Tidigare forskning har visat på att samhället är allt mer beroende av teknologin, och att vår vardag inte fungerar utan tekniken idag. I och med teknikens framfart har alla branscher sett allt större influenser av digitaliseringen, något som även märks av inom redovisningsbranschen. Digitaliseringen ställer nya krav på samhället och människorna, och utmanar även förändrings benägenheten hos organisationer. Under den korta tiden som digitaliseringen har varit aktuell, har fenomenet förändrat en stor del av vardagen för redovisningskonsulter. Syftet med denna studie är att undersöka hur digitaliseringen har påverkat redovisningsarbetet. För att syftet skall uppnås har en kvalitativ metod valts, där semistrukturerade intervjuer utförs med 10 redovisningskonsulter med olika erfarenheter kring redovisningsarbetet. För att skapa oss en djupare förståelse kring digitaliseringen och redovisningsarbetet har en referensram, som utgår från 3 centrala begrepp, digitalisering, organisationsförändring, samt institutionalisering upprättats. Empiri är insamlad, som sedan analyseras tillsammans med de centrala begreppen i form av en analysmodell, som är utgångspunkten i den analys som görs. Ur analysen går det att konstatera att redovisningskonsulter fått se många förändringar i arbetet. Vissa bättre än andra, där alla är överens om att rollen som redovisningskonsult om några år kommer att fungera som en rådgivande roll åt kunderna som dessa arbetar med. / Previous research has shown that society is increasingly dependent on technology, and that our everyday lives do not work without technology today. With the advancement of technology, all industries have seen increasing influences from digitalisation, something that is noticeable in the accounting industry. Digitization places new demands on society and people, and also challenges the propensity for change in organizations. During the short time that digitalisation has been relevant, the phenomenon has changed a large part of everyday life for accounting consultants. The purpose of this study is to investigate how digitalisation has affected accounting work. In order to achieve the purpose, a qualitative method has been chosen, where semi-structured interviews are conducted with 10 accounting consultants with different experiences around the accounting work. In order to create a deeper understanding of digitalisation and accounting work, a reference framework has been established, which is based on 3 key concepts, digitalisation, organizational change, and institutionalization. Empirical data is collected, which is then analyzed together with the key concepts in the form of an analysis model, which is the starting point in the analysis that is performed. From the analysis, it can be stated that accounting consultants have seen a lot of changes in the work. Some better than others, where everyone agrees that the role of accounting consultant in a few years will serve as an advisory role to the clients they work with. This thesis is written in Swedish.

<p> Existing in our society today are a number of people that live in the streets and use emergency shelter services for the basic needs of survival. This research report attempts to define the scale and nature of homelessness using Hamilton as a case study. It is a descriptive analysis that provides a synopsis of homelessness in Hamilton and provides recommendations based on individuals that directly work with the homeless. This research invovles a first hand perspective experience with working with the homeless. Therefore, it incorporates the human element involved in homelessness. </p> / Thesis / Bachelor of Arts (BA)

Syftet med denna studie är att undersöka om mänskliga rättigheter, närmare bestämt jämställdhet, inkludering och icke-diskriminering, implementeras av svenska myndigheter på lokal nivå. Uppsatsen är en fallstudie som undersöker hur Jönköpings Kommun arbetar med frågor om mänskliga rättigheter för att ge en bild av arbetet och samarbetet mellan regering och myndighet. Studien genomfördes med hjälp av semi strukturerade intervjuer med fyra representanter från statliga och kommunala myndigheter i Jönköping där vi träffat individer som arbetar med dessa delar. Resultatet visar att det grundläggande arbete myndigheterna bedriver inom området mänskliga rättigheter och den genomgripande effekten av detta arbete, vilket framgår av alla myndigheter i vår studie. I slutsatsen dras det att det finns rättighetsbaserat arbete hos de myndigheter, vilket antyder en motiverande aktivitet gentemot offentliga verksamheters arbetsplatser och mänskliga rättigheter. Arbetet har påvisat en struktur och strategi som påbörjar internationellt och rör sig mot det nationella och slutligen kommunala. / The purpose of this study is to investigate whether human rights, more specifically equality, inclusion, and non-discrimination, are implemented by Swedish authorities at the local level. The essay is a case study that examines how Jönköping municipality works with issues of human rights in the local government authorities in Sweden in practice to give a picture of the work and cooperation between the government and the authority. We have used qualitative methods and had interviews with four representatives from state and municipal authorities in Jönköping where we have met individuals who work with these parts. In our results, we have drawn attention to the basic work the authorities carry out in the area of human rights and the pervasive effect of this work, which is evident in all the authorities in our study. We have been able to conclude that there is rights-based work in the authorities we have worked with, which is in line with the principles, laws, and regulations that the Swedish state has worked on together with the authorities.

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Social sustainability and sustainable communities are strongly linked to the concepts of social cohesion and social capital. Social capital arises through social networks, active citizenship, community volunteerism and taking part in social networks, which may be family, friends or associations. Through a high level of social capital, social cohesion can be fostered in communities. This is the aim of current urban policies, as cities nowadays struggle with high degrees of social segregation, fragmentation and polarisation. In an urban context these problems become visible through deprived neighborhoods, which are physically and socially isolated from the urban core. This phenomenon often goes hand in hand with ethnic segregation. These problems also emerge in Scandinavian cities, like the city of Malmö in southern Sweden. This paper will thus show what kind of policies are undertaken by the municipality to face social exclusion and to support active citizenship in the neighborhoods. This will be demonstrated with the aid of the case of the neighborhoods of Holma and Kroksbäck in the southern fringe of Malmö. In these neighborhoods, dominated by immigrants from the Middle East, former Yugoslavia and Albania, the level of trust is low and social capital is eroded. Ethnic associations thereby play an important role as the voice of local residents in collaboration with the municipality. Some examples of successfully facilitated actions by citizens’ participation in urban development by local residents- and barriers which occur will be analyzed.

[pt] A tese analisa o processo dialético entre a institucionalização da Autoridade Palestina (autogoverno palestino) e a implementação dos acordos de paz com Israel. Observou-se por um lado, que a estrutura formada para uma solução política do conflito israelense-palestino restringiu a institucionalização da Autoridade Palestina iniciada em 1994. Por outro lado, verificou-se que o processo de formação e consolidação dessa instituição teve impactos na arena doméstica palestina (oposição interna ao autogoverno e governabilidade); e afetou sua capacidade de implementar os termos dos acordos, influenciando, por conseguinte, a evolução do processo de paz israelense- palestino entre 1994 e 2004. Com esse estudo, buscou-se cobrir lacunas da literatura sobre a resolução de conflitos internacionais no que se refere à fase de implementação de acordos e ao grau de institucionalização de um ator envolvido em um processo de paz. / [en] This thesis analyses the dialectic process between the institutionalization of the Palestinian Authority (Palestinian self-government) and the implementation of the peace agreements with Israel. It was observed, on one hand, that the structure created for a political solution for the Israeli- Palestinian conflict constrained the institutionalization of the Palestinian self-government which started in 1994. On the other hand, it was verified that the process of formation and consolidation of this institution had impacts on the Palestinian domestic field (internal opposition and governability); and affected its capability for implementing the terms of the agreements, influencing, in turn, the evolution of the peace process between 1994 and 2004. This study aimed to cover breaches in the literature of international conflict resolution on the implementation phase of the agreements and on the degree of institutionalization of an actor involved in a peace process.

Les changements qui ont marqué le monde industriel pendant les dernières décennies ont eu un impact significatif sur la réorganisation du travail. La fragmentation de l'organisation à intégration verticale ne peut plus être contestée. L’organisation en réseau se profile désormais comme un modèle capable de répondre au nouveau contexte socio-économique. Avec une structure à frontières irrégulières, à l'intérieur desquelles les organisations et les actions apparaissent moins ordonnées, cette nouvelle forme organisationnelle demeure toutefois objet à exploration, afin d'identifier notamment les règles qui déterminent autant sa structure que les comportements des acteurs qui ont un impact direct sur son fonctionnement. Bien que le secteur privé ait été le premier à subir les effets de ces changements, le secteur public n'en fait pas exception. Le domaine de la santé s'inscrit aujourd'hui dans le paradigme de l'organisation en réseau. L’objectif de cette recherche est de comprendre les mécanismes qui assurent le maintien de cette structure organisationnelle et favorisent sa régulation et son institutionnalisation. Il s’agit plus précisément d’étudier les facteurs qui permettent son fonctionnement interne, soit les mécanismes qui assurent une coordination des services et la collaboration des acteurs. À cette fin, nous avons réalisé une étude de cas qui porte sur un programme de santé, le programme cible santé – maladies chroniques, au sein d’un CISSS du Québec, un réseau local de services de santé. Notre recherche nous a permis d’analyser en profondeur la nature de ce CISSS qui se profile comme un réseau fortement régulé et institutionnalisé et de mettre en évidence l’importance qu’occupent les acteurs dans son fonctionnement réel. Si la définition de l’objectif commun, aligné à la stratégie organisationnelle, permet la planification de l’intégration des ressources et l’adaptabilité aux besoins des usagers, c’est l’équilibre entre ces facteurs qui assure la performance du réseau. La collaboration entre les acteurs, fondée sur la confiance, favorise un tel équilibre et permet la naissance de solutions qui répondent à l’objectif commun, par l’innovation fondée sur le partage ouvert des connaissances. Cela assure une coordination efficace des services de santé. Par ailleurs, si la structure cadre l’action des acteurs, par la définition de règles, ces derniers, par leur implication volontaire au fonctionnement du système, le redéfinissent également. / The changes that have shaped the industry over the past decades had a significant impact on work reorganisation. The break-up of the vertically integrated organisation cannot be questioned any more. The network organisation currently stands out as the model that addresses the new socioeconomic context. With irregular borders, inside which departments and actions appear less orderly, this new organisation structure remains an area of exploration aimed to identify the rules that determine both its design and the behaviours of the players that have direct impact on its operations. Although the private sector was the first to carry the effects of these changes, the public sector was impacted as well. Health care is governed today by the network organisation structure paradigm. The objective of this research is to understand the mechanisms that support this organizational structure, favouring its regulation and its establishment. More precisely it is focused on the analysis of the factors that allow its internal functioning, the coordination of services and the collaboration between different players. To this aim we performed a case study on the chronic disease healthcare target program within a Quebec medical services network (CISSS). Our inquiry allowed us to deep dive into the functioning of this CISSS that stands out as a strongly regulated and institutionalised network and to bring into the spotlight the importance of different players to its operations. The definition of the common objective, aligned with the organizational strategy, allows for the resource integration planning and adaptability to customer needs but it is the harmonisation of these factors that ensures the network’s performance. The stakeholders collaboration based on mutual confidence favours such harmonisation and allows for the identification of solutions that address the common objective, through innovation based on a wide information sharing. This ensures an efficient coordination of the healthcare services. Otherwise, while the structure frames the stakeholders’ actions by defining rules, the stakeholders also reshape the system through their deliberate involvement.

La croissance des bidonvilles interroge les modalités de production de la ville, notamment dans les pays en développement. Cette thèse montre le cas de Bangkok où les « communautés denses », outre la flexibilité de leur architecture, cristallisent souvent des pratiques sociales et une histoire commune propres au lieu. Rarement prises en compte dans la métropole et victimes d'une image négative, elles font preuve d'un dynamisme économique et associatif stimulant et représentent un enjeu fort face aux notions de développement durable et de droit à la ville, à l'échelle locale comme internationale. Au travers d'une analyse spatiale principalement, d'entretiens d'acteurs et d'observations de terrain, nous abordons l'habitat spontané comme une construction incrémentale issue de processus d'appropriation individuelle. Nous l'analysons autour de trois configurations ou « contextes d'émergence » de ces constructions : l'habitat spontané « ancien », « pur » et « greffé ». Cette première configuration interroge la notion de patrimoine au sujet de constructions populaires remontant aux origines de l'urbanisation à Bangkok. L'habitat spontané pur tend en parallèle à former de véritables morceaux de ville attractifs et finement reliés à leur contexte urbain. Avec les greffes spontanées observées sur les immeubles sociaux de relogement, l'habitat spontané s'affirme comme un mode de construction viable et un outil de développement urbain. L'habitat spontané entraîne progressivement le repositionnement des acteurs de l'urbain, la mise en place de processus de projet alternatifs qui renouvellent la production courante du logement vers une construction urbaine partagée. / The importance of spontaneous construction raises some questions about the modalities of urban production, especially in developing countries. This thesis presents the case of Bangkok, where the "dense communities," besides the flexibility of their architecture, often crystallize a common site specific history. Rarely taken into account in the metropolis and victims of a negative image, they show, at a local and international level, a stimulating economic and associative dynamism and represent a major challenge in light of the concepts of sustainable development and the right to the city. Through a mainly spatial analysis, interviews and field observations, we approach spontaneous settlements as an incremental construction, result of a process of individual appropriation. We then analyze three configurations or "contexts of emergence" of these constructions: “ancient”, “pure” and "grafted". The first configuration questions the notion of heritage in relation to these popular constructions, dating back to the origins of Bangkok’s urbanization. At the same time, the pure spontaneous housing settlements tend to become real attractive city districts, finely linked to their urban context. With the added spontaneous grafts, which we observed on the social re-housing buildings, informal settlements become a viable way to build the city and a tool for urban development. Spontaneous housing leads progressively to a repositioning of urban actors, the implementation of alternative design processes, renewing the current models of housing production to a shared urban construction