc. Dans l’estuaire de l’Escaut, les variations temporelles (carotte non perturbée, enregistrant la sédimentation sur 30 ans) et spatiales (matières en suspension échantillonnées sur 100 km, selon le profil de salinité) sont caractérisées par des signatures isotopiques en Zn anticorrélées à celle du Cu. Les données peuvent permettre de distinguer le fond géochimique naturel (le « réservoir naturel »), les pollutions diffuses (le « réservoir anthropique commun »- intégrant de multiples sources de contamination en provenance du bassin versant) et certaines pollutions ponctuelles associées à la métallurgie du Zn. Alors que les procédés utilisés en métallurgie sont eux,capable de produire des signatures isotopiques très fractionnées en Zn, ni la diagenèse précoce dans les sédiments, ni les gradients physicochimiques développés lors du mélange des eaux continentales et marines ne sont capables d’affecter significativement la signature isotopique du Cu et du Zn en phase particulaire. Dans de tels milieux, les signatures isotopiques en Cu et Zn (ainsi que celles en Pb) semblent n’être contrôlées que par le mélange conservatif entre le « réservoir naturel » et le « réservoir anthropique commun ». Les données en elles-mêmes constituent la seule base de données isotopiques en Cu, Zn, Pb dans des matériaux particulaires anthropisés estuariens et marins jamais produite à ce jour. Elles permettent de prédire que la signature isotopique en Cu du « réservoir naturel » devrait être légèrement plus enrichie en isotopes lourds que celle du réservoir « anthropique commun » (par analogie au Zn). Si la géochimie isotopique du Cu et du Zn a le potentiel de distinguer différentes sources de pollution, l’évaluation des risques liés à ces pollutions doit tenir compte des formes chimiques des ETM, typiquement mises en évidences par les méthodes d’extraction sélectives (séquentielles, dont le protocole BCR). La méthode alternative proposée pour l’étude de la spéciation, plus versatile (capable de mettre en évidence des phases non prédéfinies et applicable à une variété de matrices plus large) est capable de surmonter plusieurs limitations (dont les problèmes de sélectivité liées au mauvais contrôle de l’acidité du milieu réactionnel) caractéristiques des méthodes traditionnelles. Appliquée à des sédiments marins/estuariens et des sols, la méthode de titrage acidimétrique s’est révélée capable de quantifier les proportions relatives des phases acido-solubles (principal problème des méthodes d’extraction sélectives), ce qui permet d’établir univoquement la spéciation des éléments qui leurs sont associés, d’évaluer la réactivité des ETM vis-à-vis du pH, mais aussi d’évaluer la sélectivité des protocoles d’extraction séquentielle « BCR » et « Tessier ». La méthode de titrage acidimétrique apporte également des informations importantes sur la géochimie des éléments majeurs dans l’estuaire de l’Escaut et met en évidence les particularités minéralogiques des sols pollués en comparaison aux sédiments. Les études de cas démontrent que ces nouvelles techniques ont des applications dans le domaine de la géochimie de l’environnement, mais peuvent également être vouées, sur le moyen/long terme à une utilisation sortant du cadre des sciences exactes. En effet, l’identification/ discrimination des sources de pollutions et l’évaluation des risques de remobilisation des polluants métalliques font partie des nombreuses questions posées par la société aux scientifiques de l’environnement.

The aim of this thesis is to reach further understanding of the development of environmental adaptation in Swedish heavy industry by studying the case of the Rönnskär Smelter 1960-2000. More specifically, the aim of the thesis is to investigate the interplay between firm level environmental adaptation and national environmental politics and economic development. To fulfil this aim, the following questions are asked: How have company activities such as production processes, organisation and company strategies been developed and adopted in order to meet environmental demands with maintained competitiveness? How have company activities been framed by environmental policies and the specific environmental regulations, relevant for this case? What other factors, beside environmental regulations, have driven and framed the environmental adaptation process of the firm? The study concludes that a long-range competitive environmental adaptation was reached by a combination of investments in environmental technology with an overall rationalisation and modernisation of the enterprise. The study suggests that the environmental adaptation process of the Rönnskär Smelter became part of an overall process of industrial modernisation during the period, which reflects a wider context than the environmental issue itself. It mirrors technological development on other fields than the environment, and an increasing competition on a global scale that called for lower unit costs of production. This led to a modernisation for pollution reduction strategy that enabled the firm to increase production but still cutting its pollution levels considerably over time. The result is partly consistent with the Porter hypothesis that suggests that strict environmental regulation can strengthen firms’ and nations’ competitiveness. Time series data shows that emissions from the Rönnskär factory have radically declined since the 1960s. For these changes, process technology has proven to be most important. Technological adjustments came about through a step-by-step adaptation. It is clear that internal solutions, developed by the companies’ own engineers were more important at an early stage, when the supply of external solutions was limited. The study also concludes that environmental regulation has strongly influenced the environmental adaptation at the Rönnskär Smelter. Of most importance is the Environmental Protection Act (EPA: Miljöskyddslagen) implemented in 1969. In the economic historian Nathan Rosenberg’s terminology, this study suggests that the EPA model of individual testing promoted long-term innovative and cost-effective technical solutions, because it was consistent with decentralised experimental activity and the specific conditions that characterise the dynamics of technological development. However, not much can be said before comparative studies within the Swedish system have been conducted, or perhaps most fruitful, between various national systems of environmental protection. This study also concludes that the environmental issue became of strategic dignity at the very beginning of the 1970s, mainly as a consequence of the implementation of the EPA. Even though environmental issues did not become important for market strategies until the 1990s, the environmental issue called already in the 1970s for adjustments that required financial and personnel resources that demanded priorities and strategic decisions at the highest level of the organisation. The study also concludes that even though the technological dimension has played the most decisive role for lowering emissions, the significance of organisation has increased over time. While the 1960s, and especially the 1970s, brought about substantial pollution reductions through new technology, organisational aspects became relatively more important when the costs of abatement were rising in the 1980s. Organisational co-ordination, division of local responsibilities and education of personnel became a supplement to technology to obtain further pollution reductions. The technician as the “environmental hero” of the firm was successively replaced by the organisational co-ordinator.

CAPES / A água é essencial para a vida no planeta e é necessária para diversas atividades humanas. Fatores como o crescimento demográfico, a expansão industrial e a progressiva urbanização, causaram o pronunciado aumento da demanda global de água, em concorrência com a redução da disponibilidade deste recurso natural. Assim, mesmo que haja volume de precipitações significativo, há risco de escassez hídrica. Desta equação resulta a necessidade premente de incentivar ações voltadas à economia e ao uso racional dos recursos hídricos. Como uma das práticas da gestão dos recursos hídricos, a adoção do reúso de água na indústria pode contribuir para a economia do insumo e a redução da poluição. O estudo parte da premissa de que a bonificação estabelecida pelo Comitê do Alto Iguaçu e Afluentes do Alto Ribeira (COALIAR), na Resolução nº 05/2013, não tem efetividade para incentivar o reúso de água. O COALIAR abrange parte da Região Metropolitana de Curitiba e municípios contíguos, no estado do Paraná. O objetivo da pesquisa é estudar os mecanismos de incentivo ao reúso de água vigentes na região do COALIAR. Como metodologia, foi utilizada a revisão bibliográfica, a pesquisa documental e a pesquisa de campo, por meio de entrevistas. Foram feitas entrevistas com atores envolvidos com recursos hídricos na região do COALIAR. A pesquisa classifica-se como descritiva e exploratória e para o tratamento dos dados foi adotada a abordagem qualitativa. Como conclusão, inferiu-se que para fomentar a prática de reúso de água são recomendáveis as normas premiais, em detrimento das normas punitivas. Os incentivos ao reúso de água podem ser estabelecidos por meio de descontos significativos, incidentes sobre valores cobrados pelo uso dos recursos hídricos, bem como por descontos e isenções fiscais. Considera-se, também, que o Poder Público deve divulgar amplamente os dados sobre os riscos de escassez hídrica e sobre os comportamentos que podem contribuir para a preservação da água. / Water is essential for life on the planet and it is necessary for various human activities. Factors such as population growth, industrial expansion and progressive urbanization have led to a pronounced increase in global water demand, in competition with reduced availability of this natural resource. Thus, even if there is significant precipitation volume, the risk of water scarcity is not excluded. From this equation results the urgent need to encourage actions aimed at the economy and the rational use of water resources. As one of the practices of water resources management, the adoption of water reuse in industry can contribute to the economy of the input and the reduction of pollution. The study starts from the premise that the subsidy established by the Comitê do Alto Iguaçu e Afluentes do Alto Ribeira (COALIAR), in Resolution number 05/2013, has no effect to encourage the reuse of water. The COALIAR covers part of the Metropolitan Region of Curitiba and contiguous counties contíguos, in the state of ParanaThe objective of the research is to study the water reuse incentive mechanisms in the region of the COALIAR. As a methodology, bibliographic review, documentary research and field research were used through interviews. Interviews were conducted with actors involved with water resources in the region of the COALIAR. The research is classified as descriptive and exploratory and for the treatment of the data, the qualitative approach was adopted. As a conclusion, it was inferred that to promote the practice of water reuse, it is recommended that the norms be awarded, to the detriment of punitive norms. Incentives for water reuse can be established through significant discounts, levied on amounts charged for the use of water resources, as well as discounts and tax exemptions. It is also considered that the Public Authorities should widely disseminate data on the risks of water scarcity and on the behaviors that may contribute to the preservation of water.

INTRODUÇÃO: Vários estudos tem mostrado associação entre a poluição atmosférica e efeitos adversos na gravidez, como baixo peso ao nascer, prematuridade e crescimento intra-uterino retardado. OBJETIVO: O objetivo deste estudo foi investigar a associação existente entre prematuridade e baixo peso ao nascer e exposição materna aos contaminantes atmosféricos (partículas inaláveis, dióxido de enxofre e ozônio), no município de Volta Redonda, no estado do Rio de Janeiro, Brasil. MÉTODOS: Esta coorte histórica, de base populacional, foi composta por todos os nascidos vivos, de mães residentes em Volta Redonda, no período de 2003 a 2006. Os dados sobre nascimento foram obtidos do Sistema de Informações sobre Nascidos Vivos (SINASC), do Ministério da Saúde. Os dados referentes à exposição foram fornecidos pelas estações automáticas de monitoramento da qualidade do ar, instaladas no município e controladas pela Fundação Estadual de Engenharia do Meio Ambiente (FEEMA). Modelos de regressão logística e linear, ajustados para potenciais fatores de confusão, foram empregados para avaliar a contribuição da poluição do ar sobre o peso ao nascer e a idade gestacional. RESULTADOS: O total de nascidos vivos no período estudo foi igual a 13.660 nascimentos. O peso médio (desvio padrão) dos recém-nascidos no período foi de 3162,2 g (561,8). O baixo peso ao nascer representou 9,1% dos nascimentos no período e os casos de prematuros foi equivalente a 7,4%. Após análises de regressão logística, seguindo modelos propostos e ajustes para os fatores de confusão identificados, foi observado aumento do risco de baixo ao nascer relacionado à exposição materna às partículas inaláveis durante os segundo e terceiro trimestres de gestação. Também foi verificado aumento do risco de baixo peso ao nascer associado à exposição materna ao ozônio nos segundo e terceiro trimestres de gestação. Com relação à prematuridade foi encontrado aumento no risco associado à exposição materna ao dióxido de enxofre durante os três trimestres de gestação. CONCLUSÕES: Este estudo sugere que exposições a O3, SO2 e PM10, mesmo em concentrações ambientais abaixo dos padrões de qualidade do ar, contribuem para a ocorrência de prematuridade e baixo peso ao nascer no município de Volta Redonda. A pesquisa reforçou a necessidade de revisão dos padrões de qualidade do ar em vigência no Brasil, para a garantia da qualidade da saúde da população. / BACKGROUND: Several studies have shown the association between outdoor air pollution and adverse pregnancy outcomes, related to low birth weight (LBW), preterm birth and intrauterine grow restriction (IUGR). OBJECTIVES: To investigate the association between low birth weight and preterm delivery and maternal exposure to specific outdoor air contaminants, particulate matter (PM10), sulfur dioxide (SO2) and ozone (O3) in Volta Redonda, an industrialized city in the state of Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. METHODS: This population-based cohort study comprised all infants born to women resident in Volta Redonda, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, in the period of 2003-2006. Birth data used in this retrospective study were obtained from the Information System on Live Births (SINASC) of Brazilian Ministry of Health. Exposure information was provided by air quality monitoring system operated by Environmental Agency for the State of Rio de Janeiro (FEEMA). Logistic and linear models were employed to assess the contribution of air pollution to low birth weight (LBW) and prematurity. RESULTS: The study covered 13660 births occurred from 1 January 2003 to 31 December 2006. The mean (SD) birth weight was 3162.2 g (561.8), and low birth weight represented 9.1% of all newborns. Prematurity was observed in 7.4% of all newborns. Adjusted relative risk for LBW showed that second and third trimesters maternal exposure to PM10 increased the risk for low birth weight, as well as exposure to O3 increased the risk for LBW in second and third trimesters. We observed a reduction in birth weight due to interquartile increase of O3 in third trimester of pregnancy. We also found dose response relationship between low birth weight and PM10 and O3 during the second and third trimester. In relation to preterm delivery we found an increased risk associated to maternal exposure to SO2 during all three trimesters, as well as we found dose relationships between prematurity and exposure to SO2 in each trimester. CONCLUSIONS: This study suggests that exposures to O3, SO2 and PM10, even below brazilian air quality standards, contribute to risks of low birth weight and preterm delivery, in the city of Volta Redonda/Brazil. The results highlight the need of revising air quality parameters to guarantee people health.

INTRODUÇÃO: Vários estudos tem mostrado associação entre a poluição atmosférica e efeitos adversos na gravidez, como baixo peso ao nascer, prematuridade e crescimento intra-uterino retardado. OBJETIVO: O objetivo deste estudo foi investigar a associação existente entre prematuridade e baixo peso ao nascer e exposição materna aos contaminantes atmosféricos (partículas inaláveis, dióxido de enxofre e ozônio), no município de Volta Redonda, no estado do Rio de Janeiro, Brasil. MÉTODOS: Esta coorte histórica, de base populacional, foi composta por todos os nascidos vivos, de mães residentes em Volta Redonda, no período de 2003 a 2006. Os dados sobre nascimento foram obtidos do Sistema de Informações sobre Nascidos Vivos (SINASC), do Ministério da Saúde. Os dados referentes à exposição foram fornecidos pelas estações automáticas de monitoramento da qualidade do ar, instaladas no município e controladas pela Fundação Estadual de Engenharia do Meio Ambiente (FEEMA). Modelos de regressão logística e linear, ajustados para potenciais fatores de confusão, foram empregados para avaliar a contribuição da poluição do ar sobre o peso ao nascer e a idade gestacional. RESULTADOS: O total de nascidos vivos no período estudo foi igual a 13.660 nascimentos. O peso médio (desvio padrão) dos recém-nascidos no período foi de 3162,2 g (561,8). O baixo peso ao nascer representou 9,1% dos nascimentos no período e os casos de prematuros foi equivalente a 7,4%. Após análises de regressão logística, seguindo modelos propostos e ajustes para os fatores de confusão identificados, foi observado aumento do risco de baixo ao nascer relacionado à exposição materna às partículas inaláveis durante os segundo e terceiro trimestres de gestação. Também foi verificado aumento do risco de baixo peso ao nascer associado à exposição materna ao ozônio nos segundo e terceiro trimestres de gestação. Com relação à prematuridade foi encontrado aumento no risco associado à exposição materna ao dióxido de enxofre durante os três trimestres de gestação. CONCLUSÕES: Este estudo sugere que exposições a O3, SO2 e PM10, mesmo em concentrações ambientais abaixo dos padrões de qualidade do ar, contribuem para a ocorrência de prematuridade e baixo peso ao nascer no município de Volta Redonda. A pesquisa reforçou a necessidade de revisão dos padrões de qualidade do ar em vigência no Brasil, para a garantia da qualidade da saúde da população. / BACKGROUND: Several studies have shown the association between outdoor air pollution and adverse pregnancy outcomes, related to low birth weight (LBW), preterm birth and intrauterine grow restriction (IUGR). OBJECTIVES: To investigate the association between low birth weight and preterm delivery and maternal exposure to specific outdoor air contaminants, particulate matter (PM10), sulfur dioxide (SO2) and ozone (O3) in Volta Redonda, an industrialized city in the state of Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. METHODS: This population-based cohort study comprised all infants born to women resident in Volta Redonda, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, in the period of 2003-2006. Birth data used in this retrospective study were obtained from the Information System on Live Births (SINASC) of Brazilian Ministry of Health. Exposure information was provided by air quality monitoring system operated by Environmental Agency for the State of Rio de Janeiro (FEEMA). Logistic and linear models were employed to assess the contribution of air pollution to low birth weight (LBW) and prematurity. RESULTS: The study covered 13660 births occurred from 1 January 2003 to 31 December 2006. The mean (SD) birth weight was 3162.2 g (561.8), and low birth weight represented 9.1% of all newborns. Prematurity was observed in 7.4% of all newborns. Adjusted relative risk for LBW showed that second and third trimesters maternal exposure to PM10 increased the risk for low birth weight, as well as exposure to O3 increased the risk for LBW in second and third trimesters. We observed a reduction in birth weight due to interquartile increase of O3 in third trimester of pregnancy. We also found dose response relationship between low birth weight and PM10 and O3 during the second and third trimester. In relation to preterm delivery we found an increased risk associated to maternal exposure to SO2 during all three trimesters, as well as we found dose relationships between prematurity and exposure to SO2 in each trimester. CONCLUSIONS: This study suggests that exposures to O3, SO2 and PM10, even below brazilian air quality standards, contribute to risks of low birth weight and preterm delivery, in the city of Volta Redonda/Brazil. The results highlight the need of revising air quality parameters to guarantee people health.