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迄今「知識」已然成為現代化組織在面對全球化市場時能否具備創新能力與競爭力的首要資源，會以不同形式存在於組織內部及個別成員中。根據公司的資源基礎觀點（RBV），組織的策略性資產乃是決定本身是否有能力持續維持競爭優勢之先決條件，而在符合策略性資產特徵的前提下，知識的角色與意義將改變以往組織偏重對有形資產之資源利用與倚賴，而愈趨傾向策略性創造和發揮知識此一無形資產之無限價值與成長潛力。基此，為了因應瞬息萬變與高度競爭的全球化市場，愈來愈多組織竭力於進行各種形式的資本投資與規劃，尤其關注於組織知識資本(intellectual capital)的創新與管理，藉由利用動態的知識流程與知識基礎結構，開發組織內部的知識市場，培養組織學習能力，力求知識管理能力之迅速提升與發展，遂使知識資本成為目前組織利基之所在，而如何有效建構組織知識管理能力以善用本身的知識資產，實為當代組織管理研究之首要課題。 有鑑於當前論及知識管理的理論基礎、方法或實務應用之研究多半從資訊科技、結構制度或法令權利等面向呈現知識的創新、擴散與儲存，而鮮少透過道德秩序、價值規範等社會面向，深入剖析知識管理的相關議題。尤其將組織社會資本與知識管理相互結合的研究論文，在國內則是付諸闕如，係屬值得開發的新領域。基此，為了探究組織知識管理能力，本研究欲跳脫知識管理的迷思，採取「社會資本」(social capital)的觀點，剖析知識管理的社會動態面，闡釋在以「信任」為前提的知識經濟時代，社會資本對組織管理能力的提升所能發揮的槓桿效應(leverage)，破除“資訊科技是知識管理唯一可行的機制”之思考窠臼，在知識管理的科技平台之外新闢一個以「人」為核心的「高信任平台」，營造一個強調知識創造(knowledge creation)與學習分享的組織文化與網絡環境，藉以提升組織本身的知識管理能力，並提供知識管理推動者一個整合性的知識創造藍圖。 關鍵詞：知識、知識管理、社會資本、知識創造、組織學習能力、實務社群、信任、關係網絡

知識經濟的時代，企業最重要的資產是「人」與「知識」，如何運用與積蓄這兩項資產，對企業的持續競爭力有關鍵性的影響。本文以知識管理的文獻探討為基礎，從中萃取出攸關的議題，以問卷調查的方式來收集相關資料，並透過統計檢定方法來分析資料，以發掘事實。這些攸關的議題共有八項，分別為：一、鼓勵員工勇於表達自己意見與想法的文化（組織的文化），與員工勇於表達自己意見與想法的行為（組織的行為），彼此是否為正向相關。二、高階主管主動傳授知識與技能的行為（主管的行為），與員工彼此分享知識與技能的行為（部屬的行為），彼此是否為正向相關。三、金錢、名聲、交情與互惠，這四項影響「知識分享意願與行為」的因子，其影響力的強弱順序為何。如果我們能釐清這四項因子影響力的強弱順序，則可據此設計出更為有效的激勵制度，將知識分享所產生的綜效極大化。四、是否超過半數的受訪者，無法容忍一個問題的解決方案，是處於模稜兩可、曖昧不明的狀況。五、當理性的分析結果與當事人的直覺相互衝突時，是否超過一半的受訪者，選擇相信理性的分析結果。議題四與五，主要是由認知風格的差異，來探討人才的多樣性。六、是否超過一半的受訪者，認為管理階梯的社會評價較高，以及肯定技術階梯職位具有激 勵效果。七、是否超過一半的受訪者，無法確定公司是否具有概念傘。八、個案公司的知識管理現況為何。 根據上述八項議題所發掘而得的事實，以及個案訪談所得之資料，本文提出了一個能夠有效活絡知識創造與能耐積蓄的平台，該平台包含五大建構單元，分別為：一、建立優質文化。二、落實雙軌生涯制度。三、建立知識管理專員制度。四、建立系統化的流程來引導知識創造與能耐積蓄活動。五、落實知識管理的配套措施。我們相信，企業藉著由五大單元所建構而成的平台，必可建立企業獨有的環境與氛圍，以利企業核心能力的滋長。最後，本文期盼該平台能為企業界提供實踐的重點與方向，成為一個最佳實施例的範本，並對有志於知識管理的人士，提供智識上的啟發，如此則已達成本文之目的。 關鍵詞：知識管理、企業概念傘、雙軌生涯制度，知識創造，能耐積蓄 / In this knowledge economic era, “people” and “knowledge” are very essential to keep the enterprises’ sustainable competence. Hence, based on the survey of books and papers about knowledge management, this thesis distills diverse perspectives and best practices into eight issues for further study, they are as follows: (1) Is there any positive correlation between “organizational culture” and “organizational behavior”? For an organizational culture that encourages people to express their opinions and ideas without any concerns, can we really have the distinguishable perception that people really behave so in this circumstance? (2) Is there any positive correlation between “managers’ behavior” and “subordinates’ behavior”? If managers are willing to mentor subordinates, willing to share their knowledge and skills, can it become a driving force to make subordinates behave the same? (3) As we know, money, reputation, friendship and reciprocal, all these four factors affect the extent of knowledge-sharing willingness and behavior, but can we figure out the strength order of these four factors? If we can, then we may devise a better, more effective incentive system to maximize the synergy of knowledge-sharing. (4) If the solutions to a problem are ambiguous and equivocal, is it true that more than half the people can not accept this situation? (5) If the rational analysis conflicts with your instinct, which one do you trust? The issue 4 and 5 are actually discussing the varieties of cognitive style. (6) For dual career ladder, is it true that more than half the people give higher evaluation to managerial ladder than technical one? Is it true that more than half the people regard the technical ladder as an incentive? (7) Is it true that more than half the people who are not clear about the concept umbrella of the company? (8) Based on nine indicators about knowledge management, conduct surveys of the four cases, and try to find out the strength and weakness of each case. By the data analysis and case studies, this thesis has found out several facts, and then proposes a platform for knowledge creation and capability building. The platform is composed of five units, they are as follows: (1) Instill good and appropriate cultures. (2) Put dual career ladder into practice. (3) Establish knowledge steward system. (4) Establish systematic procedure as the guide for the knowledge creation and capability building activities. (5) Find out the necessary auxiliary measures for knowledge management, put them into practice. With the platform constructed by the five units, we believe that each enterprise is able to construct a unique environment and atmosphere of its own, which in itself is beneficial to nurture and consolidate the core competence. Finally, we hope this thesis has shed light on the enterprises, and provided some intellectual stimuli for those people who are interested in knowledge management. Keyword: knowledge management, dual career ladder, concept umbrella, knowledge creation, capability building

企業當如何跨越市場進入門檻以追求未被開發市場，並滿足未被創造或未被滿足的需求？本論文透過理論探討與個案分析，研究企業跨市場領域開發所需的關鍵因素與成功做法，以提昇企業之競爭優勢。 個案研究以儀器界先驅的惠普/安捷倫科技為對象，研究該公司在知識創造、動態能力與顧客關係三大構面對進入電信監控管理系統市場績效的影響，以及彼此之間的相互影響。顧客關係研究變數採顧客信任與忠誠度；知識創造研究變數採認識論與本體論知識螺旋；而動態能力研究變數則採企業之流程、位置與路徑。 研究發現顧客關係、知識創造與動態能力三項關鍵因素，對個案公司進行跨市場領域開發績效有直接影響，彼此之間亦呈相互影響之關係。個案公司的成功做法為，以顧客優先的顧客管理流程，配合前線員工與顧客良好的互動關係，發展互信關係。鼓勵員工坦誠溝通、提供自主且相互尊重的工作環境，以利組織知識創造。管理階層重視各級員工的訓練與培育，使內隱知識得以順利累積與轉換。因應市場需求變化，企業對流程與策略性資源之調整能力與速度，影響其競爭能耐的蓄積。 與顧客建立高度互動的組織交流機制，透過專案執行互動過程，產生知識轉換創造新知。知識轉換程度越深，雙方互信與互賴程度越高，對忠誠度越有幫助。此作法可以提昇顧客關係與知識創造的貢獻。企業與顧客培養共同成長路徑，有助雙方未來策略位置發展的互賴關係，信任與忠誠度就越高。此作法可提昇顧客關係與加強動態能力的關係。企業專注於本業，培養專業團隊長期精耕市場、透過購併補強實力、隨時保持知識創造的最佳環境與流程，以培養未來策略性資源。此作法對組織知識創造與動態能力之提昇，均有助益。 研究結論顯示，企業利用高度互動的組織交流機制，透過前線員工與顧客創造知識轉換，建立共同成長路徑，培養策略性資源開發的互信互賴關係，提昇顧客忠誠度，以跨越進入新市場領域的門檻。企業最前線組織是知識創造的關鍵單位，其管理階層扮演知識創造及動態能力更新之重要角色，透過由中而下而上的管理過程，培養企業最佳的競爭優勢。 本研究提出三點管理實務建議：企業當隨時調整內部流程以配合顧客之個別流程，從雙方高度互動中創造共鳴性知識，達到雙贏局面；企業應當加強市場需求辨識敏銳度，提昇組織更新內外部能力的效率，創造嶄新優勢；深化企業文化與價值於員工心中，建立樂於分享之工作環境與氛圍，深紮成長根基。 / How enterprise crosses the knowledge gap to get into undeveloped marketplaces or satisfy unmet customer needs? This research adopts the “Case Study” research method to study the success factors and best practices from selected enterprise who has been successfully crossed the knowledge gap and won the installed-base from new marketplaces. This research selects HP/Agilent Technologies as the target company, who is the market leader among the test and instrument industry. This research framework is consists of knowledge creation, dynamic capability and customer relationship dimensions. Purpose to validate each research dimension is able to contribute the performance of getting into new marketplace or not, and also validate the interrelationship across these three dimensions. The variables used for customer relationship dimension include customer trust and loyalty, for knowledge creation dimension include knowledge spirals of epistemological and ontological domains, for dynamic capability dimension include key process, position and path of enterprise. Findings of this research: (1) these three research dimensions have been validated all are able to contribute to the performance of new entrance, and every dimension also interrelates to others. (2) Best practices from the case-study company include front-end employees follow the “Customer First” culture to develop the best customer relationships and gain mutual trust from owned customers. Trust and respect people, and encourage open communications both contribute to knowledge creation. Management team not only supports the employee development, but also delivers the training programs by themselves, which accelerates the knowledge conversion and accumulation. Proactively change on process and resource allocation to echo to the environmental change. (3) Interactive with customer proactively, create new knowledge through project execution. More knowledge conversion, more trust. More trust, then higher customer loyalty. (4) Develop learning path together with customer, which creates the interdependence relationships with customer when moves to next strategic position. (5) Be focused and rely on dedicated team to invest on market development, support with valuable solution offering, and manage the most updated knowledge creation processes to develop long-term strategic resources. Conclusions of this research, (1) enterprise adopts proactive account management approach to interact with customers. The front-end employee creates knowledge conversion and learning path with customer for next strategic resource development. (2) The field middle-level manager plays critical role on knowledge creation and dynamic capability update. Recommendations on managerial practice include (1) enterprise should adopt internal change proactively to match with individual account process, which promotes the best interactions with customers. (2) Enterprise should be more sensitive to distinguish the external change, and improve organizational capabilities to maintain his competitive advantage. (3) Cultivate corporate culture and values into people mindset. Encourage employee shares success with others.

Made available in DSpace on 2016-04-25T16:44:37Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Antonio Thomaz Pacheco Lessa Neto.pdf: 3151767 bytes, checksum: d39f096f36e24de37a2e846d245fa19e (MD5) Previous issue date: 2013-11-05 / Knowledge flows, especially in subsidiaries of multinational corporations, now have an increasing importance in organizations and therefore the discussion of research in the field. The aim of this work is to analyze flows not only through transfers, but also conversions of knowledge between the three families of intangible assets (external structure, internal structure and individual competence), since, for the creation of value, the key lies in the fact that such transfers and conversions be effective (SVEIBY, 2001). Concerning the method, this dissertation presents an empirical study through a survey applied along the Brazilian subsidiaries of multinational corporations, from a theoretical construct Knowledge-based view (KBV) where makes an analysis of the assets of individual competence, internal structure and external structure, and having for its object of study brazilian companies in Brazil listed in data collection known as the best and biggest from business magazine EXAME covering the year 2012. The study indicates, for the sample data (nine respondents) removed of the universe effectively researched (140 companies and not the initial 565), that there is the maximization of value creation from knowledge flows in two directions only by knowledge transfers and conversions of Individual Competencies for External Structure, within the Internal Structure, of Internal Structure for Individual Competencies and within the External Structure / Os fluxos de conhecimento, de modo especial em subsidiárias de corporações multinacionais, passam a ter uma importância crescente nas organizações e por consequência nas discussões de pesquisas no campo. O objetivo deste trabalho é a análise dos fluxos, não somente através das transferências, mas também das conversões, de conhecimento entre as três famílias de ativos intangíveis (estrutura externa, estrutura interna e competência individual), uma vez que, para a criação de valor, a chave reside no fato de tais transferências e conversões serem eficazes (SVEIBY, 2001). Quanto ao método, esta dissertação apresenta um estudo empírico desenvolvido através de uma survey aplicada junto às subsidiárias brasileiras de corporações multinacionais, a partir de um construto teórico da visão baseada no conhecimento (VBC) - ou Knowledge-based View (KBV) - onde se faz uma análise dos ativos de competência individual, de estrutura interna e de estrutura externa, e tendo por objeto de estudo as empresas do Brasil listadas no levantamento de dados conhecido como Melhores e Maiores da Revista EXAME referente ao ano de 2012. O estudo indica, para a amostra dos dados (nove respondentes) retirada do universo efetivamente pesquisado (140 empresas e não as 565 iniciais), que existe a maximização de criação de valor a partir dos fluxos de conhecimento em duas direções somente pelas transferências e conversões de conhecimento de Competências Individuais para a Estrutura Externa, dentro da Estrutura Interna, da Estrutura Interna para as Competências Individuais e dentro da Estrutura Externa

L’objet de cette thèse est l’analyse de l’innovation à partir des connaissances autour de l’approche Knowledge-Based Innovation (KBI) qui décrit l’innovation à travers le prisme de la connaissance. L’innovation s’apparente, foncièrement, à un processus de création, d’application et de diffusion de différents types de connaissances. Cette recherche se focalise sur la phase cognitive de l’innovation dont l’ancrage choisi a été celui d’une approche par les capacités. Nous cherchons alors à identifier les capacités organisationnelles qui sous-tendent l’innovation en amont et à expliquer comment ces capacités s’articulent pour favoriser l’innovation à partir des connaissances. A la lumière des développements théoriques effectués, nous avons élaboré notre modèle conceptuel de recherche qui consacre le rôle médiateur de la capacité d’absorption.La démarche méthodologique appliquée est qualimétrique. Deux études empiriques ont été menées. La première est qualitative, basée sur des entretiens exploratoires. Elle a permis, dans un premier temps, de décrire et d’illustrer les relations étudiées, et dans un second temps, d’affiner nos interrogations et de les enrichir par deux nouvelles propositions de recherche. La deuxième étude est quantitative. Elle s’est basée sur l’administration du questionnaire conçu, à des entreprises françaises œuvrant majoritairement dans le secteur industriel. Cette étude, basée sur la méthode des équations structurelles, a validé globalement le modèle développé en affirmant la médiation partielle de la capacité d’absorption, mais elle a rejeté, toutefois, l’existence de relations entre les investissements en R&D et la capacité d’absorption. / The purpose of this thesis is the analysis of the Knowledge-Based Innovation (KBI) which describes innovation through the prism of knowledge approach. Innovation seems essentially like a process of creation, application and dissemination of different types of knowledge. This research focuses on the cognitive phase of innovation explained according to a capability approach. We seek to identify organizational capabilities that sustain innovation and to explain how these capabilities are linked to promote innovation based on knowledge. We developed then a conceptual model that establishes the mediating role of absorptive capacity.Our methodology is based on two empirical studies. The first is qualitative, based on exploratory interviews. It enabled to illustrate the studied relationships, to refine our questions and to enrich the conceptual model with two new research proposals. The second study is quantitative. It is based on the administration of the questionnaire designed for French companies which operate mainly in the industrial sector. This study, based on a structural equation method, validated the overall developed model. It asserted the partial mediation of the absorption capacity. However the existence of relationships between investment in R&D and absorptive capacity was rejected

Submitted by Jaqueline Silva (jtas29@gmail.com) on 2014-09-26T21:10:33Z No. of bitstreams: 2 Caetano, Samuel Sabino-2013-dissertação.pdf: 1031464 bytes, checksum: 39f6a5947aed90b8f7c8e56b76d93e5a (MD5) license_rdf: 23148 bytes, checksum: 9da0b6dfac957114c6a7714714b86306 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Jaqueline Silva (jtas29@gmail.com) on 2014-09-26T21:12:31Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 2 Caetano, Samuel Sabino-2013-dissertação.pdf: 1031464 bytes, checksum: 39f6a5947aed90b8f7c8e56b76d93e5a (MD5) license_rdf: 23148 bytes, checksum: 9da0b6dfac957114c6a7714714b86306 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2014-09-26T21:12:31Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2 Caetano, Samuel Sabino-2013-dissertação.pdf: 1031464 bytes, checksum: 39f6a5947aed90b8f7c8e56b76d93e5a (MD5) license_rdf: 23148 bytes, checksum: 9da0b6dfac957114c6a7714714b86306 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2013-09-09 / Increasingly, learning in groups has become present in school environments. This fact is also part of the organizations, when considers learning in the workplace. Conscious of the importance of group learning at the workplace (CSCL@Work) emerges as an application area. In Computer Supported Collaborative Learning(CSCL), researchers have been struggling to maximize the performance of groups by techniques for forming groups. Is that why this study developed three (3) algorithmic approaches to formation of intraheterogeneous and inter-homogeneous groups, as well as a model proposed in this work in which integrates dichotomous functional characteristics and preferred roles. We made an algorithm that generates random groups, a Canonical Genetic Algorithm and Hybrid Genetic Algorithm. We obtained the input data of the algorithm by a survey conducted at the Court of the State of Goiás to identify dichotomous functional characteristics, and after we categorize these characteristics, based on the data found and the model proposed group formation. Starting at real data provided of employees whom participated in a course by Distance Education (EaD), we apply the model and we obtained the input data related to functional features. As regards the favorite roles, we assigned randomly values to the employees aforementioned, from a statistical statement made by Belbin into companies in the United Kingdom. Then, we executed the algorithms in three test cases, one considering the preferred papers and functional characteristics, while the other two separately considering each of these perspectives. Based on the results obtained, we found that the hybrid genetic algorithm outperforms the canonical genetic algorithm and random generator. / A aprendizagem em grupos tem se tornado realidade cada vez mais presente nos ambientes de ensino. Esta realidade também faz parte das organizações quando considera-se a aprendizagem no contexto do trabalho. Cientes da importância da aprendizagem em grupo no ambiente de trabalho, uma nova abordagem, denominada CSCL@Work, surge como uma aplicação da área Aprendizagem Colaborativa Apoiada pelo Computador, no inglês, Computer Supported Collaborative Learning (CSCL), no ambiente de trabalho. Em CSCL, pesquisadores tem se esforçado cada vez mais para maximizar o desempenho dos grupos através de técnicas para formação de grupos. Por isso neste trabalho desenvolvemos 3 (três) abordagens algorítmicas para formação de grupos intra-heterogêneos e inter-homogêneos, a partir de um modelo proposto nesta pesquisa, que integra características funcionais dicotômicas e papéis preferidos. Confeccionamos um algoritmo que gera grupos aleatoriamente, um algoritmo genético canônico e um algoritmo genético híbrido. Para obter os dados de entrada do algoritmo, realizamos uma pesquisa no Tribunal de Justiça do Estado de Goiás para identificar características funcionais dicotômicas, categorizamos estas características, com base nos dados encontrados e no modelo de formação de grupos proposto. A partir de dados reais fornecidos de funcionários que participaram de um curso por Educação a Distância (EaD), aplicamos o modelo e obtivemos os dados de entrada relativos às características funcionais. Quanto aos papéis preferidos, atribuímos os valores aleatoriamente aos funcionários mencionados, partindo de um levantamento estatístico feito por Belbin em empresas no Reino Unido. Em seguida, executamos os algoritmos em três casos de testes, um considerando as características funcionais e papéis preferidos, e os outros dois considerando separadamente cada uma destas perspectivas. A partir dos resultados obtidos, constatamos que o algoritmo genético híbrido obtém resultados superiores ao algoritmo genético canônico e método aleatório.

Le processus de création de la connaissance (CC) est crucial pour une entreprise, en vertu d'identifier, transformer et créer des actifs tangibles et intangibles qui sont mobilisés en profit d'innovations. Les entreprises sont en quête de surmonter les limitations qui interfèrent ce processus, et une des formes consiste dans la localisation en clusters industriels (CIs). Le manque de littérature a entraîné l'intérêt à focaliser dans cette recherche le processus de CC dans les entreprises localisées en CIs. Cette recherche a pour objectif comprendre la forme de structuration du processus de création interne aux entreprises participantes de clusters industriels du secteur de biotechnologie en France et au Brésil. Le secteur de biotechnologie a sa base dans les connaissances de nature de frontière technologique. En vertu du dynamisme du processus de CC, on a choisi des entreprises de clusters ainsi caractérisées pour l'observation de ce phénomène, notamment le cluster Bioméditerranée (Marseille, France) et le cluster de Belo Horizonte (Brésil). Cette recherche est caractérisée comme une étude de cas multiples, focalisé de façon déductive de caractère exploratoire. Après la structuration de l'instrument de recherche et de la quête de données, les mêmes ont été réduits, découpés et synthétisés, pour postérieur utilisation des techniques d'adéquation au modèle et synthèse des cas croisés à partir des modèles logiques de niveau organisationnel, qui ont emmené à une typologie de cas général, en forme d'un framework. Les évidences empiriques ont démontrés que quoique les processus internes de CCs soient similaires dans son structure, en tant que processus, les différentiels pour l'obtention de nouvelles connaissances et innovations ce sont les actifs tangibles et intangibles qui sont disponibles dans chacune des entreprises et dans les actifs qui sont captés dans son extérieur. En vertu de la sélection d'un secteur de connaissance de frontière pour l'observation des phénomènes, la relation des entreprises avec le cluster est un facteur d'accélération des processus internes car le cluster favorise les divers accès à une ambiance sociale avec ses intégrants, ce qui proportionne l'acquisition et l'absorption d'informations et de connaissances. Les connaissances spécifiques des professionnels largement qualifiés, dans chacune des entreprises, constitue le core knowledge qui permet la création de nouvelles connaissances et découvertes d'innovations, normalement commercialisées au niveau extra-cluster. Les entreprises qui ont obtenu des encouragements et investissements divers, notamment issus des sphères publiques du gouvernement, ont eu des développements importants dans ses processus de CCs surtout en vertu de la réduction des coûts que tels investissements ont proportionnés. Le cluster aide avec plusieurs actifs qui sont utilisés pour réduire les coûts, accélérer les processus internes et développer et perfectionner les connaissances existantes dans l'entreprise. L'implication théorique de cette recherche réside dans l'identification de processus, les stratégies et les habiletés à être considérées a priori et a posteriori dans un processus de CC. Comme implications managériales, on a constaté que les entreprises qui sont insérées en CIs cherchent des facteurs d'accélération des processus internes dû aux actifs disponibilisés par les CIs lesquels possibilitent aux entreprises de gagner plus de vitesse dans la création de nouvelles connaissances et dans la découverte d'innovations. Comme suggestions aux futures recherches, on recommande l'application de cette recherche à d'autres secteurs économiques. / O processo de criação de conhecimento (CC) é crucial para uma empresa, em virtude de identificar, transformar e criar ativos tangíveis e intangíveis que são mobilizados em prol de inovações. As empresas buscam superar limitações que interferem nesse processo, e uma das formas reside na localização em clusters industriais (CIs). A escassez da literatura desencadeou o interesse em focalizar nesta pesquisa o processo de CC em empresas localizadas em CIs. Esta pesquisa tem como objetivo compreender a forma de estruturação do processo de criação de conhecimento interno às empresas participantes de clusters industriais do setor de biotecnologia na França e no Brasil. O setor de biotecnologia tem sua base em conhecimentos de natureza de fronteira tecnológica. Em virtude de o processo de CC ser dinâmico, escolheu-se empresas de clusters que assim fossem caracterizados para observação deste fenômeno, notadamente o cluster Bioméditerranée (Marseille, França) e o cluster de Belo Horizonte (Brasil). Esta pesquisa caracteriza-se como um estudo de casos múltiplos, de enfoque dedutivo e de caráter exploratório. Após a estruturação do instrumento de pesquisa e da coleta dos dados, os mesmos foram reduzidos, recortados e sintetizados, para posterior utilização das técnicas de adequação ao padrão e síntese de casos cruzados a partir dos modelos lógicos de nível organizacional, que conduziram a uma tipologia de caso geral, em forma de um framework. As evidências empíricas demonstraram que muito embora os processos internos de CCs sejam similares em sua estrutura, enquanto processo, os diferenciais para a obtenção de novos conhecimentos e inovações são os ativos tangíveis e intangíveis que estão disponíveis no interior de cada uma das empresas e nos ativos que são captados em seu exterior. Em virtude de um setor de conhecimento de fronteira ter sido selecionado para observação dos fenômenos, a relação das empresas com o cluster é um fator de aceleração dos processos internos, pois o cluster favorece acessos diversos a um ambiente social com os seus integrantes, o que proporciona a aquisição e absorção de informações e conhecimentos. Os conhecimentos específicos dos profissionais altamente qualificados, em cada uma das empresas, constitui o core knowledge que permite a criação de novos conhecimentos e descobertas de inovações, normalmente comercializadas no nível extracluster. As empresas que obtiveram incentivos e investimentos diversos, notadamente oriundos das esferas públicas de governo, tiveram incrementos significativos em seus processos de CCs principalmente em virtude da redução de custos que tais incrementos proporcionaram. O cluster auxilia com diversos ativos que são utilizados para reduzir custos, acelerar processos internos e incrementar e aperfeiçoar os conhecimentos existentes na empresa. A implicação teórica da presente pesquisa reside na identificação de processos, estratégias e habilitadores a serem considerados a priori e a posteriori em um processo de CC. Como implicações gerenciais, constatou-se que as empresas que estão inseridas em CIs buscam fatores de aceleração dos processos internos devido aos ativos disponibilizados pelos CIs que possibilitam as empresas ganhar maior velocidade na criação de novos conhecimentos e na descoberta de inovações. Como sugestões a futuras pesquisas, recomenda-se a replicação desta pesquisa em outros setores econômicos. / The process of knowledge creation (CC) is crucial to an enterprise whereas it identifies, transforms and creates tangible and intangible assets that are mobilized on behalf of innovations. Enterprises look to overcome limitations that interfere in this process and one of the ways resides in the localization of industrial clusters (CIs). The lack of literary work unleashed the interest on focusing this research in the CC process in localized CIs companies. The present research intends to understand how the knowledge creation process of internal level is structured in participant enterprisers of biotechnological-industrial clusters in France and Brazil. The biotechnological sector is based on the nature of technological frontier. Because the CC process is dynamic we have chosen cluster enterprises that featured this phenomenon, especially the Bioméditerranée cluster (Marseilles, France) and the Belo Horizonte cluster (Brazil). This work is a study of multiple cases with an inferential and exploratory approach. Thereafter the structuring of the theme and data collection, they were reduced, cut out and synthesized to a subsequent use of standard techniques, adaptation and synthesis of crossed cases from logical models of organization levels, which drove us in a typology of a general case, in a framework shape. The empirical evidences have showed that, however the internal CCs procedures are similar to its structure while a process, the differential to obtain new acquirements and changes are the tangible and intangible assets that are available in each enterprise and the assets which can be attracted by its external connections. Considering the frontier knowledge that was chosen to observe the phenomenon, the enterprise relations with cluster is a factor of internal processes acceleration, because cluster promotes various accesses to a social environment, providing knowledge assimilation to its members. The professional’s highly qualified knowledge in each company establishes what we call core knowledge, which allows the access to new innovations and discoveries, usually commercialized in the extra-cluster level. The enterprises which obtained diverse incentive and investment, notably from the government and its spheres, have had significant increments in its CCs processes mainly because these increments have provided reduction of costs. Clusters aid multiply assets that are used to reduce costs, to accelerate internal process and improve existent information in the company. The theoretical implication of the present research settles in identifying processes, strategies and qualifiers being considered beforehand and afterwards in a CC process. As management implications, it was noted that enterprises which are inserted in CIs seek internal processes’ factors of acceleration because of the assets accessed by CIs, which allow companies to acquire innovations in a faster way. Also, as a suggestion to future researches, it is recommended the replication of this work to other economical sectors. / El proceso de creación de conicimiento (CC) es decisivo para una empresa, pues es responsable en identificar, transformar y producir activos tangibles y no tangibles que son movilizados en búsqueda de inovaciones. Las empresas intentan superar limitaciones que interfieren en ese proceso y una de esas formas es la localización en clusters industriales (CIs). La escasez de literatura ha despertado el interés en centrar en esta pesquisa el proceso de CC en empresas localizadas en CIs. Esta pesquisa posee como objectivo comprender el modo de estructuración del proceso de creación del conocimiento interno a las empresas participantes de clusters industriales del setor de biotecnología en Francia y en Brasil. El sector de biotecnología tiene su base en conocimientos de naturaleza de fontera tecnológica. Llevando en consideración que el proceso de CC es dinámico, se a eligido empresas de clusters que tuviesen esa caracterización para la observación de este fenómeno, especialmente el cluster Bioméditerranée (Marseille, Francia) y el cluster de Belo Horizonte (Brasil). Esta pesquisa se caracteriza como un estudio de casos múltiplos, de modo dedutivo y de carácter exploratorio. Después de la estructuración del instrumento de pesquisa y de la recompilación de datos, ellos fueron reducidos, recortados y sufrieron síntesis, para usar las técnicas de adequación a patrones y síntesis de casos cruzados a partir de los modelos lógicos de nivel organizacional, que conducieron a una tipología de caso general, con estilo framework. Aunque los procesos internos de CCs sean semejantes en su estructura, las envidencias empíricas han señalado que, como proceso, los diferenciales para la obtención de nuevos conocimientos e inovaciones son los activos tangibles y no tangibles que están disponibles en el interior de cada una de las empresas y en los activos que son captados en su exterior. Ya que un setor de conocimiento de frontera fue selecionado para la observación de los fenómenos, la relación de las empresas con el cluster es un factor de aceleración de los procesos internos, pues el cluster beneficia accesos diversos a un ambiente social con sus integrantes, el cual proporciona la aquisición y absorción de informaciones y conocimientos. Los conocimientos específicos de los profesionales altamente calificados, en cada una de las empresas, constituye el core knowledge que permite la creación de nuevos conocimientos y descubiertas de inovaciones, normalmente comercializadas en nivel extracluster. Las empresas que obtivieron incentivos e inversión significativos en sus procesos de CCs principalmente devido a la reducción de costos, apresurar procesos internos e incrementar y perfecionar los conocimientos existentes en la empresa. La implicación teórica de la presente pesquisa está en la identificación de procesos, estrategias y habilitadores que necesitan ser considerados a priori y a posteriori en un proceso de CC. Como implicaciones generales, se ha comprobado que las empresas que están inseridas en CIs buscan factores de aceleración de los procesos internos en virtud de los activos disponibilizados por los CIs que permiten las empresas ganar mayor velocidad en la creación de nuevos conocimentos y en la descubierta de inovaciones. Como sugerencias para futuras pesquisas, se aconseja la replicación de esta pesquisa en otros sectores económicos.

Knowledge management is seen as a hot topic in order for organizations to become effective and utilize the knowledge residing within the organization. The most important factor in knowledge management is believed to be the knowledge transfer, which is the process of transferring knowledge between two parties. A context in which knowledge and knowledge transfer are especially important is within the best practice framework ‘ITIL’ and IT-service organizations. Therefore, the purpose with this study is to analyze how knowledge is transferred through information systems in an ITIL organization, and how the transfer process can be further understood by incorporating individual perspectives on knowledge. Besides that, our purpose is to identify factors influencing the knowledge transfer from both the organizations and the ITIL framework. The reason for this is that knowledge transfer through information systems in an ITIL context is rather underexplored, previous research regarding this is mainly focusing on putting knowledge in repositories and make it available, which is believed to create certain implications regarding the individual perspective in the creation and transfer of knowledge through information systems. These implications are something that has not been explored, which is a knowledge gap we intend to fill with this thesis. That is why we have constructed three research questions regarding how the organizations understand what valuable knowledge is, what factors that is influencing their knowledge transfer, and how these previously individual aspects can be further understood by applying the boundary object theory on knowledge transfer through information systems. From a multi case study with semi structured interviews we could collect a valuable collection of empirical data, that was collected from six respondents representing three organizations. By applying the interpretive and social constructivist research philosophy with an abductive methodological approach, previous research and the boundary object theory in combination with the theory of knowledge creation we could analyze our empirical data. Our study shows that the perspective on valuable knowledge is something with direct relation to ITIL, and highly connected to what its contribution is to the core business that the IT-service organization is helping. Valuable knowledge is also seen as stored knowledge. We can from our study also see that there are four predominant forces influencing the knowledge transfer process. We identified that the overall perspective on what knowledge is in the organization, how and what the organization values as knowledge, the ITIL framework and their knowledge management strategy directly influenced knowledge transfer. Our main finding in this study is that when organizations are transferring knowledge through information systems the individual perspective on both knowledge, knowledge creation and the knowledge transfer is one of the most important to keep in mind. The knowledge in the information systems is a way to communicate among individuals, and a way to translate one individual’s knowledge to another, hence is the individual creating the knowledge an important factor to acknowledge. We can see that aspects such as experiences, skills, insights, purposes, perspectives and contextual understandings highly influence the knowledge being created, hence the possibility to create rich knowledge at the receiver of knowledge. These aspects also influence whether the stored knowledge has any tacit elements, which seems to facilitate learning more for the receiving individual.

李仁芳(2000) 對創新組織提到以下看法，創新需要動員內心深處最深刻的理智與情感資源。如果企業文化氛圍只鼓勵組織成員追索Know What、Know How，以致於Know Why的知識上的好奇心，但文化氛圍中卻缺少對同仁Care Why的支持與對同仁本人Care的溫暖與慈心，這樣的智價創新企業競爭力是不能持久的。最具創新震憾力的靈感（inspiration）孕育自最溫柔的胎床。新的聲音與新的視野的孕育，需要溫暖與紀律、歡愉與智慧間適當的拿捏與平衡。可見創新環境是多麼的重要。 本研究之目的，主要欲探討台灣新創網路公司對於創新環境的設計研究，以多元成員造成的差異性帶來的創新衝擊，配合組織平台的設計及管理技巧來探討，成員差異性則採認知心理學的角度，探討認知差異對組織衝突的意義，如何建立創造性的組織衝突，帶給組織創新的原動力。本研究期望透過個案問卷及開放式訪談的方式，進一步瞭解、並歸納出網路產業中核心團隊互動的模式及成功經驗累積的方法，以期找出網路產業中較適合的創新環境設計。 本研究主要採取個案訪談及思考風格問卷施測，並透過初級訪談資料加上次級資料作個案分析，思考風格問卷分析時，將十三類的思考風格分成三大類分析，第一大類主要為思考風格的行事作風；第二大類主要為思考風格的心理自治型態；第三大類為幅度、範圍、傾向。 本研究主要的研究發現如下： 壹、 網路公司團隊成員多元性與創新表現 一、 網路公司多元性越高，創新表現越佳 二、 網路公司多元團隊角色扮演越完整，創新表現越佳 ；反之，多元團隊角色扮演越不全，創新表現越差 貳、 網路公司組織平台設計與創意表現關係 一、 網路公司中溝通形式設計多元管道之email及intranet，扮演創新表現中的知識累積及點子擷取的平台。 二、 網路公司中，實體物理環境對知識累積的重要性被IT科技取代。 三、 網路公司最常用啟發技巧運用中的腦力激盪作為主要點子擷取的方式。 參、 網路公司中專案領導人在創新表現上扮演的角色 一、 不同類型網路公司領導人對於智慧財產權看法影響智慧財產權的擁有數目。 二、 網路公司的CEO透過容忍智慧型失敗、塑造關懷（Care）與學習的組織環境。 肆、 網路公司創新表現之觀察 一、 網路公司中相當重視經驗傳承，有助於日後的創新表現。 二、 網路公司中有失敗經驗，有助於創新績效。 伍、 綜合發現 一、 網路公司團隊成員的思考風格在三大類分析中各有不同的偏向，思考風格可與創新環境相配合。 二、 網路公司組織文化配合團隊成員的思考風格適合創新表現 第一類思考風格，網路公司團隊成員多屬於立法型與第三類中的自由型有相關，皆為有助於創新表現的思考風格。 第二類思考風格中，網路團隊成員皆屬於階級分明型，而網路公司組織文化對於團隊運作皆採責任制且授權程度高，這對於自主性需求較高的階級分明型成員有助於創新表現。 第三類思考風格中，網路團隊成員多屬於外在型及自由型，只要組織環境與思考風格相符，則團隊成員的創新表現較佳。 / Under the rapid-changing environment, it is not possible that a firm's capabilities can hold sustainable competitive strength forever, as the master told “innovation or die”. A good organization platform can incubate the capacity for high creativity. Now the internet fever spreads to the whole world. Taiwan companies have the opportunity to catch up. Thesis help can analysis the key components that influences the innovation process in the internet companies. Therefore we can find a better organization form to provoke more innovation performances. Objectives From the viewpoint of innovation process and members interaction process, this research is intended to study the internet service provider in order to focus on the platform of the organizational knowledge creation in Taiwan internet companies. Research Structure According to literature survey, we can find that the heterogeneous teams have more innovation behaviors. A well-designed organization platform and a good project leader can help members emerge their potential in the creativity. The research structure is as follows: Case Choice Because many Internet companies have multi-business models, that we choose the 6 companies can group the case companies into ASP, ICP and portal. Case A, B and C are ASP companies. Case E and case F are ICP companies. Case C and D are portal companies. Research Methodology This thesis adopts the case study and the authors interviews some project leader or members who are responsible for top management team or the project team in the companies. And analysis the data of the questionnaire that every team members filled in. Then to complement the case study form the secondary data and information form the internet, as products and services. Case Analysis and Conclusions According to the analyses of the six cases, the author has generated the following conclusions: 1. The diversity between team members affects innovative activities including: ● The more diversity between the team members, the more innovative activities happen. ● The Cultivate Distinct Roles are more complete then the more innovative activities happen. 2. the well-designed organizational platform affects innovative activities including: ● In internet companies, they share knowledge and get new ideas via email and the intranet. ● In internet companies, the importance of physic environment is replaced by IT technology. ● In internet companies, the useful way to get lots of new ideas is brain-storming meeting. 3. the project manager leadership affects innovative activities including: ● The CEOs who in different internet companies such as ASP and ICP have different consideration influences the numbers of IPR. ● In internet companies, CEO builds a warm and learning organization by taking the failing forward and care employees. 4. the innovative activities in the internet companies including: ● The internet companies which do the knowledge management well have better innovation performance. ● The failing forward experiences help the management performance better now in the internet companies.