Introduction. As a practicing musician a stylistic form of terminology is often used, which is commonly based off of genre-specific conventions and norms. As the common users of music libraries often are practicing musicians, genre is identified as a subject/element of great importance in order to fully describe music and scores. With this point of view, the thesis aim to investigate how librarians and users make use of classification systems and classification codes. Method and theory. The primary empirical material of this thesis consists of qualitative interviews with librarians from a number of libraries, which all work with scores. The interviews were conducted with a pre-prepared questionnaire containing questions regarding how the librarians work, use and perceive the used classification systems in relation to the scores the libraries catalog and classify. The collected interview material was then compared to an analysis of the classification systems which are used by the libraries – Dewey Decimal Classification, Library of Congress Classification and the Swedish classification system ”SAB”. The main theoretical focus is genre theory, which is applied as a point of view for the analysis of both the interviews and the classification systems themselves. Analysis. The collected interview material was analyzed with a thematic sectioning. This sectioning was determined in conjunction with both certain key points from the previous research which was presented in the thesis and with the interviews themselves. The classification systems were then analyzed in relation to the presented theoretical material, with the essential theoretic perspective being genre theory. Each and one of the interviewed librarians expressed pros and cons of the classification systems they used. Some of these pros and cons were identified as recurring between the interviews. Such as the classification systems not being able to fully describe newer scores containing modern music. Results. With these analyses the thesis four main questions were then answered and presented. The librarians did see a function for the classification systems in their work, even though they were aware of the issues and problematic sides with the classification system they used. The interviewees saw the classification systems being used by the user to a lesser extent. Through the analysis of the classification, it was revealed that they do not offer genre classification to a sufficient degree, which in turn affects how useful the systems are for the music library users. Thus, the analyzed classification systems cannot describe scores in a fully fledged way. Conclusions. Even though the results show that the classification systems can’t be used to completely describe or fully grasp scores, the interviewed librarians did see them as useful in their practice. Several of the interviewees gave examples of problems within each of the classification systems, but they still saw them as useful. For the users (musicians) who are active in the genre of western art music the systems work adequately, but for users active in other genres the systems are not as useful. To evaluate whether the classification systems are relevant enough to keep using, it is necessary to both see to the opinions of the librarians currently using them, how and if the music library users use them and to what extent and how much of the cataloging is dedicated to classification. From the interviews, it is concluded that the libraries dedicate about 10-20 percent of their cataloging to classification. In relation to this and how the librarians see the classification systems as useful to a certain degree, it is concluded that the classification systems do have a purpose as an underlying structure and categorizing structure. This thesis has however come to illuminate some of the problems in the classification systems which pertain to genre and genres importance in describing music and scores. Even though the classification systems foremost strive to describe medium (instrumentation) and do this in an acceptable way, this must be seen in relation to how important genre is in order to fully describe a score and its importance for the users. Likewise, genre and genre categorization is an unavoidable part of music and sometimes even an integrated part of the elements medium and character. Thus, it is concluded that it is of utter importance to take into account the impact on and meaning for music that genre has when researching how scores are to be classified. This is a twy years master's thesis in Library and information science.

This essay is a bachelor thesis written for the Degree Program in Constructional Engineering and Design at The Royal Institute of Technology (KTH). This thesis was an assignment given by WSP Sweden and their bridge and water department. The purpose of this report is to conduct an examination on the Life Cycle Cost (LCC) on a prestressed glulam deck bridge and a composite bridge in the early stages of the design phase. This report illuminates the factors that are most crucial in a LCC-calculation for the selected overpasses, and provides an overview regarding which overpass is most efficient from an economic standpoint. The LCC has been calculated based on an 80-year lifespan for the prestressed glulam deck bridge and a 120-year lifespan for the composite bridge. The cost of investment, operating, maintaining and finally the demolition cost was all considered as well. The bridge works that were examined are real life projects in an early stage of the design phase with plans to be built. In the results, the LCC-analysis shows a clear difference in life cycle costs between the prestressed glulam deck bridge and the composite bridge and show that the cost of investment is the most decisive cost during the bridges’ lifespans. The LCC-calculations show that the total life cycle cost for a prestressed glulam deck bridge is higher than the composite bridges’ total life cycle cost.

Concrete is a leading building material due to its durability, strength and carrying capacity etcetera. A weakness of concrete is it´s relatively large carbon dioxide emissions that are released during the production process. At this current time cement production accounts to 5% of the world's GHG emissions. Boverket has set a specific requirement that new buildings must be climate declared as a guide to more sustainable construction. This  study  aims  to  investigate  and  use  a  model-based  LCA-assessments  where climate- improved concrete is compared to a traditional concrete. This was done by examining a BIM- model. The  possibility  of  improving  the  environmental  impact  is  answered  by  producing carbon dioxide emissions equivalent for concrete in this property and comparing it with carbon dioxide emissions  equivalent  for  a  climate-improved  concrete  to  show  a potential  carbon  dioxide saving. A quantitative method is selected for this study using LCA. LCA-assessment is performed using several computer-based BIM programs to be able to produce simulations and calculations. A reference building that represents an ordinary apartment building in Sweden forms the basis of the assessment. LCA is based on only one environmental indicator which is carbon dioxide emissions. LCA assessment for the two types of concrete include the construction phase A1-A5 as well as the phase B6 operating energy according to Swedish standard SS-EN 15978: 2011. No account is taken of any differences in strength, fire class and sound class when exchanging materials. LCC limits to utility calculation. Results shows the total price increases by approximately SEK 49,000 if the ordinary concrete is replaced with a climate-improved concrete, and the carbon dioxide emissions is reduced by approximately 57,000 kgCO2e. Reduction in the climate-impact of concrete partly helps in the climate policy framework 2045 for a climate-neutral Sweden. Climate-improved  concrete  has  limits  within exposure  and  strength  classes.  Surroundingenvironment must therefore be considered. / Betong är ledande byggnadsmaterial med många goda egenskaper men också förhållandevisstora koldioxidutsläpp. Cementtillverkningen står idag för fem procent av världens utsläpp avväxthusgaser. Betongbyggandet måste ständigt förbättra sin hållbarhet och ta till sig åtgärderför att minska klimatpåverkan. Boverket har ställt ett krav att nybyggnationer måste klimatdeklareras som en vägledning mot mer hållbart byggande. Denna studie syftar till att undersöka och använda en modellbaserad LCA-analys där klimatförbättrad betong ställs mot en traditionell betong. Detta utfördes genom att en befintlig BIM modell av en fastighet på Kapellvägen undersöktes. Miljöpåverkans förbättringsmöjlighet besvaras genom att ta fram koldioxidutsläpp ekvivalentför betong i denna fastighet och jämföra det mot koldioxidutsläpp ekvivalent för enklimatförbättrad betong för att visa en potentialkoldioxid besparing. En kvantitativ metod väljs för denna studie, genom användning av LCA bedömning. LCA bedömningen utförs med hjälp av flera datorbaserade BIM program för att kunna ta fram simuleringar och beräkningar. Dessa BIM program är Autodesk Revit, Autodesk Insight, Bidcon och Solibri. En referensbyggnad som representerar ett vanligt flerbostadshus i Sverige ligger till grunden av bedömningen. LCA görs utifrån endast koldioxidutsläppmiljöindikator. Livscykelbedömningen för de två betongsorterna omfattar byggskedet och dess moduler A1-A5 samt modulen B6 driftsenergi som ingår i användningsskedet enligt svensk standard SS-EN 15978:2011. För energiförbrukning (kWh/BTA) i referensbyggnaden som motsvarar driftsenergi B6, tas det hänsyn endast till klimatskärmen. Inga hänsyn tas till eventuella skillnader i hållfasthet-, brand- ochljudklasser vid utbyte av material. LCC begränsas till nyttokalkyl.Resultat visar att den totala klimatpåverkan från stommen med traditionell betong beräknas till161 tonCO2e för flerbostadshuset i Kapellvägen 11. Medan den totala klimatpåverkan frånstommen med klimatförbättrad betong beräknas till 104 tonCO2e. Totala priset ökar med cirka 49 tusen kronor om man ersätter den traditionella betongen med en klimatförbättrad variant.Materialbytet i betongstommen leder till minskning av koldioxidutsläpp med cirka 57 ton CO2e. Koldioxidutsläppbesparingen motsvarar en kostnad på 0,86 kr/kgCO2e. Investeringen i den klimatförbättrade betongen motsvarar cirka 0,34% av den totala grundinvesteringen, medan koldioxidutsläppet är 13,3% mindre för hela byggnaden. På långsikt om 100 år ökar nuvärdet av investeringen i materialbytet med ca 222%. Driftskostnad förblir densamma innan och eftermaterialets byte. Klimatpåverkans förbättringar är möjliga och målet på färdplanen 2045 kan nås om alla i bygg- och anläggningssektor samarbetar. Minskning i klimatpåverkan för betongen gör att byggmaterialet blir mer hållbart i framtiden och hjälper delvis i färdplanen 2045 för en klimatneutral bygg- och anläggningssektor. Tanken är att få fler aktörer till en konkurrens om vem som har minst klimatavtryck på deras klimatförbättrade betong. Klimatförbättrad betong har idag begränsningar inom exponerings och hållfasthetsklasser, men mycket betong används inomhus med låga laster och exponeringsklasser som klimatförbättrad betong förser.

Allt fler organisationer väljer att jobba med hållbar utveckling, på grund av att det kan ses som en konkurrenskraft. Att arbeta med hållbar utveckling kan innefatta att utföra hållbarhetsutvärderingar, vilket kan göras genom metoden LCSA analys. Syftet med det här arbetet är att utvärdera och analysera ett producerande företags nuvarande klimatpåverkan sett till koldioxidekvivalentutsläpp från intern materialhantering som sker med dieseltruckar. Vidare syftar även arbetet till att visa hur en hållbarhetsutvärdering kan utföras för att påvisa ekologisk, ekonomisk samt social påverkan. I arbetet utförs en hållbarhetsutvärdering av trucksystem, för att identifiera det teoretiskt bästa alternativet, i jämförelse med ett fallföretags nuläge. Den metod som används för hållbarhetsutvärderingen är LCSA analys. Utöver resultatet från hållbarhetsutvärderingen tas även hänsyn till gränssnittet mellan teoretiskt och praktiskt bästa trucksystemalternativ.  Fallföretaget Volvo GTO i Skövde, har i dagsläget 18 dieseldrivna motviktstruckar, vilka har olika kapacitet och varierande arbetsuppgifter. Det nuvarande drivmedlet för samtliga truckar är Diesel Mk1. Fallföretagets flöden i dagsläget ställer generellt höga krav på truckarnas tekniska kapacitet gällande exempelvis åkhastighet, körning i uppförslutning, dragkraft samt lyft- och sänkhastighet. De 18 dieseltruckarna bidrog under år 2017 med ett klimatpåverkande utsläpp om cirka 237 ton koldioxidekvivalenter, sett till hela livscykeln för Diesel Mk1 samt truckflottans totala drifttider.  Gällande hållbarhetsutvärderingen LCSA analys, utförs den på trucksystem drivna av Diesel Mk1, HVO-Diesel, blybatterier samt litiumjonbatterier inom kapaciteterna 3,5, 5 och 8 ton. Analysen tar hänsyn till de tre pelarna inom hållbar utveckling.  Vidare tas hänsyn till trucksystemens tekniska specifikationer, vilket jämförs mot den nuvarande dieseltruckflottan. Generellt kan en lägre teknisk prestanda ses hos de eldrivna trucksystemen, vilket kan påverka möjligheten att implementera de hos fallföretaget. Teoretiskt lägst ekologisk och social påverkan kan ses hos de litiumjonbatteridrivna trucksystemen, lägst påverkan inom den ekonomiska pelaren har blybatteridrift. Ställt mot fallföretagets nuvarande flöden och behov, rekommenderar författarna HVO-Dieseldrivna trucksystem, då de har samma tekniska kapacitet samt lägre ekologisk och social påverkan. Avgränsningar har gjorts för analyserna i rapporten, gällande processgränser och påverkande faktorer. För framtida hållbarhetsutvärderingar rekommenderar författarna att större processgränser och fler påverkande faktorer tas hänsyn till, för att identifiera samtlig påverkan inom pelarna. I rapporten återfinns exempel på påverkan utanför valda processgränser, såsom utsläpp som påverkar över tid och exploatering. Under arbetets gång har informationsgap uppmärksammats inom olika områden. När det gäller forskning kring hållbarhetsutvärderingar saknas beprövade metoder. Därför efterfrågas enklare analysmetoder inom hållbar utveckling. Gap i forskning angående truckteori är något som också uppmärksammats. / The amount of organizations that choose to work with sustainability is increasing due to the potential competitiveness it causes. Working with sustainability may include sustainability evaluations, which can be done through the LCSA analysis method. The purpose of this report is to evaluate and analyze a manufacturing company's current climate impact due to carbon dioxide equivalent emissions from diesel-powered forklifts within internal material handling. Further, the report aims to illustrate how a sustainability evaluation can be conducted to identify ecological, economic and social impact. In the report, a sustainability evaluation of forklift systems is performed to identify the theoretically best alternative, compared to a case company's current situation. The method used for the sustainability evaluation is LCSA analysis. In addition to the results of the sustainability evaluation, the interface between theoretically and practically best forklift system alternatives is considered.  The case company Volvo GTO in Skövde, currently have 18 diesel-powered forklifts, which have different capacities and functions. The current fuel for all forklifts is Diesel Mk1. The flows today generally set high demands on the forklifts technical capacity, for example on, travel speed, climbing ability, traction force and lifting and lowering speed. In the year 2017, the 18 diesel-powered forklifts contributed with a climate impact of approximately 237 tonnes of carbon dioxide equivalents, considering the entire life cycle of Diesel Mk1 and the forklift fleets total run time.  Regarding the sustainability evaluation LCSA analysis, it is performed on forklift systems powered by Diesel Mk1, HVO-Diesel, lead acid batteries and lithium-ion batteries within the capacities 3.5, 5 and 8-tonne. The analysis considers the three pillars of sustainability. Further, the technical specifications of the forklift systems are considered and compared with the current diesel-powered fleet. Generally, a lower technical capacity can be seen in the electric forklift systems, which may affect the ability to implement those at the case company. Theoretically lowest ecological and social impact can be seen within the lithium-ion battery-powered forklift systems, the lowest impact on the economic pillar is seen in the lead acid battery systems. Based on the case company's current flows and demands, the authors recommend HVO-Diesel-powered forklift systems, as they have the same technical capabilities as well as lower ecological and social impacts. Limitations has been set for the reports analyzes, regarding process boundaries and impact indicators. For future sustainability evaluations, the authors recommend that wider process boundaries and more impact indicators are applied to identify the total impact within the pillars of sustainability. The report comprehends examples of impact beyond selected process boundaries, such as emissions affecting over time or exploitation. During the progress of this report, information gaps have been discovered in different areas. Regarding research of sustainability evaluations, proven methods are lacking. Therefore, established methods for evaluation are desired. A gap in research of forklift theory has also been noted.

This thesis presents a comprehensive system analysis of the utilization of biowaste and forest industry residues to produce transportation fuels. It explores various aspects such as the constraints to the production system’s value chain development, the utilization of the geographical proximity of biofuel technology innovation system components, environmental impacts, and economic costs. The primary goal is to establish a knowledge base that can aid regional policymakers and decision-makers in formulating informed policies for the efficient management of local bioresources for transport fuel production. By addressing these aspects, the study seeks to contribute to the wider discourse on efficient local bioresource management and transition to a low-carbon economy. The focused bioresources in this thesis are municipal biowaste and forest industry residues (i.e., sawdust, black liquor, crude tall oil, and fiber waste of the pulp and paper industry). The study focuses on three systems: i) biowaste to biogas for transport, ii) biowaste and sawdust to hydrogen, and iii) forest industry residues to liquid biofuels for transport. The biofuel policy instruments in Sweden have proven to be effective in introducing alternative transport fuels, particularly in big cities or urban areas. The results of the biowaste to biogas value chain analysis show that development in the Gävleborg region is stagnated throughout the value chain compared to the national average. This stagnation is mainly attributed to local geodemographic factors. The identified obstacles to development include a lack of regional political agreement regarding the use of biogas as a viable transport fuel, insufficient connectivity and communication among the various regional actors and stakeholders, and a limited understanding among stakeholders of the potential and socio-economic impacts of biogas.  The environmental and economic assessment of hydrogen production from biowaste and sawdust is performed from a life cycle perspective, using SimaPro LCA software and CML-IA, 2001 impact assessment method. Economic analysis includes capital and operational expenditures and monetization cost of life cycle environmental impacts. The results show that hydrogen production from biowaste has a higher global warming, photochemical oxidant, and freshwater eutrophication potential than sawdust. Biowaste conversion to hydrogen performs far better in ozone depletion, terrestrial ecotoxicity, abiotic depletion-fossil, abiotic depletion, human toxicity, and freshwater ecotoxicity potential. The fossil energy inputs in biogas and pyrolysis oil reforming, emissions from the digestate treatment, storage, and utilization as bio-fertilizer are the main contributing processes to the overall environmental impacts of biowaste and sawdust conversion to hydrogen.  The sensitivity analysis of the LCA results indicates that feedstock to biogas/pyrolysis oil yield ratio and the type of energy source for the reforming process can significantly influence the results, particularly climate change, abiotic depletion, and human toxicity.  The life cycle cost (LCC) analysis reveals that the production of hydrogen from biowaste exhibits a lower cost compared to sawdust. This significant cost reduction in the biowaste case can be attributed to lower variable operating expenses (OPEX), primarily due to the price of the biowaste itself. Whereas, in the sawdust case, the feedstock contributes the highest percentage (54%) to the system's OPEX, indicating that variable OPEX is highly sensitive to sawdust prices. Additionally, the capital investment required for the biowaste case was 50% lower, which further contributes to the lower overall LCC compared to the sawdust case. The results of forest industry residues to liquid biofuel technology development and the utilization of system components in geographical proximity indicate that geographical proximity can significantly influence the system’s structural growth, trajectory, and development pace. An adapted version of the technological innovation system (TIS) framework was operationalized with the lens of geographical proximity utilization of the system components to the technology development and diffusion. The method of data acquisition involved document analysis and interviews with subsystem actors. The study found that the development of the system is hampered by competition between technologies and low utilization of geographical proximity of the system components, which was partly attributed to a lack of network among subsystem actors and with the national TIS structure.  Bioresources in Gävleborg are present in substantial amounts, particularly biowaste from agriculture, the food industry, and households, as well as biomass from the forest industry, which have the potential to be utilized for transport fuel production. However, the evolution of their utilization to power transportation in Gävleborg has been delayed in comparison to several other regions in Sweden. In the case of the technology development of forest industry residue-based transport fuels, the utilization of geographical proximity of artefacts and institutions has played a crucial role. Significant strides have been accomplished in diverse technology domains. However, these advancements have faced obstacles, partially due to the rivalry among system actors aiming to secure a competitive edge in acquiring both knowledge and capital resources and the underutilization of the geographical proximity of actors and industry networks.  Based on these research findings, recommendations are provided to support policy and strategy aiming to enhance the utilization of local bioresources for transportation fuels sustainably and cost-effectively with increased local benefits. For example, the study recommends addressing the identified local political, communication, and networking issues, along with integrating regional geodemographic conditions into national biofuel policies and measures. By addressing identified challenges, the Gävleborg region can overcome the stagnation in bioresource to transportation fuel technological systems development and leverage its significant potential. This thesis adds valuable insights to the sustainability transition literature about the environment, economy, and the geography of innovation processes. The findings highlight the need for policy interventions to foster collaboration, coordination, and knowledge sharing among stakeholders, as well as support for the development and commercialization of emerging technologies, including forest-based transport fuel technologies. The analysis of cost and environmental impacts of bioresource utilization for hydrogen production provides insights into the potential trade-offs and benefits of different feedstocks and impact categories. The study provides important input for policy and strategy development towards a more sustainable and cost-effective use of local bioresources for transport fuel production in Gävleborg. This study can also serve as a valuable reference for researchers, policymakers, and stakeholders interested in the sustainable utilization of renewable resources for biofuel production, contributing to the advancement of knowledge in this critical area. / Denna avhandling presenterar en omfattande systemanalys av utnyttjandet av bioavfall och skogsindustriella restprodukter för att producera drivmedel. Den utforskar olika aspekter såsom begränsningarna för produktionssystemens värdekedjeutveckling, utnyttjandet av den geografiska närheten till biobränsleteknik, innovationssystemkomponenter, miljöpåverkan och ekonomiska kostnader. Det primära målet är att etablera en kunskapsbas som kan hjälpa regionala beslutsfattare att formulera välgrundade policyer för effektiv förvaltning av lokala bioresurser för drivmedelsproduktion. Genom att ta itu med dessa aspekter försöker studien bidra till den bredare diskursen om effektiv lokal bioresursförvaltning och övergång till en koldioxidsnål ekonomi. De studerade bioresurserna i denna avhandling är kommunalt bioavfall och skogsindustrins restprodukter (d.v.s. sågspån, svartlut, råtallolja och fiberavfall från massa- och pappersindustrin). Studien fokuserar på tre system: i) Bioavfall till biogas för transport, ii) Bioavfall och sågspån till vätgas, och iii) Skogsindustrins restprodukter till flytande biobränslen för transporter. De politiska styrmedlen för biodrivmedel i Sverige har visat sig vara effektiva för att införa alternativa drivmedel, särskilt i storstäder eller tätorter. Resultaten av värdekedjeanalysen från bioavfall till biogas visar att utvecklingen i Gävleborgsregionen stagnerat i hela värdekedjan jämfört med riksgenomsnittet. Denna stagnation tillskrivs främst lokala geodemografiska faktorer. De identifierade lokala faktorer som hämmar utvecklingen är brist på regional politisk samsyn om biogas som drivmedel, bristande nätverk och kommunikation mellan regionala aktörer och intressenter samt otillräcklig kunskap hos intressenterna om biogaspotentialen och dess socioekonomiska konsekvenser. Den miljömässiga och ekonomiska bedömningen av vätgasproduktion från bioavfall och sågspån utförs ur ett livscykelperspektiv med hjälp av SimaPro LCA-programvara och CML-IA, 2001 konsekvensbedömningsmetod. Den ekonomiska analysen inkluderar kapital- och driftsutgifter och intäktsgenerering, samt kostnad för miljöpåverkan under livscykeln. Resultaten visar att vätgasproduktion från bioavfall har högre potentiellt bidrag till global uppvärmning, bildning av fotokemiska oxidanter och sötvattenövergödning än sågspån. Medan omvandling av bioavfall till väte presterar mycket bättre vad gäller potential för ozonnedbrytning, terrestrisk ekotoxicitet, abiotisk utarmning - fossil, abiotisk utarmning, mänsklig toxicitet och sötvattenekotoxicitet. Fossil energitillförsel i biogas och pyrolysoljereformering, utsläpp från rötrestbehandling, lagring och användning som biogödsel är de viktigaste bidragande processerna till den totala miljöpåverkan från omvandling av bioavfall och sågspån till väte. Känslighetsanalysen av LCA-resultaten indikerar att förhållandet mellan råmaterial och biogas/pyrolys-olja och typen av energikälla för reformeringsprocessen kan påverka resultaten avsevärt, särskilt potential för klimatförändringar, abiotisk utarmning och mänsklig toxicitet.   Livscykelkostnadsanalysen (LCC) visar att produktionen av vätgas från bioavfall ger en lägre kostnad jämfört med sågspån. Denna betydande kostnadsminskning för bioavfall kan hänföras till lägre rörliga driftskostnader (OPEX), främst på grund av priset på själva bioavfallet. När det gäller sågspån bidrar råvaran med den högsta andelen (54 %) till systemets OPEX, vilket indikerar att variabeln OPEX är mycket känslig för sågspånspriser. Dessutom var kapitalinvesteringen som krävdes för bioavfallet 50% lägre, vilket ytterligare bidrar till den lägre totala livscykelkostnaden jämfört med sågspånsfallet. Resultaten från studien av skogsindustrins rester till flytande drivmedels teknikutveckling och utnyttjande av geografisk närhet mellan systemkomponenterna indikerar att de geografiska närhetväsentligt kan påverka systemets strukturella tillväxt, utvecklingsbana och -takt. En anpassad version av ramverket för teknologiska innovationssystem (TIS) operationaliserades med fokus på utnyttjande av geografisk närhet mellan systemkomponenter för teknikutveckling och spridning. Metoden för datainsamling involverade dokumentanalys och intervjuer med delsystemaktörer. Studien fann att utvecklingen av systemet hämmas av konkurrens mellan tekniker och lågt utnyttjande av geografisk närhet mellan systemkomponenter, vilket delvis berodde på bristandenätverk bland delsystemaktörer och den nationella TIS-strukturen.  Bioresurser i Gävleborg finns i betydande mängder, särskilt bioavfall från jordbruks- och livsmedelsindustrin och från hushållen, samt biomassa från skogsindustrin, som har potential att utnyttjas för drivmedelsproduktion. Utvecklingen av deras användning för att driva transporter i Gävleborg har dock försenats jämfört med flera andra regioner i Sverige. När det gäller teknikutvecklingen för drivmedel från skogsindustrins restprodukter har utnyttjandet av geografisk närhet mellan artefakter och institutioner spelat en avgörande roll. Framstegen har dock delvis hindrats av rivalitet mellan tekniker och underutnyttjande av aktörernas och branschnätverkens geografiska närhet.   Baserat på dessa forskningsresultat ges rekommendationer för att stödja politik och strategier som syftar till att öka utnyttjandet av lokala bioresurser för transportbränslen på ett hållbart och kostnadseffektivt sätt med ökad lokal nytta. Studien rekommenderar till exempel att man tar itu med de identifierade lokala politiska, kommunikations- och nätverksfrågorna, och samtidigt verkar för att integrera de regionala geodemografiska förhållandena i den nationella biobränslepolitiken. Genom att adressera identifierade utmaningar kan Gävleborgsregionen övervinna stagnationen i utvecklingen av tekniska system för bioresurser till drivmedel och utnyttja dess betydande potential. Denna avhandling tillför värdefulla insikter till litteraturen om hållbar omställning om miljö, ekonomi och innovationsprocessers geografi. Resultaten belyser behovet av politiska insatser för att främja samarbete, samordning och kunskapsdelning mellan intressenter, samt stöd för utveckling och kommersialisering av ny teknik, inklusive skogsbaserad drivmedelsteknik. Analysen av kostnader och miljöpåverkan för bioresursutnyttjande för vätgasproduktion ger insikter i de potentiella avvägningarna och fördelarna för olika råvaror och påverkanskategorier. Studien ger viktig input för policy- och strategiutveckling mot en mer hållbar och kostnadseffektiv användning av lokala bioresurser för drivmedelsproduktion i Gävleborg. Denna studie kan också utgöra en värdefull referens för forskare, beslutsfattare och intressenter som är intresserade av hållbart utnyttjande av förnybara resurser för biobränsleproduktion, vilket bidrar till kunskapsutvecklingen inom detta kritiska område.

The study was conducted to establish what effect life cycle cost forecasting accuracy has on project valuations with special reference to a global mining organisation’s coal business unit in South Africa. The research stemmed from the fact that the organisation identified through its own research in 2009 that its capital projects rarely met the originally budgeted life cycle cost forecasts estimated during the project development stages. These forecasts were generally found to be underestimated. Overrunning of cost budgets in project management terms results in project failure. The study employed two main empirical research sections. The first section took a case study approach where past implemented project results were collated and analysed. The main aim was to determine how close to reality the original life cycle cost estimates were, and secondly how any variances to the originally budgeted costs impacted on the anticipated project value post implementation. Secondly, the study employed in-depth interviews with seven project specialists within the organisation that were also involved in the development stages of the investigated projects. The study concluded that life cycle cost forecasts are very important project business case inputs and that the necessary time and effort should go into developing them so as to ensure that they are as comprehensive and accurate as possible. The sensitivity analysis that was conducted revealed that a coal mining project business case is the second most sensitive to variations in life cycle costs after variations in commodity price. The results indicated that a 20% increase in life cycle costs can destroy an equivalent project value of up to 100%. Accurate life cycle cost forecasting is therefore essential in order to estimate to a certain degree of accuracy the value of a project which in turn will be used to inform capital investment decision making. / MBA, North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, 2014

The study was conducted to establish what effect life cycle cost forecasting accuracy has on project valuations with special reference to a global mining organisation’s coal business unit in South Africa. The research stemmed from the fact that the organisation identified through its own research in 2009 that its capital projects rarely met the originally budgeted life cycle cost forecasts estimated during the project development stages. These forecasts were generally found to be underestimated. Overrunning of cost budgets in project management terms results in project failure. The study employed two main empirical research sections. The first section took a case study approach where past implemented project results were collated and analysed. The main aim was to determine how close to reality the original life cycle cost estimates were, and secondly how any variances to the originally budgeted costs impacted on the anticipated project value post implementation. Secondly, the study employed in-depth interviews with seven project specialists within the organisation that were also involved in the development stages of the investigated projects. The study concluded that life cycle cost forecasts are very important project business case inputs and that the necessary time and effort should go into developing them so as to ensure that they are as comprehensive and accurate as possible. The sensitivity analysis that was conducted revealed that a coal mining project business case is the second most sensitive to variations in life cycle costs after variations in commodity price. The results indicated that a 20% increase in life cycle costs can destroy an equivalent project value of up to 100%. Accurate life cycle cost forecasting is therefore essential in order to estimate to a certain degree of accuracy the value of a project which in turn will be used to inform capital investment decision making. / MBA, North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, 2014

I Sverige finns det cirka 4,5 miljoner bostäder och den siffran stiger i lika snabb takt med den ökande befolkningen. Riksdagen har beslutat att energianvändningen ska minska i två etapper utifrån EU:s direktiv att uppnå så kallade näranollenergibyggnader.Här beskrivs vilka parametrar som utgör en byggnads energiprestanda och hur man sänker energianvändningen i bostäder genom VVS-projektering. Framförallt hur man kan nå detta utifrån den ekonomiska aspekten. Vilka regler och krav måste följas för att inte påverka människans hälsa.Projektet innefattar teoretiska sammanställningar av VVS komponenter som är grunden till genomförandet. Den tänkta bostaden byggdes upp och simulerades i simuleringsprogrammet IDA ICE för att plocka fram viktig information till VVS-projekteringen.Resultatet visar att en bergvärmepump är en fördelaktig värmekälla ekonomiskt men framförallt energimässigt. Ventilationssystemet klarade att upprätthålla ett gott inomhusklimat utan att bryta mot några föreskrifter.

Thesis (MScEng (Department of Electrical Engineering))--University of Cape Town, 2008. / Energy drives technological societies. Developing countries such as South Africa are caught between the desperate need for economic growth and the emerging obligations to the environment. Efficient technologies can be used to mitigate the impact of these seemingly conflicting requirements in urban and rural environments. In this thesis the commercially available white light-emitting diode (LED) with its inherent efficiency, longevity and mechanical strength, is used to show, that success in energy efficiency can be obtained. Two cases are used to illustrate the need for efficient demand-side technology: the electricity shortages of the Western Cape Province in South Africa and a white LED pilot project in Namulonge, Uganda. The Namulonge Solar-Home System (SHS) is analyzed with the intention of creating a more acceptable general lighting solution. The concept of appropriateness through self-determination is discussed within the context of location-specific information integrated into a design procedure. The major thrust and contribution of this thesis, however, is the design of an interior luminaire for Golden Arrow Bus Services (GABS). This is in part based on the hypothesis that application-specific information will lead to implementation and human-needs success, and is researched, designed, fabricated and then laboratory tested. The biggest challenge to be overcome was the spatial light distribution of the LED array. Thus non-imaging optical lens design became the main focus of this project as it held the key to utilizing available light while conserving the light-systems energy. Circular Fresnel and Linear Fresnel (an adaptation of the concentric design) lenses were designed. Electrical, mechanical and thermal aspects of design are also detailed. Far-field, horizontal plane detection over the specified area is used to best gain the uniformity of distribution. The four criteria namely luminance, illuminance, intensity and étendue (collection efficiency), against which each design and focal length iv configuration is compared to, are extensively explored and eventually lead to a final design. In the first designs, the area of the spatial distribution between 50% and 80% of its relative intensity is collimated. The Hybrid Circular Fresnel and Hybrid Linear Fresnel lenses now redirects the relative intensity in two areas, from 50% to 70% (creating parallel rays) and then from 70% to 100% (away from the central axis), renders a distinct difference is spatial uniformity and a reduction in the peak and offaxis located intensity. All four criteria are met, with a minor adjustment of configuration within the bus internal luminaire spacing, with the hybrid designs. It is proposed that GABS employ polished designs of the Hybrid Circular Fresnel, in any of the configurations, which have collection efficiencies ranging between 64.8% and 78.3%. / Sponsored by the Centre for Renewable and Sustainable Energy Studies, Stellenbosch University

<p>Electrical production in Sweden today is mainly from nuclear and hydro power. However, there is large increase in renewable energy like wind power and the installed new capacity goals are large. Several electrical production sources are important for the sustainability of the energy system. Maintenance is an approach for keeping a system sustainable. The importance of structured maintenance for reliable electrical production systems triggers the development of qualitative and quantitative maintenance management methods. Examples of these methods are Reliability-Centered Maintenance (RCM) which is a structured qualitative approach that focuses on reliability when planning maintenance, and Reliability Centered Asset Management (RCAM) which is a development of RCM into a quantitative approach with the aim to relate preventive maintenance to total maintenance cost and system reliability.</p><p>This thesis presents models, as applications of RCAM, based on the methods of Life Cycle Cost (LCC) and mathematical optimization, applied to wind and nuclear power plants. Both deterministic and stochastic approaches have been used and the proposed models are based on the <em>Total Cost</em> model, which summarizes costs for maintenance and production loss, and the <em>Aircraft </em>model, which is an opportunistic maintenance optimization model. Opportunistic maintenance is preventive maintenance performed at opportunities. The wind power applications in this study show on different ways to cover costs of condition monitoring systems (CMS) and further on economic benefits of these when uncertainties of times to failure are included in the model. The nuclear power applications show on that the optimization model is dependent on the discount rate and that a high discount rate gives more motivation for opportunistic replacements. When put into a stochastic framework and compared to other maintenance strategies it is shown that an extended opportunistic maintenance optimization model has a good overall performance, and that it, for high values of the constant cost of performing maintenance, is preferable to perform opportunistic maintenance. The proposed models, applied to wind and nuclear power plants, could be extended and adapted to fit other components and systems.</p> / Reliability and cost centered maintenance methods