Gegenstand der Arbeit ist das Leben sowie das Werk des ersten russischen mathematischen Ökonomen Vladimir Karpovic Dmitriev (1868-1913). Es werden alle bekannten Schriften Dmitrievs vorgestellt und eine Einführung und Interpretation seines wirtschaftstheoretischen Hauptwerkes, den Ökonomischen Essays (1898/1902), angeboten. Daneben erfolgt eine Beschreibung seiner Stellung innerhalb der russischen Nationalökonomie sowie eine Würdigung im Kontext der westlichen Volkswirtschaftslehre. Dabei werden die bis dato zu Dmitriev gewonnenen Erkenntnisse integriert, vertieft und kritisch hinterfragt. Auskünfte zur russischen Geschichte sowie die Erläuterung landestypischer Begriffe erleichtern das Verständnis der Dmitrievschen Positionen. Es zeigt sich, dass Dmitriev allen gesundheitlichen und materiellen Widrigkeiten zum Trotz eine beachtliche wissenschaftliche Leistung vollbrachte: Er gelangte zu Erkenntnissen, die seiner Zeit um Jahrzehnte voraus waren und deren Relevanz bis in die Gegenwart reicht. Nicht nur trug er zu einem verbesserten Verständnis der klassischen Theorie bei und nahm damit einige Elemente der Forschung in den 1950/60er Jahren vorweg, Pionierleistungen erbrachte er ebenfalls für die Input-Output-Analyse sowie auf dem Gebiet der unvollkommenen Konkurrenz. (Version bis auf persönliche Daten identisch mit Vorgängerversion, siehe Dokumente und Dateien.)

With the current trend in cloud computing and virtualization, more organizations are moving their systems from a physical host to a virtual server. Although this can significantly reduce hardware, power, and administration costs, it can increase the cost of analyzing performance problems. With virtualization, there is an initial performance overhead, and as more virtual machines are added to a physical host the interference increases between various guest machines. When this interference occurs, a virtualized guest application may not perform as expected. There is little or no information to the virtual OS about the interference, and the current performance tools in the guest are unable to show this interference. We examine the interference that has been shown in previous research, and relate that to existing tools and research in root cause analysis. We show that in virtualization there are additional layers which need to be analyzed, and design a framework to determine if degradation is occurring from an external virtualization layer. Additionally, we build a virtualization test suite with Xen and PostgreSQL and run multiple tests to create I/O interference. We show that our method can distinguish between a problem caused by interference from external systems and a problem from within the virtual guest.

Purpose of this study is to holistically analyze existing linkages between Aruba’s tourism industry, restaurants and local farmers, by examining strategies that constrain the development of linkages between these stakeholders. Previous research indicated that tourism development is often accompanied with increased demand for imported food, which results in foreign exchange leakages, inflation and competition with local production. This phenomenon is very common in the Caribbean, where Aruba, with its heavy reliance on imported goods and services, is no exception to this occurrence. To comprehend potential problems associated with linking both sectors, these in-depth case study addresses three fundamental questions: a) what is the structure of supply and demand of food for the tourism industry of Aruba?, and b) what factors constrain the development of linkages between international tourism and Aruba’s local agriculture? Using an exploratory and stochastic methodological approach, data will be obtained from structured surveys from three different stakeholders in the food supply chain of Aruba. Anticipated findings illustrate that the existing linkage between the tourism industry and agriculture in Aruba is still weak, yet the food consumption and preferences by tourists can contribute in enhancing an ecogastronomic tourism supply chain.

Numerous prediction models of SARS-CoV-2 pandemic were proposed in the past. Unknown parameters of these models are often estimated based on observational data. However, lag in case-reporting, changing testing policy or incompleteness of data lead to biased estimates. Moreover, parametrization is time-dependent due to changing age-structures, emerging virus variants, non-pharmaceutical interventions, and vaccination programs. To cover these aspects, we propose a principled approach to parametrize a SIR-type epidemiologic model by embedding it as a hidden layer into an input-output non-linear dynamical system (IO-NLDS). Observable data are coupled to hidden states of the model by appropriate data models considering possible biases of the data. This includes data issues such as known delays or biases in reporting. We estimate model parameters including their time-dependence by a Bayesian knowledge synthesis process considering parameter ranges derived from external studies as prior information. We applied this approach on a specific SIR-type model and data of Germany and Saxony demonstrating good prediction performances. Our approach can estimate and compare the relative effectiveness of non-pharmaceutical interventions and provide scenarios of the future course of the epidemic under specified conditions. It can be translated to other data sets, i.e., other countries and other SIR-type models.

No description available.

Esta tesis doctoral tiene por objetivo el estudio de la actividad innovadora de los sectores económicos desde la perspectiva de los vínculos tecno-productivos que se establecen entre ellos. Dentro de este objetivo general, cobra una destacada importancia el territorio en el cual se encuentran estos sectores, siendo España y la Comunidad Valenciana los casos analizados. Ante estos objetivos, se plantean las siguientes preguntas que guían la investigación: a) ¿Qué rol desempeñan los servicios empresariales intensivos en conocimiento en la generación y difusión de innovación en el sistema económico? ¿Qué contribución cuantitativa realizan tales sectores al sistema de creación y generación de conocimiento? b) ¿Cuáles son los patrones de innovación de sectores menos intensivos en conocimiento, clasificados típicamente como tradicionales, pero con gran arraigo e influencia territorial (en particular el sector agroalimentario)? ¿A qué fuentes recurren con mayor intensidad cuando el territorio presenta también bajas intensidades tecnológicas o baja capacidad de absorción (la Comunidad Valenciana)? c) ¿Qué patrones de innovación se corresponden con distintas capacidades sectoriales para crear nuevas empresas? O en otras palabras, ¿el patrón de generación/absorción de conocimiento de cada sector afecta a su capacidad para crear nuevas empresas? Para dar respuesta a estas preguntas se ha utilizado el enfoque del "embodied knowledge". Esta aproximación permite mensurar el conocimiento "incorporado" en los productos y servicios que cada sector utiliza como inputs en sus procesos productivos y que indirectamente contribuyen a su propia intensidad o esfuerzo tecnológico y de innovación. La metodología implementada puede sintetizarse en la idea de que el mayor o menor grado de esfuerzo innovador en un sector no solo estará determinado por su propio gasto en actividades innovadoras, sino también por el gasto que sus proveedores realizan en estas actividades. / Alba, MF. (2012). CONOCIMIENTO INCORPORADO Y VÍNCULOS INTERSECTORIALES. APROXIMACIONES MEDIANTE EL ANÁLISIS INPUT-OTPUT [Tesis doctoral]. Universitat Politècnica de València. https://doi.org/10.4995/Thesis/10251/15181

本文內容包含三個主題相近的議題，首先我們探討在貿易互動的情況下，國際能源價格衝擊所帶來的跨國衝擊效果，接著根據多個年度的資料，延用第一個議題的模型分析跨國衝掔效果的演變，以及這樣的演變與貿易趨勢之間的關係，最後則探討委外代工的貿易活動對經濟體系勞動市場的影響，企圖尋找台灣近年工資不均度逐漸下降的原因。 由第一個議題的分析結果可以發現，若要有效降低原物料價格上漲所帶來的衝擊，可從國內高耗能的產業 (如石油煉製品業) 著手，藉由技術移轉、跨國產業合作或研發投入等方式提升耗能產業的技術，改善生產結構；此外，藉由分散進口來源，可以有效降低進口拉動的物價上漲；最後，在國際能源價格上漲時，公用事業部門的價格管制，可以有效控制物價上漲，尤其對於天然資源缺乏的國家效果較為顯著，且愈多國家採行價格管制策略時，對降低物價衝擊的效果愈好。。 由第二個議題的分析可得知，各國的個別產業在三個不同的年度受到相同衝擊時，當產業的中間投入裡，能源及石油煉製品的占比愈高，則價格衝擊反應便愈大，這樣的影響效果主要反應了直接效果。若仔細檢視國內的各產業委外代工活動對價格衝擊效果的影響，則可以發現在產業別資料時，兩者間的關係並不明顯，但若將分析層級提高到整體國家的話，便可以發現委外代工比例或是國際專業分工程度愈高的國家，其受到的物價衝擊似乎稍微較低，而此一部份則是反應了跨國貿易傳遞效果。 最後，由第三個分析議題可以發現，台灣過去25年來技能與非技能勞工的工資差距逐漸拉近，這樣的趨勢與近年文獻所觀察的結果有明顯的不同，仔細檢視其中的端倪，我們可以發現台灣工資不均度雖然與相對勞動雇用仍為正相關，但工資不均度卻受到委外代工與對外直接投資負向的影響，其中，僅電子電機及機械類別的委外代工對工資不均度具有影響顯著，但民生工業及重工業類別卻不顯著，這樣的結果與近年台灣電子業發展的模式有關，雖然此產業委外生產比例日益攀升，但隨著台灣電子業在全球舉足輕重的地位，產值逐年大幅成長，雖然其中零組件愈來愈多仰賴委由開發中國家生產，但於台灣進行組裝仍需大量非技能勞工，因此委外生產將使工資不均度的情形減緩。另外，從資料中也發現，近年台灣日益減緩的工資不均度情形，主要是由於相對勞動供給的增量大於相對勞動需求所致。 / This thesis contents three approximate subjects for discussion. First of all, we confer the interaction of trades when the rise of international raw material price influences multinational; according to the data taken from many years, we employed the model of the first subject to analyze the development of inter-regional impact, its effect and also the relationship between the development and the trade tendency. Lastly, the influence of outsourcing towards the labor market in the economy will be discussed, in order to search for the reason, which is responsible for the chronicle decrease of wage inequality. The result of the first discussion shows us, to slow down the price impact which is caused by the rise of the raw material, we can undertake national companies with high energy consumption industries (e.g. petrochemical industry); on these excuses: Technique shifting, international industrial cooperation or investment of researches and so on, the technology of high energy consuming industries could be promoted to improve the production structure. Further than that, dispersing import resources could efficiently reduce the price increase caused by import. The price control at public utility could bridle price rise effectively, when international energy price is arising. This is especially obvious in countries with lack of natural resource, not forget to mention the more nations introduce price control tactic, the better it is to reduce the price impact. By the analysis of the second discussion, it is said when each country in each industry at three different years experienced the same impact, the higher the industrial’s usage of energy and petro-products for intermediate inputs, the strong is the reaction of price impact and this influence mainly responded to the direct effect. If we examine the relationship between price impact and proportion of outsourcing, we could notice that the relationship is not very conspicuous in industrial level data. But if we move the analyze level higher to the whole nation, we could discover that the higher the percentage of outsourcing is, the lower is the resulted price impact. And this is because of the transmission effect of the international trade. Last but not least, the third discussion let us know, that in the past 25 years in Taiwan, the wage inequality of high skill and low skill labor was reducing chronically. Such a trend is clearly different from the result which is shown in the recently studies. Even the wage inequality is positive proportioned with the relative labor employed, but it has been negatively influenced by outsourcing and outward direct investments. The negative relationship counts to the most outstanding in electronics and electrical machinery industries, but civil industry and heavy metal industry is not much remarkable. This result is related to the expand model of Taiwan in the recent years. Although, the percentage of outsourcing grows day by day, but with the importance of Taiwan’s electronics industry, the production arises substantially annually, even though more and more of its components is sourcing from development countries, but we still need many non-skilled personnel to fabricate those in Taiwan. That’s why outsourcing will decrease the wage inequality. Further than that, the recent wage inequality decrease in Taiwan is mainly effected by the surplus of relative labor supply.

Dans cette thèse, je discute deux questions autour de la transition énergétique : comment définir une stratégie face aux nombreuses incertitudes et aux inerties des systèmes, et quels sont impacts sur l’emploi de cette transition ?Pour étudier le choix d’une stratégie, je m’intéresse au cas du secteur électrique français. Les réacteurs nucléaires arrivent au terme de leur durée de vie initiale, mais ils peuvent être rénovés moyennant un investissement estimé à 100 milliards d'euros pour l'ensemble du parc. Combien de centrales faut-il rénover ? En mobilisant un modèle d'optimisation et la méthode de \textit{Robust Decision Making}, je montre qu’au vu des estimations actuelles, les stratégies les plus intéressantes consistent à fermer 7 à 14 réacteurs et à les remplacer par des énergies renouvelables.Sur le volet de l’emploi, je m’intéresse tout d’abord à la notion de contenu en emploi. Je propose une méthodologie nouvelle permettant de décomposer ce contenu, afin de mettre en évidence, pour chaque branche économique, l’importance relative de ses constituants : les taux d’importations, les taxes et subventions, la part du travail dans la valeur ajoutée et le niveau de salaire. J'étudie ensuite l’impact d’une réallocation des investissements vers des secteurs bas-carbone à l'aide de modèles d'équilibre général, dont j'explicite les mécanismes économiques sous-jacents.Mes résultats indiquent qu'encourager les secteurs avec une forte part du travail dans la valeur ajoutée ou de faibles salaires permet de créer de l'emploi, mais ils nuancent les bénéfices à encourager des secteurs peu importateurs. / This thesis deals with two aspects of the transition towards a low-carbon economy: how to define a strategy under the uncertainties and inertia surrounding power systems, and what are the impacts of this transition on employment?To study the choice of a strategy, I focus on the case of the French power system. The 58 nuclear reactors are reaching the end of their initially planned lifetime, but they can be retrofitted for a cost estimated at a \euro 100 billion for the entire fleet. How many reactors should be retrofitted? I study this question using an optimization model of the French power system and the \textit{Robust Decision Making} framework. My results indicate that the most interesting strategies consist in closing 7 to 14 reactors in favor of renewable energies, given current estimates.As to employment impacts, I study the notion of employment content and offer an original methodology to break it down and understand the relative importance of four components: import rates, taxes and subsidies, the share of labour in value added and the level of wage.Then, I study the employment impacts of shifting investment towards low-carbon sectors with general equilibrium models, and highlight their underlying economic mechanisms.My results suggest that encouraging sectors with a high share of labor or low wages might increase employment, but they also challenge the benefits of targeting sectors with a low import rate.

La presente tesi studia la nozione di produttività dal punto di vista Classico. In primo luogo, si connette la distinzione tra produttività (productivity) e profittabilità (productiveness) a quella tra il lato della spesa e quello del valore aggiunto dell'economia, vista come un flusso circolare. In secondo luogo, si collegano vari schemi teorici alle strutture empiriche del sistema di contabilità nazionale. Si calcolano quindi sia degli indicatori dei cambiamenti della produttività fisica, utilizzando come unità dell'analisi i subsistemi in crescita, che delle misure del grado di capacità delle singole industrie di generare sovrappiú. Si ottengono ed utilizzano regole di aggregazione e procedure di riduzione al fine di tenere correttamente conto dell'eterogeneità dei mezzi di produzione prodotti. In tutta la tesi, i risultati analitici ottenuti sono corredati da applicazioni empiriche. In larga misura, tale lavoro empirico concerne l'economia italiana (1999-2007); tuttavia, alcuni risultati riguardano un insieme di paesi industrializzati (Germania, Francia, Italia, Giappone, GB e USA) nel decennio 1995-2005. / This is a study on the notion of productivity, viewed from a Classical perspective. First, the distinction between physical productivity and productiveness (i.e. profitability) is connected to the distinction between the expenditure side and value added side of the economy, seen as a circular flow. Second, a mapping of some theoretical frameworks into empirical structures of the System of National Accounts is advanced. Then, indicators of physical productivity changes with the (growing) subsystem as a unit of analysis are obtained, together with measures reflecting the degree of surplus generating capacity at the level of individual industries. Aggregation rules and reduction procedures are devised and applied to deal with the heterogeneous nature of produced means of production. All throughout the study, empirical applications of the analytical results are provided. For the most part, empirical work is referred to the case of Italy (1999-2007), though some results concern a set of advanced industrial economies (Germany, France, Italy, Japan, UK and the US) during the 1995-2005 decade.

Consumption-based environmental impact trends for the Swedish economy have been generated and analysed in order to determine their levels compared to official production-based data, and to determine whether or not the Swedish economy has decoupled growth in domestic final demand from worldwide environmental impact. Three energy resources (oil, coal and gas use, as well as their aggregate fossil fuel use) and seven emissions (CO2, CH4, N2O, SO2, NOx, CO and NMVOC, as well as the aggregate CO2 equivalents) were studied. An augmented single-regional input–output model has been deployed, with world average energy and emission intensities used for products produced abroad. A new method for updating input–output tables for years missing official input–output tables, was also developed. For each of the resources and the emissions, two time series were generated based on two different revisions of Swedish national accounts data, one for the period 1993–2003, the other for the period 2000–2005. The analysis uses a recently revised time series of environmental data from the Swedish environmental accounts, as well as recently published global environmental data from the IEA and from the EDGAR emissions database (all data from 2010 or later). An index decomposition analysis was also performed to detect the various components of the time series. For fossil fuels consumption-based data don't differ much from production-based data in total. For the greenhouse gases there is a clear increase (CO2eq emissions increase approximately 20 % from 1993–2005, mainly driven by an increase in CH4 emissions), resulting from increased emissions abroad due to the increased demand for imported products. This suggests Sweden has not decoupled economic growth from increasing greenhouse gas emissions – contrary to what the slightly decreasing official production-based UNFCCC data say. For the precursor gases (SO2, NOx, CO and NMVOC), emissions are generally decreasing, with the exception of SO2 and NOx which increase in the second time series. For all emissions studied, consumption-based data lie at much higher levels than the official production-based UNFCCC data. However, further research is needed regarding the resolution of the data of the energy use and the emissions generated abroad by the Swedish domestic final demand. Also, extension of the time series and of the environmental parameters to such things as material use is needed to find out with more certainty to what extent Swedish growth has been sustainable or not. / I den här studien har konsumtionsbaserade tidsserier på svensk fossilbränsleanvändning och på svenska utsläpp av luftföroreningar tagits fram i avsikt att jämföra dessa med de officiella produktionsbaserade tidsserierna. Syftet har varit att avgöra om det svenska samhällets påverkan på resurser och miljö ur ett konsumtionsperspektiv har minskat eller ökat över tiden, och framförallt om en frikoppling har skett mellan den svenska ekonomiska tillväxten och den påverkan Sverige har på miljön i Sverige och utomlands. Tre fossila bränslen (olja, kol, gas samt aggregatet fossila bränslen) och sju luftföroreningar (CO2, CH4, N2O, SO2, NOx, CO och NMVOC samt aggregatet CO2-ekvivalenter) har analyserats. En enkelregional input–output-modell har tagits fram, utökad med globala medelintensiteter för den produktion som sker utanför Sverige. En ny metod har också utvecklats för att generera input–output-tabeller för år där officiella sådana tabeller saknas. För samtliga energiresurser och luftföroreningar, upprättades två stycken tidsserier, baserat på två olika revisioner av ekonomiska data från nationalräkenskaperna. Den första tidsserien täcker åren 1993–2003, och den andra åren 2000–2005. Miljödata togs från nyligen reviderade tidsserier från de svenska miljöräkenskaperna samt från IEA och den internationella luftföroreningsdatabasen EDGAR (alla data reviderade 2010 eller senare). En komponentanalys utfördes också, för att identifiera olika bidragande komponenter i tidsserierna. Vad gäller fossila bränslen i sin helhet, uppstår ingen markant skillnad mellan konsumtionsbaserade och produktionsbaserade data. Vad gäller växthusgaserna kan en klar ökning urskiljas (20 procents ökning av CO2-ekvivalenter mellan 1993–2005; CH4-utsläppen har där bidragit mest), vilket beror på stigande utsläpp utomlands orsakade av ökad efterfrågan på importerade produkter. Detta antyder att den svenska tillväxten ännu inte frikopplats från ökade utsläpp av växthusgaser, vilket står i motsats till den minskning i utsläpp som de officiella produktionsbaserade siffrorna från UNFCCC-rapporteringen redovisar. För övriga luftföroreningar (SO2, NOx, CO och NMVOC), sker i allmänhet en minskning, förutom för SO2 och NOx som ökar i den andra tidsserien. Samtliga luftföroreningar ligger vidare på en betydligt högre nivå jämfört med UNFCCC-rapporteringen. Mer detaljerade studier behövs dock på den energiförbrukning och de utsläpp som svensk slutlig användning för med sig utomlands. Tidsserierna behöver också förlängas och fler miljövariabler som t.ex. materialanvändningen behöver studeras för att kunna dra säkrare slutsatser kring i vilken utsträckning som den svenska tillväxten har varit hållbar eller ej.