Der Begriff Performativität geht zurück auf die Sprechakttheorie und wurde von dem Sprachphilosophen John L. Austin "ins Spiel" gebracht. Er verweist mit dem Terminus auf die handlungspraktische Dimension des Sprechens, d.h. dasjenige zu vollziehen oder zu produzieren, was im Sprechen benannt wird, und es nicht lediglich zu bezeichnen. Vor dem Hintergrund von Derridas Iterabilitätsbegriff hat insbesondere Judith Butler das Konzept in die Gendertheorie eingeführt. Das Sein oder So-Sein eines Geschlechtes ist demnach kein ontologischer Status, der aus einer vordiskursiven Wirklichkeit schöpft, sondern das Ergebnis (sich wiederholender) performativer Inszenierungen, die sich selbst erfolgreich als Sein darstellen.

Syftet med denna studie var att utvärdera behandling med hjälp av elektropalatografi (EPG) och portabel träningsenhet (PTU) hos en person med kvarstående artikulationsproblem. Försökspersonen var en vuxen man med medfödd hemifacial mikrosomi och mikrognati som tidigare genomfört konventionell talträning. En kvasiexperimentell, prospektiv, kontrollerad single subjekt A-B-A design användes. Försökspersonen hade vid träningsstart en tillbakadragen artikulation av /t/ och /d/ till velart/uvulart artikulationsställe med kvarstående svårighet att göra sitt tal förståeligt för sina samtalspartners.  Behandlingseffekten utvärderades genom instrumentell EPG analys av /t/ i enstaka ord före och efter behandling. Analysen visade signifikanta behandlingsresultat där en fortgående förbättring av produktionen av /t/ i medial och final position skedde även fyra år efter avslutad behandling. Perceptuell lyssnarbedömning av tränade och otränade lyssnare uppvisade signifikant förbättrad skattning av t-likhet av målljudet /t/ i medial och final position över tid. Ett mycket svagt samband sågs mellan perceptuell skattning av t-likhet och de analyserade EPG-värdena. Lyssnarskattningen av spontantalet visade en förbättring av förståelighet vid kontroll 4 år efter avslutad träning. Utvärderingen bekräftar tidigare forskning och visar att talträning med EPG är ett effektivt sätt att ge visuell återkoppling i försök att etablera ett korrekt artikulationsmönster, förbättrat tal och ökad förståelighet. Detta provades i föreliggande studie och även om resultaten inte var entydiga, antyddes att metoden kan vara långsiktigt framgångsrik vid sedan lång tid väl etablerade talavvikelser utan tecken på förändring spontant eller efter tidigare träning utan visuell återkoppling. En viktig erfarenhet är således att planera långsiktigt och invänta automatisering av nya artikulationsrörelser som har lång etableringsfas. Träning med EPG föreslås kunna erbjudas vuxna personer med kvarstående artikulationsavvikelser där konventionell träning inte har kunnat ge önskvärda resultat. Nyckelord: Elektropalatografi, behandlingseffekt, hemifacial mikrosomi, artikulationsstörning, långtidsuppföljning, förståelighet / The aim of this study was to evaluate speech therapy using electropalatography (EPG) and portable training unit (PTU) in a subject with persistent articulation errors. The participant was a male adult with congenital hemifacial microsomia and micrognathia who previously had received conventional speech therapy. The subject had a retracted, velar/ uvular articulation of dental plosives with difficulty making speech understandable to listeners. A quasi-experimental prospective, controlled single-subject ABA design was used. Treatment efficacy was assessed by instrumental EPG analysis of  /t/ in single words before and after treatment and showed significant treatment results with a continuing improvement in the production of  /t/ in medial and final position even four years after completion of treatment. Perceptual listen assessment of trained and untrained listeners showed significantly improved estimation of the target /t/ in medial and final position over time. A very weak association was found between the perceptual estimation of t-likeness and the analyzed EPG values. Listener rating of spontaneous speech showed an improvement in intelligibility 4 years after completing training. The evaluation confirms previous research showing that speech therapy with EPG seems effective for providing visual feedback in the attempt to establish a correct articulation pattern, improved speech and enhanced intelligibility. This was investigated in the present study and although the results were not unambiguous, it was indicated that the method can be successful at long persisting well established articulation errors without signs of spontaneous change or after previous training without visual feedback. An important experience is to plan long term and wait for the automation of the new articulation movements that have a long establishment phase. Training with EPG is proposed to be offered to adults with persistent articulation disorders for which conventional therapy has been unable to provide desirable results. Keywords:  Electropalatography, treatment effect, hemifacial microsomia, articulation disorder, long- term follow- up, intelligibility

Introdução: O ruído é um dos principais agentes de poluição ambiental, que em intensidades elevadas, poderá causar a perda auditiva induzida por níveis de pressão sonora elevadas (PAINPSE). A PAINPSE é o segundo tipo de perda auditiva neurossensorial mais frequente, e considerada uma das principais doenças ocupacionais. Para evitar os prejuízos da exposição ao ruído ocupacional, legislações determinam o monitoramento e o desenvolvimento de ações para reduzir os efeitos da exposição, sendo o uso de dispositivos de proteção auditiva (DPA) a mais empregada. Contudo é comum que o trabalhador relate dificuldades para se comunicar com o DPA, o que pode induzi-lo ao uso inadequado. Os estudos já realizados apresentam discordâncias sobre os efeitos do DPA para a inteligibilidade da fala, além de serem poucos os que compararam participantes com perdas auditivas com normo-ouvintes. Objetivos: Avaliar a inteligibilidade de fala em trabalhadores expostos a ruído durante o uso de DPA. Métodos: Trata-se de um estudo transversal, aprovado pelo Comitê de Ética em Pesquisa da instituição nº 130/14, com amostra de 36 participantes, todos do sexo masculino e expostos ao ruído. Foram divididos em grupo normo-ouvintes (G1), com 20 participantes e com perda auditiva (G2), com 16 participantes. Todos os participantes realizaram avaliação da inteligibilidade de fala em campo acústico, utilizando listas de monossílabas e sentenças, em situações de uso do DPA no silêncio e no ruído e sem o uso do DPA no ruído. Resultados: Na avaliação da inteligibilidade de fala com DPA utilizando as monossílabas, ambos os grupos apresentaram porcentagens de acertos superiores à 95% na situação de silêncio. Na presença do ruído com o DPA, não foi detectado efeito de interação envolvendo grupo (p>=0,106) e nem efeito de grupo (p=0,182), mas houve efeito de interação entre intensidade de fala e relação sinal/ruído (S/R) (p=0,006). Na avaliação da inteligibilidade de fala no ruído sem o DPA, foi detectado efeito de interação entre uso do DPA e relação S/R (p=0,010) sobre a média das porcentagens de acertos. Na avaliação com listas de sentenças, a porcentagem de acertos com DPA foram superiores a 98% no silêncio; contudo, no ruído houve piora, com efeito de interação entre intensidade de fala e relação S/R (p=0,010) e entre grupo e relação S/R (p=0,039). Na comparação do uso/não uso do DPA, houve efeito de interação entre uso do DPA e as relações S/R (p=0,009) sobre a média das porcentagens de acertos. Conclusões: Para ambos os grupos, houve piora da inteligibilidade de fala com o aumento da intensidade do ruído; contudo, a dificuldade foi maior para o G2. Na comparação das situações com/sem o uso do DPA, o uso dificultou a inteligibilidade de fala, mas não houve diferença significante entre as situações. Por fim, ressalta-se a importância de realizar mais estudos dos efeitos do DPA na comunicação, além de inserir nas avaliações ocupacionais testes que avaliam a fala no ruído, para determinar as dificuldades que podem surgir no ambiente ocupacional, e assim desenvolver medidas que beneficiem os trabalhadores que necessitam se comunicar durante as atividades laborais / Introduction: Noise is one of the main agents of environmental pollution, and at high intensities, it may provoke noise-induced hearing loss (NIHL). NIHL is the second most frequent type of sensorineural hearing loss and it is considered one of the main occupational diseases. In order to avoid the effects of the exposition to occupational noise, legislation determines the monitoring and development of actions to reduce the effects of such exposure and one of the most applied measure is the mandatory use of hearing protection devices (HPD). However, workers often report difficulties to communicate when using the HPD, what may induce them to use it improperly. Previous studies showed divergences between the effects of HPD on speech intelligibility; besides, few studies compared participants with hearing loss to those with normal hearing. Purpose: To assess speech intelligibility of workers exposed to noise during the use of HPD. Methods: This is a cross-sectional study, approved by the Institution\'s Ethics Committee (nº 130/14) and counted on a sample of 36 participants, all males and exposed to noise. They were distributed into a normal hearing group (G1), with 20 participants and hearing loss group (G2), with 16 participants. All participants were submitted to an assessment of speech intelligibility in free field, using monosyllable and sentence lists, when using the HPD in silence and noise situation, and also without the use of HPD in noise. Results: In the assessment of speech intelligibility with HPD using the monosyllables, both groups presented percentages of correct answers above 95%. In the presence of noise with HPD, there was no interaction effect involving group (p>=0.106) or group effect (p=0.182), but there was found an interaction effect between speech intensity and signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) (p=0.006). In the assessment of speech intelligibility in noise without HPD, an interaction effect between HPD use and SNR (p=0.010) was detected over the mean percentage of correct answers. In the evaluation with lists of sentences, the percentage of correct answers with HPD were superior to 98% in the silence; however, in noise, there was a decrease on the interaction effect between speech intensity and SNR (p = 0.010) and between group and SNR (p = 0.039). In the comparison with/without use of HPD, there was found an interaction effect between hearing protection use and SNR (p = 0.009) on the mean percentage of correct answers. Conclusions: For both groups, it was noticed that speech intelligibility decrease with the increasing of noise intensity; nevertheless, the difficulty was greater for the group with hearing loss. In the comparison of situations with and without the use of HPD, its use made speech intelligibility more challenging, but no significant difference between the situations was found. Finally, it is important to highlight the importance of further studies regarding the effects of HPD on communication and, besides, inserting speech-in-noise tests in occupational examination in order to determine the difficulties that may arise in the occupational environment and thus, develop measures that benefits the workers who need communicate during their labor activities

Introdução: o teste de fala comprimida é sensível para avaliar o fechamento, porém não é usado no Brasil, pois não existe no português. Objetivo: elaborar um teste de fala comprimida em português aplicá-lo em jovens normo-ouvintes e verificar qual das listas comprimidas (50, 60 e 70%) é a mais apropriada para integrar a grupo de testes de Processamento Auditivo. Método: foram avaliados 144 indivíduos jovens, de ambos os sexos. Foram aplicados os testes de fala comprimida, comparando os resultados de acordo com a orelha inicial, ordem de apresentação e tipo de teste. Resultados: a média de acertos diminui com o aumento da compressão. Conclusão: as listas com compressão de 60% mostraram-se mais estáveis. / INTRODUCTION: The compressed speech test is good for evaluate closure, however it is not used in Brazil because it doesn't exist in portuguese. AIM: make a compressed speech test in portuguese, apply it in normal hearing adults and verify which of the compressed lists (50, 60, 70%) is the most appropriate to be a part of the auditory processing test set. METHOD: 144 individuals of both genders were evaluated. The compressed speech tests were used and the results were compared in respect of inicial ear, order of presentation and monosyllable and bisyllable. RESULTS: the average of correct responses decrease as the compression increase. CONCLUSION: the 60% compression test list shows to be the more stable of them.

Des travaux récents indiquent qu'il existe des différences fondamentales entre les systèmes visuel et auditif: tandis que le premier semble échantillonner le flux d'information en provenance de l'environnement, en passant d'un "instantané" à un autre (créant ainsi des cycles perceptifs), la plupart des expériences destinées à examiner ce phénomène de discrétisation dans le système auditif ont mené à des résultats mitigés. Dans cette thèse, au travers de deux expériences de psychophysique, nous montrons que le sous-échantillonnage de l'information à l'entrée des systèmes perceptifs est en effet plus destructif pour l'audition que pour la vision. Cependant, nous révélons que des cycles perceptifs dans le système auditif pourraient exister à un niveau élevé du traitement de l'information. En outre, nos résultats suggèrent que du fait des fluctuations rapides du flot des sons en provenance de l'environnement, le système auditif tend à avoir son activité alignée sur la structure rythmique de ce flux. En synchronisant la phase des oscillations neuronales, elles-mêmes correspondant à différents états d'excitabilité, le système auditif pourrait optimiser activement le moment d'arrivée de ses "instantanés" et ainsi favoriser le traitement des informations pertinentes par rapport aux événements de moindre importance. Non seulement nos résultats montrent que cet entrainement de la phase des oscillations neuronales a des conséquences importantes sur la façon dont sont perçus deux flux auditifs présentés simultanément ; mais de plus, ils démontrent que l'entraînement de phase par un flux langagier inclut des mécanismes de haut niveau. Dans ce but, nous avons créé des stimuli parole/bruit dans lesquels les fluctuations de l'amplitude et du contenu spectral de la parole ont été enlevés, tout en conservant l'information phonétique et l'intelligibilité. Leur utilisation nous a permis de démontrer, au travers de plusieurs expériences, que le système auditif se synchronise à ces stimuli. Plus précisément, la perception, estimée par la détection d'un clic intégré dans les stimuli parole/bruit, et les oscillations neuronales, mesurées par Electroencéphalographie chez l'humain et à l'aide d'enregistrements intracrâniens dans le cortex auditif chez le singe, suivent la rythmique "de haut niveau" liée à la parole. En résumé, les résultats présentés ici suggèrent que les oscillations neuronales sont un mécanisme important pour la discrétisation des informations en provenance de l'environnement en vue de leur traitement par le cerveau, non seulement dans la vision, mais aussi dans l'audition. Pourtant, il semble exister des différences fondamentales entre les deux systèmes: contrairement au système visuel, il est essentiel pour le système auditif de se synchroniser (par entraînement de phase) à son environnement, avec un échantillonnage du flux des informations vraisemblablement réalisé à un niveau hiérarchique élevé. / Recent research indicates fundamental differences between the auditory and visual systems: Whereas the visual system seems to sample its environment, cycling between "snapshots" at discrete moments in time (creating perceptual cycles), most attempts at discovering discrete perception in the auditory system failed. Here, we show in two psychophysical experiments that subsampling the very input to the visual and auditory systems is indeed more disruptive for audition; however, the existence of perceptual cycles in the auditory system is possible if they operate on a relatively high level of auditory processing. Moreover, we suggest that the auditory system, due to the rapidly fluctuating nature of its input, might rely to a particularly strong degree on phase entrainment, the alignment between neural activity and the rhythmic structure of its input: By using the low and high excitability phases of neural oscillations, the auditory system might actively control the timing of its "snapshots" and thereby amplify relevant information whereas irrelevant events are suppressed. Not only do our results suggest that the oscillatory phase has important consequences on how simultaneous auditory inputs are perceived; additionally, we can show that phase entrainment to speech sound does entail an active high-level mechanism. We do so by using specifically constructed speech/noise sounds in which fluctuations in low-level features (amplitude and spectral content) of speech have been removed, but intelligibility and high-level features (including, but not restricted to phonetic information) have been conserved. We demonstrate, in several experiments, that the auditory system can entrain to these stimuli, as both perception (the detection of a click embedded in the speech/noise stimuli) and neural oscillations (measured with electroencephalography, EEG, and in intracranial recordings in primary auditory cortex of the monkey) follow the conserved "high-level" rhythm of speech. Taken together, the results presented here suggest that, not only in vision, but also in audition, neural oscillations are an important tool for the discretization and processing of the brain's input. However, there seem to be fundamental differences between the two systems: In contrast to the visual system, it is critical for the auditory system to adapt (via phase entrainment) to its environment, and input subsampling is done most likely on a hierarchically high level of stimulus processing.

In Canada, ‘official multiculturalism’ is often viewed as working against historical exclusions by actively promoting a national culture of openness and diversity, and fostering a community of communities, united by mutual recognition and the celebration of differences. Through this characterization, the Canadian nation narrative has shifted to accommodate formerly excluded stories so that it is now the space of all stories. I argue that it is in these unity-seeking discourses that so inflect discussions of diversity and multiculturalism in Canada that critique is co-opted and, in the guise of inclusion, it exists in a weakened and static iteration. I outline a theoretical framework by working through texts that broadly link the study of nation-building with the construction of nation narratives or national histories and contextualize this through an examination of critical theories about nation-building in Canada. I apply this theoretical framework to two sites: statistics and literature. More specifically, I look at how census ‘identity’ (‘ethnic origins’ and ‘visible minority’) categories are constructed as more or less neutral statistical measurement tools used to further and legitimate multicultural narratives of the nation. For example, I examine Michael Adams’ Unlikely Utopia in order to show how the findings of censuses and public opinion polls are integrated into a multicultural nation narrative. The fiction I discuss – Joy Kogawa’s Obasan, Hiromi Goto’s Chorus of Mushrooms and David Chariandy’s Soucouyant – illuminates how narrative practices can work to reinforce nation-building practices or critique them, and, at times, serve to illustrate how critique itself can work to reinforce the relationships it analyses. I suggest that reading Canadian immigrant narratives as political texts can work to reinforce and/or disrupt the imagined coherence of the multicultural nation narrative by resisting closures and domains of acceptable speech, as well as disrupting the imposed linearity of nation narratives. By reading performances of nationhood as processes of narrativization, it is possible to critically examine the exclusions, implicit and explicit, of the construction of an intelligible nation.

No description available.

Linguistic fossilization is a prevalent phenomenon in adult ESLA and presents a perpetual pedagogical challenge to teachers. Despite controversy about the theoretical concept, research is increasingly showing that persistent erroneousness cannot be attributed to single causal factors. This single case study examines controversial aspects surrounding the concept and formulates criteria for identifying fossilization. The study investigates the conversational output of an independent adult learner over a period of nine months and presents a holistic exploration of causal influences. The findings substantiate that fossilization arises from changing combinations of factors, and that such combinations are unique to the situation of each adult learner. The key to the successful treatment of fossilized errors may lie in identifying their roots, which can be achieved by analyzing output and through discussion with learners in order to gain insight into their experience of the learning process. Results also suggest that a critical perspective on the theoretical construct is needed in order to investigate the phenomenon in adult second language acquisition. / Linguistics and Modern Languages / M.A. (Teaching English to Speakers of Other Languages (TESOL))

Contact microphones, especially throat microphones, have been developed to be used in environments with high background noises to improve the speech intelligibility in communication. They pick up vibrations from the surface they are attached to and are therefore less sensitive to sound and noise from the air. Comparison of the speech intelligibility with other types of microphones have previously been done by letting test persons examine the communication devices in question. This study examines the possibility to make use of the STI-method instead and therefore make a comparison faster, more cost-efficient and customizable. The thought is that if the relationship between speech signals and vibrations were known, it could be used to transform the STI test signal to vibrations and then use the STImethod to estimate the speech intelligibility for the chosen contact microphone. This study, containing 22 men and women, evaluated the vibrations at the most suitable locations on the head for contact microphones and compared it with the speech signal of the same test person. Frequency responses were calculated for all locations of the head and a more detailed study showed that the frequency response of the neck may be approximated as a second order lowpass filter with a cut-off frequency of about 300 Hz that attenuates speech signals with higher frequencies. Experiments were also done to measure the STI value of a throat microphone with the known relationship. However, the results pointed out several problems that needs to be addressed before a STI method can be performed successfully. The results from this study may also be used to deeper study the relationships between different vibrations resulting from speech signals and suggestions on how the performance of contact microphones may be improved are given.

Orientador: Stelamaris Rolla Bertoli / Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Engenharia Civil, Arquitetura e Urbanismo / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-09T02:39:04Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Amorim_AdrianaEloaBento_M.pdf: 15352732 bytes, checksum: 327b5fe0a18f76c48649f2007c4f4dba (MD5) Previous issue date: 2007 / Resumo: Estudos sobre a acústica de salas de aula estão cada vez mais comuns no meio acadêmico e científico, devido à sua influência nas questões do ensino-aprendizagem. Os ambientes escolares exigem qualidade acústica que deve ser prevista já na concepção do projeto. A inadequação acústica de escolas e salas de aula é apontada em diversas pesquisas que utilizam variadas metodologias, geralmente através da aplicação de testes de acertos e erros de vocábulos, e também da análise de parâmetros de avaliação como medidas dos níveis de pressão sonora e do tempo de reverberação. Na rede estadual de ensino público em São Paulo, as salas de aula são projetadas a partir de diretrizes pré-estabelecidas que visam a padronização dos projetos de escolas. Portanto, este trabalho tem como objetivos identificar as formas geométricas mais comuns de salas de aula propostas para a rede pública estadual de ensino em Campinas-SP, apresentar o comportamento dos parâmetros acústicos quanto à inteligibilidade da fala e apontar as formas mais favoráveis à qualidade acústica de salas de aula. Para a definição da amostra realizou-se um levantamento cadastral das escolas e o levantamento arquitetônico das salas. Desse levantamento, identificou-se o número de configurações geométricas mais comuns de salas. Foram analisadas as salas dentro da uma mesma configuração padrão, totalizando dezessete salas de aula. Para a medição acústica foi utilizada a técnica da resposta impulsiva da sala e os parâmetros acústicos foram obtidos através do programa de avaliação acústica de salas, o DIRAC®, da empresa Brüel & Kjaer. Os parâmetros derivados da resposta impulsiva analisados neste trabalho foram: o Tempo de Reverberação (TR), o Tempo de Decaimento Inicial (EDT), a Definição (D50), o Índice de Transmissão da Fala (STI) e a Porcentagem de Perda na Articulação de Consoantes (%ALCons), em função da freqüência na faixa de bandas de 1/1 de oitava. Também foi medido e analisado o Nível de Pressão Sonora ou ruído de fundo ambiental equivalente (LAeq) interno e externo à sala, obtido com o medidor de pressão sonora. A análise complementar da forma para cada sala foi feita pela proporcionalidade das dimensões, segundo a escala do Diagrama de Bolt. As formas geométricas em planta mais comuns de salas são as quadradas (7x7m) e retangulares (6x8m). Dentro de cada configuração as salas apresentaram diferentes desempenhos acústicos. Pelo fato de existir uma grande variedade de fatores e parâmetros que interferem na acústica da sala, foi possível identificar algumas tendências de comportamento acústico por configuração geométrica / Abstract: Studies about classroom acoustics are developed each time more into the scientific and academic society, due to its influence in the teach-learning. The school¿s environments demand acoustical quality that must be foreseen already during the design planning. Some situations of acoustic not adjusted on classrooms are shown in research that using several methods, generally with application of word¿s rightness and error tests as well as of the analysis and evaluation of parameters as the sound pressure levels and reverberation time. In the State of Sao Paulo the classrooms of public education buildings are projected in accordance with same lines of direction that aim at the school design standardization. Therefore, this work has as objective to identify what geometric shapes are more common on classroom¿s design found in public schools at Campinas-SP, to present the acoustic parameters behavior how much to the speech intelligibility of classrooms and to point the shapes that are most favorable to the acoustical quality for classrooms. It was made classroom¿s cadastral survey for sample definition and after was made architectural survey hers. This procedure allows identifying the number of the rooms more common geometric configurations. The classrooms which have the same configuration standard were selected and analyzed, totalizing seventeen classrooms. The acoustical measurements were made using the impulse response technique of the room and the acoustical parameters were obtained of the room acoustics evaluation software, the DIRAC®, by Brüel & Kjaer. The parameters were derived from the impulse response were analyzed in this work: Reverberation Time (RT), Early Decay Time (EDT), Definition (D50), Speech Transmission Index (STI) and Percentage Articulation Loss of Consonants (%ALCons), for each 1/1 octave frequency band. Also it was analyzed the internal and external background noise or ambiental Equivalent Sound Pressure Level (LAeq), which were measured with sound pressure level meter. Complementary analysis of the form for each room was made by the proportionality of the dimensions, according to Bolt¿s Diagram scale. Among the more common geometric shapes in plant of rooms had found were: the square shaped (7x7m) and rectangular (6x8m). Inside each configuration of classroom had presented different acoustical performances. For the fact to exist a great variety of factors and parameters intervening on classroom acoustics, it was possible to identify some acoustical behaviors trends for geometric configuration / Mestrado / Arquitetura e Construção / Mestre em Engenharia Civil