À la base de ce travail se trouve la problématique de la place et du rôle de la religion dans l'espace public des sociétés occidentales contemporaines. Son but est de dégager des propositions qui permettront d'adapter le politique, c'est-à-dire les institutions publiques et le comportement des citoyens, à la pluralité des doctrines englobantes et des conceptions du bien qui caractérise le monde d'aujourd'hui. Et cela, tout en honorant l'ensemble des valeurs et des principes libéraux et démocratiques, à commencer par l'égalité fondamentale entre les personnes et la liberté de conscience et de religion. L'objectif général est donc de définir le sens et la forme de cette composante essentielle de toute démocratie libérale qu'est la laïcité. Étant donné sa nature normative, ce problème est abordé sous l'angle des théories normatives en philosophie morale et politique contemporaine. Il s'agit de dégager et d'analyser la conceptualisation de la laïcité présente dans l'œuvre du philosophe allemand Jürgen Habermas (1929-), plus précisément d'extraire de sa théorie de la religion et de sa théorie politique les principes constitutifs de la laïcité. Cela comprend en outre la détermination des conditions et des moyens de leur application. La religion pouvant s'insérer dans l'espace public selon deux modalités, le problème central de cette recherche se divise en deux questions. La première est celle de la mobilisation des ressources normatives de la religion pour l'orientation de la vie collective ; la seconde celle de la reconnaissance des particularismes religieux. Elle consiste donc à expliquer les réponses que leur apporte, directement ou indirectement, Habermas, de même qu'à vérifier leur force, leur validité et leur cohérence. Pour ce faire, est mise à contribution l'analyse des propositions d'autres penseurs de la religion, du social et du politique. Les propos de Habermas sont particulièrement mis en parallèle avec ceux de deux grands représentants du libéralisme politique contemporain, John Rawls et Will Kymlicka, et de Charles Taylor, un éminent représentant du communautarisme. Ce travail se divise donc en trois grandes parties. La première porte sur le concept de religion chez Habermas. Y est étudié le tournant qu'a connu la pensée habermassienne sur la religion au cours des deux dernières décennies, lequel consiste en une valorisation du potentiel sémantico-normatif de la religion en modernité. La seconde concerne l'articulation de la religion avec la raison publique. La troisième a trait à l'aménagement politique de la diversité religieuse. ______________________________________________________________________________ MOTS-CLÉS DE L’AUTEUR : citoyenneté, démocratie, démocratie délibérative, espace public, laïcité, libéralisme politique, multiculturalisme, raison publique, religion, Habermas, Kymlicka, Rawls, Taylor

L’accommodement raisonnable, perçu de manière erronée comme un outil octroyant des privilèges particuliers aux communautés ethno religieuses, fût la source d’une atmosphère de malaise social au sein de la communauté québécoise. Face à une immigration récente non occidentale, ayant fortement contribué à la modification du paysage sociétal québécois, un désarroi populaire transformé en « la crise des accommodements » (2006-2007), s’est emparée soudainement d’une partie de la population canadienne – française. Plusieurs questions fondamentales relatives au droit à l’égalité se posent : comment préserver l’identité québécoise si chacun veut faire valoir sa propre culture et religion ? Mais aussi, n’avons-nous pas lutté pour que les droits fondamentaux soient assurés pour tous ? Ce mémoire montre que l’accommodement raisonnable, loin de privilégier les minorités religieuses, est un moyen juridique permettant à tous les citoyens d’accéder à l’égalité et de vivre sans subir de discrimination. La liberté de religion faisant partie des droits fondamentaux garantis par les chartes canadienne et québécoise, doit être protégée en tant que telle. L’accommodement raisonnable révèle une autre dimension de sa fonction : une contribution fondamentale à la réflexion collective sur le vivre - ensemble social, vecteur de l’évolution sociétale. Un équilibre peut être atteint entre les exigences d’un État neutre et le respect des libertés individuelles fondamentales. Ainsi, les choix de la laïcité ouverte et de l’interculturalisme s’inscrivent harmonieusement dans l’esprit des autres valeurs de la société québécoise, laquelle est marquée de part son histoire par des valeurs laïques respectueuses de la diversité culturelle et religieuse. / The concept of reasonable accommodation, erroneously perceived as a means for ethnic and religious minorities to enjoy special privileges, has plunged Quebec society in social unrest. Indeed, recent years non-western-based immigration contributed to changing Quebec society ethnic mix, leading to important social concerns by Quebecers of French Canadian descent and ultimately to the “accommodations crisis” (2006-2007). Such social crisis raises numerous questions: How can we live together with a common identity when each one of us defends his/her religion? And also: have we not fought for those rights to be guaranteed for every person? Far from privileging minority groups, reasonable accommodations are a flexible judicial tool allowing all citizens access to equality and protection against discrimination. As religion is only one of several motives for discrimination, it is erroneous to believe that reasonable accommodations solely concern religious and cultural matter. Nonetheless, religious freedom, a fundamental right guaranteed by the Canada and Quebec charters, should be protected as such. Reasonable accommodations reveal another benefit: they are a key contribution to collective thinking regarding social coexistence and living together, a means to manage Quebec’s pluralism and to facilitate minority integration. But how to accommodate religious minorities while preserving Quebec’s identity, characterized by secular values? Our analysis shows that a balance between neutral state requirements and fundamental individual rights can be reached. Specifically, Quebec’s open secularity and interculturalism, are choices harmoniously blended in other social values: they call for the integration of cultural minorities into society through a common set of cultural values.

Dans ce mémoire, l’auteur part d’un constat : deux commissions sont lancées au Québec et en France dans des contextes similaires d’intense débat social autour de la question de la laïcité. Même si la commission française réserve le rôle principal au concept de laïcité et que la commission québécoise l’examine parmi d’autres concepts, il est évident que la polémique québécoise des accommodements raisonnables en matière sociale et religieuse fait écho au débat du voile en France, les trames de lancement des commissions, une comparaison des concepts de laïcité est ainsi pertinente. Des modèles différents de laïcité des commissions mises en parallèle : une laïcité ouverte mettant davantage l’accent sur la liberté de conscience et permettant le port de signes religieux pour le Rapport Bouchard-Taylor et une laïcité ferme mettant en équilibre la liberté de conscience et l’égalité de traitement avec une nécessité de respect de l’ordre et de la neutralité d’un espace public, alors que le port d’objet religieux ostensibles est exclu de l’école publique pour le Rapport Stasi. Les trajectoires historiques menant à ces commissions permettent de dégager l’importance de moments clés dans la formation de la laïcité : les révolutions, l’installation des idéologies étatiques et l’institutionnalisation par le droit et l’éducation. Ces charnières par leur spécificité nationale contribuent à façonner les laïcités québécoise et française. / The author of this thesis examines two cases, Quebec and France, in which similar issues and debates have propelled state commissions about laïcité. The concept of laïcité, otherwise known as secularism, is the main focus of the Stasi Commission in France and an important one in the Bouchard-Taylor Commission in Quebec. The concept of laïcité is analysed differently in both commission reports. The Bouchard-Taylor report puts forward the concept of « laïcité ouverte » (open secularism) which mainly insists on the promotion of freedom of conscience and allows individuals to wear religious objects. The Stasi Report chooses a firm conception of laïcité which balances freedom of conscience and equality with social order imperatives, putting forward a neutral public space in which public schools should not allow individuals to wear ostensibly visible religious objects. Key moments like revolutions, the installation of state ideologies and the institutionalization of laïcité in the fields of law and education, help us to understand the historical trajectories that have led to the respective apprehensions of secularism. Specific national settings are responsible for the differences in the processes of construction of French and Quebec secularisms.

This thesis presents a study of the institutions, forms and manifestations of secularism, or 'laïcité', in France, in the context of a series of events which came to be called the 'affaire du foulard'. The first incidents in the affaire took place in September 1989 with the expulsion of three primary schoolgirls in Creil, in the north of France, who were insisting on wearing the Islamic headscarf (known in French as the 'foulard') to school. Their actions were deemed contrary to the fundamental Republican principle of secularism in public schools, and the events were reported in several newspapers, before becoming a national controversy in media around the country. In this case, however, it was difficult to know how to interpret and apply laïcité in the context of a modern public school in the French Republic. The principle of secularism, or laïcité, is a central tenet of French public policy, and public education in particular. Laïcité also represents a set of social and cultural values which have profound historical resonances for many French people. At the same time, the public schools were unsure of how to negotiate their students’ freedom of religious expression, which, according to historical and legislative texts, is protected and upheld by the concept of laïcité, while also ensuring that the principle of laïcité was maintained. In a bid to resolve the uncertainty, France’s highest administrative court, the Conseil d’État, handed down a legal opinion in November 1989 in which it stated that the wearing of religious signs in public schools was not by itself incompatible with laïcité in France, although the religious signs could be prohibited in certain circumstances. In addition, various ministerial circulars were issued by successive Education Ministers between 1989 and 1994 to advise schools on how the law was to be interpreted and applied in this matter. One of the circulars, issued in 1994 by François Bayrou, encouraged schools to prohibit the wearing of the foulard and to apply strict penalties if Muslim girls continued to wear it. These measures resulted in an increase in the number of Muslim schoolgirls expelled for wearing the foulard, as well as in the numbers of public protests against the expulsions and the circular itself. Some of the schoolgirls and their families appealed against the expulsion decisions, and their cases appeared before France’s administrative courts over the years between 1992 and 1997. My thesis examines the key legal and administrative texts in the affaire du foulard, including the Conseil d’État’s 1989 legal opinion and the ministerial circulars, noting the legal implications of successive circulars and the shifts in government policy which they represented. In addition, my thesis analyses the transcripts of many of the legal judgements in the “headscarf” legal cases. These judgements were important not only in deciding the future education of the schoolgirls, but also in clarifying the 1989 opinion. They established a consistent set of principles to define the circumstances in which wearing religious signs such as the foulard was considered compatible or not with laïcité in public schools. The results of this analysis indicate that, contrary to popular opinion in relation to the affaire du foulard, the majority of cases were decided in the Muslim girls’ favour and upheld their right to wear a religious sign such as the Islamic headscarf at school. Recently, however, the legal regime in France governing the wearing of religious signs has changed. In early 2004, a new law on secularism was passed by the French Parliament to prohibit the wearing of the foulard (and indeed all visible religious signs) in public schools. The law has been welcomed by many sectors of the French community, but has also provoked extensive public protests. The passage of the new law does not alter either the analytical work or the conclusions of this thesis. Rather, the thesis offers an insight into the background of the affaire du foulard and thus a more informed appreciation of the potential legal and social consequences of the 2004 law in future years. The principal aim of this thesis is to provide a careful account of the institutions and operation of the principle of secularism, or laïcité, in France. My research also explains some of the complexities of the legislative regime established by the Conseil d’État and the administrative courts, who worked to balance priorities of freedom of religion and laïcité as well as to protect the education of many expelled Muslim schoolgirls, and in so doing, my thesis highlights the complexity of the principle of laïcité itself.

This thesis presents a study of the institutions, forms and manifestations of secularism, or 'laïcité', in France, in the context of a series of events which came to be called the 'affaire du foulard'. The first incidents in the affaire took place in September 1989 with the expulsion of three primary schoolgirls in Creil, in the north of France, who were insisting on wearing the Islamic headscarf (known in French as the 'foulard') to school. Their actions were deemed contrary to the fundamental Republican principle of secularism in public schools, and the events were reported in several newspapers, before becoming a national controversy in media around the country. In this case, however, it was difficult to know how to interpret and apply laïcité in the context of a modern public school in the French Republic. The principle of secularism, or laïcité, is a central tenet of French public policy, and public education in particular. Laïcité also represents a set of social and cultural values which have profound historical resonances for many French people. At the same time, the public schools were unsure of how to negotiate their students’ freedom of religious expression, which, according to historical and legislative texts, is protected and upheld by the concept of laïcité, while also ensuring that the principle of laïcité was maintained. In a bid to resolve the uncertainty, France’s highest administrative court, the Conseil d’État, handed down a legal opinion in November 1989 in which it stated that the wearing of religious signs in public schools was not by itself incompatible with laïcité in France, although the religious signs could be prohibited in certain circumstances. In addition, various ministerial circulars were issued by successive Education Ministers between 1989 and 1994 to advise schools on how the law was to be interpreted and applied in this matter. One of the circulars, issued in 1994 by François Bayrou, encouraged schools to prohibit the wearing of the foulard and to apply strict penalties if Muslim girls continued to wear it. These measures resulted in an increase in the number of Muslim schoolgirls expelled for wearing the foulard, as well as in the numbers of public protests against the expulsions and the circular itself. Some of the schoolgirls and their families appealed against the expulsion decisions, and their cases appeared before France’s administrative courts over the years between 1992 and 1997. My thesis examines the key legal and administrative texts in the affaire du foulard, including the Conseil d’État’s 1989 legal opinion and the ministerial circulars, noting the legal implications of successive circulars and the shifts in government policy which they represented. In addition, my thesis analyses the transcripts of many of the legal judgements in the “headscarf” legal cases. These judgements were important not only in deciding the future education of the schoolgirls, but also in clarifying the 1989 opinion. They established a consistent set of principles to define the circumstances in which wearing religious signs such as the foulard was considered compatible or not with laïcité in public schools. The results of this analysis indicate that, contrary to popular opinion in relation to the affaire du foulard, the majority of cases were decided in the Muslim girls’ favour and upheld their right to wear a religious sign such as the Islamic headscarf at school. Recently, however, the legal regime in France governing the wearing of religious signs has changed. In early 2004, a new law on secularism was passed by the French Parliament to prohibit the wearing of the foulard (and indeed all visible religious signs) in public schools. The law has been welcomed by many sectors of the French community, but has also provoked extensive public protests. The passage of the new law does not alter either the analytical work or the conclusions of this thesis. Rather, the thesis offers an insight into the background of the affaire du foulard and thus a more informed appreciation of the potential legal and social consequences of the 2004 law in future years. The principal aim of this thesis is to provide a careful account of the institutions and operation of the principle of secularism, or laïcité, in France. My research also explains some of the complexities of the legislative regime established by the Conseil d’État and the administrative courts, who worked to balance priorities of freedom of religion and laïcité as well as to protect the education of many expelled Muslim schoolgirls, and in so doing, my thesis highlights the complexity of the principle of laïcité itself.

This thesis presents a study of the institutions, forms and manifestations of secularism, or 'laïcité', in France, in the context of a series of events which came to be called the 'affaire du foulard'. The first incidents in the affaire took place in September 1989 with the expulsion of three primary schoolgirls in Creil, in the north of France, who were insisting on wearing the Islamic headscarf (known in French as the 'foulard') to school. Their actions were deemed contrary to the fundamental Republican principle of secularism in public schools, and the events were reported in several newspapers, before becoming a national controversy in media around the country. In this case, however, it was difficult to know how to interpret and apply laïcité in the context of a modern public school in the French Republic. The principle of secularism, or laïcité, is a central tenet of French public policy, and public education in particular. Laïcité also represents a set of social and cultural values which have profound historical resonances for many French people. At the same time, the public schools were unsure of how to negotiate their students’ freedom of religious expression, which, according to historical and legislative texts, is protected and upheld by the concept of laïcité, while also ensuring that the principle of laïcité was maintained. In a bid to resolve the uncertainty, France’s highest administrative court, the Conseil d’État, handed down a legal opinion in November 1989 in which it stated that the wearing of religious signs in public schools was not by itself incompatible with laïcité in France, although the religious signs could be prohibited in certain circumstances. In addition, various ministerial circulars were issued by successive Education Ministers between 1989 and 1994 to advise schools on how the law was to be interpreted and applied in this matter. One of the circulars, issued in 1994 by François Bayrou, encouraged schools to prohibit the wearing of the foulard and to apply strict penalties if Muslim girls continued to wear it. These measures resulted in an increase in the number of Muslim schoolgirls expelled for wearing the foulard, as well as in the numbers of public protests against the expulsions and the circular itself. Some of the schoolgirls and their families appealed against the expulsion decisions, and their cases appeared before France’s administrative courts over the years between 1992 and 1997. My thesis examines the key legal and administrative texts in the affaire du foulard, including the Conseil d’État’s 1989 legal opinion and the ministerial circulars, noting the legal implications of successive circulars and the shifts in government policy which they represented. In addition, my thesis analyses the transcripts of many of the legal judgements in the “headscarf” legal cases. These judgements were important not only in deciding the future education of the schoolgirls, but also in clarifying the 1989 opinion. They established a consistent set of principles to define the circumstances in which wearing religious signs such as the foulard was considered compatible or not with laïcité in public schools. The results of this analysis indicate that, contrary to popular opinion in relation to the affaire du foulard, the majority of cases were decided in the Muslim girls’ favour and upheld their right to wear a religious sign such as the Islamic headscarf at school. Recently, however, the legal regime in France governing the wearing of religious signs has changed. In early 2004, a new law on secularism was passed by the French Parliament to prohibit the wearing of the foulard (and indeed all visible religious signs) in public schools. The law has been welcomed by many sectors of the French community, but has also provoked extensive public protests. The passage of the new law does not alter either the analytical work or the conclusions of this thesis. Rather, the thesis offers an insight into the background of the affaire du foulard and thus a more informed appreciation of the potential legal and social consequences of the 2004 law in future years. The principal aim of this thesis is to provide a careful account of the institutions and operation of the principle of secularism, or laïcité, in France. My research also explains some of the complexities of the legislative regime established by the Conseil d’État and the administrative courts, who worked to balance priorities of freedom of religion and laïcité as well as to protect the education of many expelled Muslim schoolgirls, and in so doing, my thesis highlights the complexity of the principle of laïcité itself.

This thesis presents a study of the institutions, forms and manifestations of secularism, or 'laïcité', in France, in the context of a series of events which came to be called the 'affaire du foulard'. The first incidents in the affaire took place in September 1989 with the expulsion of three primary schoolgirls in Creil, in the north of France, who were insisting on wearing the Islamic headscarf (known in French as the 'foulard') to school. Their actions were deemed contrary to the fundamental Republican principle of secularism in public schools, and the events were reported in several newspapers, before becoming a national controversy in media around the country. In this case, however, it was difficult to know how to interpret and apply laïcité in the context of a modern public school in the French Republic. The principle of secularism, or laïcité, is a central tenet of French public policy, and public education in particular. Laïcité also represents a set of social and cultural values which have profound historical resonances for many French people. At the same time, the public schools were unsure of how to negotiate their students’ freedom of religious expression, which, according to historical and legislative texts, is protected and upheld by the concept of laïcité, while also ensuring that the principle of laïcité was maintained. In a bid to resolve the uncertainty, France’s highest administrative court, the Conseil d’État, handed down a legal opinion in November 1989 in which it stated that the wearing of religious signs in public schools was not by itself incompatible with laïcité in France, although the religious signs could be prohibited in certain circumstances. In addition, various ministerial circulars were issued by successive Education Ministers between 1989 and 1994 to advise schools on how the law was to be interpreted and applied in this matter. One of the circulars, issued in 1994 by François Bayrou, encouraged schools to prohibit the wearing of the foulard and to apply strict penalties if Muslim girls continued to wear it. These measures resulted in an increase in the number of Muslim schoolgirls expelled for wearing the foulard, as well as in the numbers of public protests against the expulsions and the circular itself. Some of the schoolgirls and their families appealed against the expulsion decisions, and their cases appeared before France’s administrative courts over the years between 1992 and 1997. My thesis examines the key legal and administrative texts in the affaire du foulard, including the Conseil d’État’s 1989 legal opinion and the ministerial circulars, noting the legal implications of successive circulars and the shifts in government policy which they represented. In addition, my thesis analyses the transcripts of many of the legal judgements in the “headscarf” legal cases. These judgements were important not only in deciding the future education of the schoolgirls, but also in clarifying the 1989 opinion. They established a consistent set of principles to define the circumstances in which wearing religious signs such as the foulard was considered compatible or not with laïcité in public schools. The results of this analysis indicate that, contrary to popular opinion in relation to the affaire du foulard, the majority of cases were decided in the Muslim girls’ favour and upheld their right to wear a religious sign such as the Islamic headscarf at school. Recently, however, the legal regime in France governing the wearing of religious signs has changed. In early 2004, a new law on secularism was passed by the French Parliament to prohibit the wearing of the foulard (and indeed all visible religious signs) in public schools. The law has been welcomed by many sectors of the French community, but has also provoked extensive public protests. The passage of the new law does not alter either the analytical work or the conclusions of this thesis. Rather, the thesis offers an insight into the background of the affaire du foulard and thus a more informed appreciation of the potential legal and social consequences of the 2004 law in future years. The principal aim of this thesis is to provide a careful account of the institutions and operation of the principle of secularism, or laïcité, in France. My research also explains some of the complexities of the legislative regime established by the Conseil d’État and the administrative courts, who worked to balance priorities of freedom of religion and laïcité as well as to protect the education of many expelled Muslim schoolgirls, and in so doing, my thesis highlights the complexity of the principle of laïcité itself.

Comment la catégorie «judéo-chrétienne», née dans l'exégèse allemande du début du XIXe siècle, a pu progressivement définir une morale, une tradition et même une «civilisation» dite «occidentale» dans l'entre-deux-guerres en Europe et aux États-Unis ? Nous tâchons de montrer que ces différentes notions sont issues d'un processus complexe de redéfinition des religions juive et chrétienne par l'État-nation, tout particulièrement au sein des nations française et américaine qui ont séparé les Églises de l'État et émancipé, pour la première fois, les juifs sur leurs continents respectifs. La morale ou la tradition judéo-chrétiennes ne sont pas forgées en réaction à un antisémitisme nazi qui nie la judéité de Jésus ou à un communisme soviétique qui se veut athée. Elles ne sont pas non plus le seul témoignage d'une réévaluation des sources juives du christianisme confinée au champ de la critique biblique. La catégorie « judéo-chrétien » signifie davantage que le terme d'«hébraïsme» ou que l'idée d'une tradition «juive et chrétienne». Le trait d'union renvoie, en France, à la construction d'une égalité institutionnelle entre le culte juif et les cultes chrétiens au regard de l'État et aux processus intellectuels et socioculturels qui l'accompagnent : la filiation entre judaïsme et christianisme antiques est redécouverte sous un prisme particulier qui vient rattacher les communautés religieuses aux valeurs de la France républicaine. L'histoire de la tradition judéo-chrétienne ouvre alors une perspective nouvelle sur la construction de la laïcité française et le processus de sécularisation sur les deux rives de l'Atlantique. / How has the category “Judeo-Christian”, born in the Protestant exegesis in 19th century Germany, been able to gradually define a tradition, and even a civilization called "western" during the interwar period in Europe and the United States? We try to show that these different notions are derived from a complex process of a redefinition of the Jewish and Christian religions by the Nation-State, particularly the French and American nations which have separated Church and State and emancipated Jews on both continents for the first time. The Judeo-Christian tradition has neither been forged out of a reaction to Nazi anti-Semitism which denies Jesus' Jewishness nor soviet atheistic communism. They are neither the only result of a re-evaluation of the Jewish sources of Christianity limited to the field of biblical criticism. "Judeo-Christian" means much more than the term “Hebraic” or the idea of a “Jewish and Christian tradition”. In France, this hyphenation refers to the construction of an institutional equality between the Synagogue and Christian churches and to intellectual and sociocultural processes that accompany them: the connection between antique Judaism and Christianity is rediscovered under a particular prism that reattaches both religious communities to the republican values of the French state. The history of the Judeo-Christian tradition therefore opens a new perspective on the construction of French secularism and the secularization process on both sides of the Atlantic.

No description available.

La place de la religion dans les systèmes constitutionnels égyptien et koweïtien a connu des bouleversements au fil du temps. D’abord peu présente en Égypte dans la Constitution, elle a progressivement gagné sa place, notamment avec la montée des extrémismes religieux au pouvoir, avant de perdre de sa force. Au Koweït, la religion a toujours eu une place prédominante dans le système constitutionnel et la vie politique et civile s’en ressent. Cette place prédominante de la religion dans le système constitutionnel laisse peu de place à une vision moderniste de la législation. Les juridictions des deux États en question ont un rôle important dans l’interprétation des lois faisant référence à la religion. En Égypte, des mouvements populaires sont apparus pour contester la place imposante des extrémismes religieux dans le système constitutionnel et leur influence sur le système législatif. Au Koweït, ces mouvements ont tendu à une démocratisation du système. Dans les deux États, l’islam apparaît comme une norme face aux droits et libertés présents dans les constitutions. C’est une source principale pour la législation qui a connu plusieurs interprétations de la part des juridictions étatiques. L’objet de cette thèse est de démontrer que la place de la religion ampute le système constitutionnel et législatif de ces deux États de certaines libertés et impose une vision axée sur la religion. / The place of religion in the Egyptian and Kuwaiti constitutional order has been changing a lot within times. It had little presence in the Egyptian constitution at the beginning but soon, it earned its place, especially with the appearance of extremisms in power, before loosing power. In Kuwait, the religion always has had a major place in the constitutional system and in the political life. This predominant place has left few space for a modern view of legislation. Both Egyptian and Kuwaiti jurisdictions have an important role in the interpretation of laws giving reference to religion. In Egypt, grassroots movements rised against the leadership of religious extremisms in the constitutional order and against their influence on the regulation system. In Kuwait, these grassroots rised against the dictatorship and for democracy. In both states, Islam appears like a standard face to the rights and freedoms included in the constitutions. Islam is a source of law that has been interpreted by the state jurisdictions. The purpose of this thesis is to show that the place of religion takes from the constitutional and legal order of these two states a number of freedoms and establishes a religious vision.