Background: The stress in the society seems to having become more amplified and more trying. Statistics show that the appearance of stress related industrial diseases have increased strikingly. What can be stressing at the workplace? The work conditions are not the only thing that causes stress but no matter what the causes are employers have to restore the employees to their former positions. How are companies dealing with the problems of stress in reality? Do they have formulated strategies for how to manage the problems? Purpose: The purpose with this essay is to try to see pattern in how companies manage and treat stress and stress related industrial diseases. Realization: To distinguish patterns in the stress handling process, ten respondents from two case companies has been interviewed. The respondents are divided into three categories, which are employees that have been subjected to stress, those above them and trade-union colleagues. They have answered questions concerning stress and how their companies manage the stress problems that have occurred, with focus on goals and strategies, co-ordination forms and leadership. Results: Within each group of respondents, some patterns can be seen regarding how companies have managed stress. However, the apprehension of stress management differs from one group to the other why, generally, there is not possible to distinguish any uniform patterns in the stress management.

One of the challenges confronting cities innon-industrialised countries today is the fact that cities aregrowing at unprecedented rates, sizes and densities. Growthtrends in these cities are largely unregulated. In thesecountries, cities have changed in at least four major ways:their size, spatial organisation or morphology, the quality anddistribution of public services and infrastructure and theiremployment base. While this situation can be attributed toglobal urbanisation trends, the general poor knowledge on howthese cities develop, densify and acquire certain physicalcharacteristics has limited effective urban planning andmanagement. At times, the pervasive knowledge gap has beenassociated with the lack of relevant theories and concepts toexplain the evolution, growth and prevailing spatial qualities.However, the limited research in this field has alsocontributed to this problem. The other problem that confrontsthe rapidly urbanising city is continued sprawl that has beenmanifested in externalities of inadequate infrastructureprovision and under-utilisation of scarce resourcesparticularly land. This thesis is an attempt to contribute towards addressingthese two problem areas. The main field of study is on urbantypes within a rapidly urbanising city context. Dar es Salaamcity was selected a case study area. The study exploresthetheoretical framework for classification and analysis ofsettlements. The relevance of this framework in the studycontext is examined. At low scale level, the study provides ananalysis of house forms, density, plot characteristics, spacesand space uses in formal and informal settlements. The analysis shows that urbanisation under poverty andlow-density urban types greatly influence the sprawlingcharacter of the city. The increasing market-led housingdevelopment and ineffective planning responses are contributingfactors to the observed unguided densification anddeteriorating spatial qualities. It has also been shown thatwhile theoretical frameworks developed from most industrialisedcountries can be adapted to analyse urban types innon-industrialised countries, these theories are limited incomprehending fully the growth and character of rapidlyurbanising cities. <b>Key words:</b>Urban types, house forms, density, plotcharacteristics, spaces and space use, spatial quality, formaland informal settlements, Dar es Salaam.

The aim of this thesis was to describe and analyse principals´ views of collaboration forms, staff development and leadership, as critical internal capacities for school improvement, in five more successful and four less successful Swedish secondary schools, and compare the qualitative similarities and/or differences in the principals´ views at the level of schools. A successful school is understood to be a school where pupils accomplish both the academic objectives and the social/civic objectives in the National Curriculum. The empirical materials used were collected through semi-structured interviews with the principals and deputy principals, and through general school observations in the nine schools. The perspective of principals´ views was used as the unit for analysis, in order to reflect the principals´ way of thinking about the internal capacities, as principals´ views were expected to be an important indication of how principals act and interact with teachers in their specific context. To create such a model for analysis meant creating views, generated from empirical text, that deepened the understanding of the meaning of collaboration forms, staff development, and leadership, as critical internal capacities for school improvement. These views were then interpreted with the help of two theoretical concepts; structure and culture. The creation of the model made it possible to analyse and describe the school observations and the principals´ views of the three critical internal capacities, in the same usage. The question of what is decided helped to describe and understand the structure in a school, which in educational sociology is understood as the division of labour. The question of how the decisions are realised helped to describe and understand the culture in a school, the distribution of work. By using the theoretical concepts of structure and culture it was possible to unfold the power relations and the modes of control in the schools, regarding the three internal capacities for school improvement. One part of the result was the constructed view types for collaboration forms, staff development and leadership. It was possible to construct three qualitatively different view types: A principal distributed and team-based/involving view type, a principal distributed and teacher-based/traditional view type, and a politically distributed and principal-based view type. The last view type only appears in relation to staff development. When connecting the principals´ views of the three internal capacities in the different schools to the different view types, the results show that the ´team-based` view type dominates in all of the more successful schools, as well as in one of the less successful schools. In two of the less successful schools the ´team-based´ view type has become a vision for the principals to strive for in relation to the experienced reality of the ´teacher-based´ view type. The remaining less successful school is dominated by the ´teacher-based´ view type. Principals´ views of external collaboration forms, the connections with the world outside the school-house, are interesting, as all schools no matter the level of success, are ´teacher-based´.

Med den här uppsatsen vill jag belysa estetikämnenas roll och status i två grundskolor i en medelstor västsvensk stad. Jag vill även se i vilken mån de estetiska arbetsformerna praktiseras i skolornas vardag och i vilken mån lärarna anser sig ha nytta av styrdokumenten i detta arbete. För det här syftet har min metod blivit en enkätundersökning där pedagoger från de båda skolorna har fått besvara frågor kopplade till följande fyra estetiska arbetsformer: bild och form, drama, musik och dans. Resultaten redovisas utifrån tre kategorier: skola, ålder och yrkesgrupp. Vad som bland annat framkommit i undersökningen är att bilden är den arbetsform som tar upp mest tid och dansen den arbetsform som tar upp minst tid. Vidare ser man att skolorna planerar och förbereder estetiska arbetsformer mindre än 30 minuter i veckan eller inte alls samt undervisar generellt sett mindre än 60 minuter i veckan i dessa arbetsformer. Dessutom framgår det att pedagogerna anser sig ha endast viss eller mycket liten nytta av central och lokala styrdokument när de skall planera lektioner inom de estetiska arbetsformerna. / The aim of this composition is to enlighten the role and status of the artistic work forms in two compulsory schools in an average town in the western part of Sweden. I would also like to see to what degree the artistic work forms practises in the average school day. For this object, my method has become a questionnaire investigation where the educating staff from each school has answered questions connected to these four artistic work forms; art, drama, music and dance. The results is presented thru three categories; School, age and work category. A part that has been presented from the investigation is that the art form is the one that takes up most of the time and dance the one that takes least of the time. Furthermore can one see that the schools plans and prepare less then 30 minutes a week or no time at all and educate generally seen less then 60 minutes a week in artistic work forms. It also shows that the educators only have some or little use of the steering documents when they plan the lessons within the artistic work forms.

Författarna har genom studien funnit att faktorerna engagemang, tidigare internationell erfarenhet, systematiskt tillvägagångssätt, företagets storlek,nätverk och kunskap haft tydligast påverkan på de studerade svenska företagens internationalisering och framgång i Ryssland. Dessa framgångsfaktorer tycks även likna de faktorer som generellt framträder i tidigare forskning. Dock framstår möjliga marknadsspecifika element som kan kopplas specifikt till den ryska marknaden. Dessa framgångsfaktorer kan inte enskilt förklara företagens framgång, utan ger en nyanserad bild av de studerade företagens främsta attribut vid etableringen. / It can be concluded that commitment, previous international experience, systematic approach, company size, network and knowledge has had the most prevailing outcomes in regards to successful companies in this study. These success factors tend to be in line with previous research conducted on the area. However these factors cannot alone account for the success for the individual companies, but can give guidance of important attributes that influenced the internationalisation for the enterprises in this study.

This study tries to identify agencies&rsquo / strategies in the &lsquo / urban restructuring&rsquo / of Antalya into a &lsquo / city of culture&rsquo / by examining the underlying relation between urban cultural policies and global capitalism. Pursuing the relational thinking of the Marxist urban political economy paradigm, the theoretical frames for the concepts of &lsquo / restructuring&rsquo / and &lsquo / city of culture&rsquo / were investigated using multi-dimensional approaches of existing scholarly literature. Since the concept &lsquo / city of culture&rsquo / involves growth oriented development strategies of cities competing with other cities for capital, the concept is examined in these sub-fields: (field of art and culture / subfield(s) of urban -planning, -governance, -politics, -design / field of economy / field of tourism). Thus, to outline a theory of practice for the &lsquo / growth machine&rsquo / agents, the transformation of the &lsquo / forms of capital&rsquo / that both the agents and Antalya &lsquo / city&rsquo / possess is examined in four sub-fields in the general field of power in Antalya. Various qualitative research methods were used to understand what underlies the restructuring process. Most of the qualitative data resulted from direct interviews / 28 individuals from six groups (the representatives of -cultural, educational and academic institutions / -capitalist investors / -local government / -NGOs / -central government / Antalyalite Intelligentsia) and a group interview (with 6 academics at Akdeniz University) during the field research conducted between 2006 and 2008. This thesis identifies the Antalya Greater Municipality (AGM) as the leading agency in the pro-growth coalition in Antalya with support from ATSO (Antalya Chamber of Trade and Commerce) among various other local and global agents (T&Uuml / RSAK, iGM-istanbul Greater Municipality, WTO, EU) with their wealth of economic, cultural, commercial, social, and symbolic capitals influencing urban restructuring in Antalya. Opposing them is a group critical of cultural, economic and urban policies compatible with the policies trying to ease the transformation of Antalya into a festival marketplace or fantasy city. Eventually, it is argued that the urban elites&rsquo / strategies to transform Antalya into a &lsquo / city of culture&rsquo / have produced a &lsquo / growth machine&rsquo / using the world city ideology to convince people of the benefits of this transformation. The essential finding of this study is that the &lsquo / state&rsquo / is the most active player in the restructuring process through its interventions in various fields.

Tourism has been supported as a development strategy by central governments for the settlements mainly located in the western and southern coasts of Turkey since 1970s. The replacement of agricultural production with tourism was not only resulted in the transformation of social and economic relations but also spatial developments in these places. This thesis is an attempt to investigate socio-economic and socio-spatial consequences of tourism policies and the positions of local people in this process in the case of izmir-Ala&ccedil / ati. Qualitative data gathering methods (in-depth interviews, participant observations etc.) are used in this study in order to obtain necessary information about the research area. The findings of the study indicated that local people, new comers and migrant workers whose positions are determined according to their ownership of different forms of capital in social space which determine their success or failure in the tourism field have been influenced in different ways from this process. For instance, most of local people are the losers of this process as a result of lack necessary forms of capital in tourism field and mismatch between their historically constituted systems of dispositions (habitus) and tourism field. In the conclusion part, it is emphasized that there is the need for a comprehensive approach to tourism issue and the impacts of different policy implementations to the coastal areas should be taken into consideration by decision-makers in order to achieve more egalitarian development strategies for local communities.

This thesis presents a unified framework for the analysis of instantaneous kinematics and statics of spatial manipulators. The proposed formulation covers the entire range of kinematic behavior, with kinematic singularity and isotropy appearing as special cases. An analogous treatment of statics is also presented. It is established that the formulations presented are capable of generating exact solutions in closed form for several interesting problems in manipulator analysis. Several such results have been obtained via extensive usage of symbolic computation tools developed for this purpose. The proposed approach is applicable to manipulators of different architectures. However, the focus is on the parallel and hybrid manipulators, as their analysis presents more challenges than their serial counterparts. The theory of screws has been adopted as the basis of the formulation. Instantaneous kinematics and statics are studied in terms of the principal bases of the space of twists, se(3), and the space of wrenches, se* (3), respectively. A dual number parameterisation of the motion space is adopted to make the formulation compact and dimensionally consistent. The properties of the dual combination obviate the need for an explicit scaling between the linear and angular velocities or the forces and moments. Hence the results obtained from the formulation are purely geometrical. The analysis of the twists is performed via the dual velocity Jacobian matrix. The principal basis of se(3) is obtained from the eigenproblem of a symmetrical dual matrix associated with the Jacobian. The notion of a dual eigenproblem is introduced in this context. Solutions are provided for the general case, as well as a few special cases. The computations involve the solution of at most a cubic equation for any arbitrary degree-of-freedom of rigid-body motion, and closed form results are therefore ensured. The results of the eigen-analysis lead to a decoupling of the rotational and the pure translational components of a rigid-body motion. This is termed as the partitioning of degrees-of-freedom. They also motivate an interesting classification of the manipulators based on the instantaneous partition of its degrees-of-freedom. This notion is further extended to analyse the effects of a singularity on the motion characteristics of a manipulator. Due to the duality of se(3) and se*(3), the formulation of statics is completely analogous, and involves, in essence, only the substitution of the dual wrench-transformation matrix for the dual Jacobian. A similar partitioning of the wrench system is introduced based on the eigen-decomposition in the context of statics. It is shown that the principal screws associated with either a system of twists or wrenches can be obtained from a generalised eigenproblem of two symmetric real matrices arising out of the symmetric dual matrix mentioned above. The general 2-and 3-screw systems are analysed in closed form via the generalised characteristic polynomial. Several special screw systems are described in terms of algebraic equations in terms of the coefficients of this polynomial. Principal bases for 4-and 5-systems are obtained in a novel fashion without deriving their reciprocal systems explicitly. Using the same approach based on the analysis of the characteristic polynomial, compact algebraic conditions for singularity and isotropy are derived as the special cases of a single formulation. The above formulations establish the existence of exact closed-form results. However, to implement them symbolically for a real application problem, capabilities in existing computer algebra systems do not suffice in general. Therefore simplification and computational algorithms are developed for dealing with large expressions with algebraic and trigonometric terms typically appearing in kinematics and statics. Three canonical forms of such expressions and the corresponding simplification schemes are presented. The theoretical developments are illustrated with examples of serial, parallel and hybrid manipulators throughout the thesis. However, the most important applications of these are in the kinematic and static analysis of a semi-regular Stewart platform manipulator (in which the top and bottom platforms are semi-regular hexagons). Using the degeneracy of the wrench transformation matrix as the singularity criterion, the singularity manifold of the manipulator is obtained via extensive application of the symbolic simplification algorithms. The constant-orientation singularity manifold is derived in a compact closed form, and a complete geometric characterisation and explicit parameterisation of the same are presented. The constant-position singularity manifold is also obtained in closed form. On the other hand, families of configurations of the manipulator for combined kinematic or static isotropy for a given architecture are derived in closed form. Also, architectural designs are obtained for the manipulator such that it exhibits combined kinematic or static isotropy at a given configuration.

<p>One of the challenges confronting cities innon-industrialised countries today is the fact that cities aregrowing at unprecedented rates, sizes and densities. Growthtrends in these cities are largely unregulated. In thesecountries, cities have changed in at least four major ways:their size, spatial organisation or morphology, the quality anddistribution of public services and infrastructure and theiremployment base. While this situation can be attributed toglobal urbanisation trends, the general poor knowledge on howthese cities develop, densify and acquire certain physicalcharacteristics has limited effective urban planning andmanagement. At times, the pervasive knowledge gap has beenassociated with the lack of relevant theories and concepts toexplain the evolution, growth and prevailing spatial qualities.However, the limited research in this field has alsocontributed to this problem. The other problem that confrontsthe rapidly urbanising city is continued sprawl that has beenmanifested in externalities of inadequate infrastructureprovision and under-utilisation of scarce resourcesparticularly land.</p><p>This thesis is an attempt to contribute towards addressingthese two problem areas. The main field of study is on urbantypes within a rapidly urbanising city context. Dar es Salaamcity was selected a case study area. The study exploresthetheoretical framework for classification and analysis ofsettlements. The relevance of this framework in the studycontext is examined. At low scale level, the study provides ananalysis of house forms, density, plot characteristics, spacesand space uses in formal and informal settlements.</p><p>The analysis shows that urbanisation under poverty andlow-density urban types greatly influence the sprawlingcharacter of the city. The increasing market-led housingdevelopment and ineffective planning responses are contributingfactors to the observed unguided densification anddeteriorating spatial qualities. It has also been shown thatwhile theoretical frameworks developed from most industrialisedcountries can be adapted to analyse urban types innon-industrialised countries, these theories are limited incomprehending fully the growth and character of rapidlyurbanising cities.</p><p><b>Key words:</b>Urban types, house forms, density, plotcharacteristics, spaces and space use, spatial quality, formaland informal settlements, Dar es Salaam.</p>

Att inventera är en påfrestande process där anställda samlar in data med en observationsundersökning. Ett exempel är livsmedelsbutiker som skriver ut meterlånga listor inför en lagerinventering där inventeraren anmärker skillnader på de fysiska varorna och vad som står på listorna. Inventering är något som de flesta företag gör men som skiljer sig från bransch till bransch. Eftersom det är ett resursslöseri att lösa samma problem flera gånger, utan att återanvända tidigare lösningar, har studenten valt att studera en relativt generell lösning på ett inventeringssystem som ska kunna användas av flera branscher.Syftet med denna studie är därför att studera vilka funktionalitetskrav som finns på ett inventeringssystem och vilka tekniska lösningar som kan användas vid utveckling av ett inventeringssystem.För att utreda detta tillämpades en abduktiv ansats där en fallstudie gjordes på inventering. En litteraturstudie gjordes på tekniska lösningar som kan användas vid utveckling av ett inventeringssystem.Studiens resultat är en kravspecifikation på ett inventeringssystem från lager- och skogsbranschen. Resultatet innehåller även tekniska lösningar som kan tillämpas och därmed uppfylla kraven. Parallellt med studien utvecklades en inventeringsklient tillsammans med Sweco som uppfyller både deras krav på klienten och de krav som studiens empiri erhållit. Resultatet av studien visar på ett system som klarar av att skapa, spara och återskapa dynamiska formulär. När formulär skapas kan dess kontrollelement ha restriktioner som klienten kan validera innan resultat sparas. Studiens resultat visar även på att en förstudie av ett system tenderar till att hitta indirekta/dolda krav.Den primära begränsningen i studien har varit tid. Hade mer tid kunnat ägnas åt studien skulle insamlingen av empiri ha varit mer omfattande. / Stocktaking is an exhausting process where employee’s collects data and is something that most companies do, although what they are collecting differs from business to business. Because it is a resource-waste to solve same problem multiple times, without reusing previous solutions, the student have choosen to study an overall solution for a stocktaking system that can be used by multiple businesses.The purpose of this report is to establish the end-user requirements on a stocktaking system and study which technical solutions can be used when developing a stocktaking system.The study used an abductive method with a case study on stocktaking. For the case study the empiricism was collected with interviews. A meta-analysis was implemented for the purpose to seek and analyse relevant literature.The result of the study was a requirement specification for an inventory system based on the forest and stock industry. The result also contains technical solutions that can be applied on the system in order to fulfill the requirements. In parallel with the study an attempt was made to develop a prototype of a stocktaking client togheter with Sweco that met both their requirements and requirements that was obtained from the interviews. The results show that the stocktaking client can manage to create, save and recreate dynamic forms. When forms are created their controls also have the ability to specify restrictions. The client can interpret these restrictions and validate the inputs before saving results. The results of the study also implies that a feasibility study of a system tend to find hidden requirements.The primary limitations of the study were time. If the study had a larger timescope more time could have been spent on collecting empirical data and gather end-user requirements.