This diploma thesis deals with teaching styles, teaching and educational methods and looks for relationship to organizational forms of teaching. The work is focused on the second stage of primary schools and corresponding years of multi-year grammar school. In the first part of the theoretical part I deal with individual forms of education, their definitions, meanings and possible influences of the teacher on individual parts. The second section is devoted to teaching and teaching methods that can be used in physical education lessons. I examine the development of teaching methods, the work of various authors, their views and their division of methods. The third section is dedicated to the teacher as a very important determinant of teaching. Because the teacher has a huge influence on the teaching style and the choice of teaching methods, I deal with his personality, expression and other influencing factors. The whole fourth section of the theoretical part is devoted to the teaching styles themselves. The fifth section is devoted to those organizational forms of teaching that can be used in physical education lessons. The sixth section includes didactic principles, their adherence, and the relationship to previous research terms. The aim of this work is to introduce individual forms of education,...

The purpose of the study was to analyse time and clock and its progression in textbooks, for grades 4–6. The study also aimed, based on tasks linked to clock and time, to analyse which representation forms and mathematical competencies are trained in the selected textbooks. To studying as well as analysing different mathematics teaching textbooks, a document and textbook analysis was used to build up the approach for the study. The results of the study showed that in the selected teaching materials, a mixture of the forms of representation, however, often lacked a concrete model. Concrete model existed in a few single tasks. The study's results also show that students are given the opportunity to practice the five mathematical skills but to varying extents. Communication and reasoning ability are the skills that are least trained in teaching materials. The conclusion that can be drawn is that the role of teachers in the use of teaching materials in mathematics is of great im-portance because certain abilities are highlighted more in the workbook. The use of different representations might help the student to get good knowledge about time and the clock. Another conclusion is that the reasoning ability and communication skills need to be lifted more, so that students can learn to reason and communicate with each other. / Syftet med studien var att analysera tid och klocka och dess progression i läromedel, för åk 4–6. Studien syftade även utifrån uppgifter kopplade till tid och klocka att analysera vilka repre-sentationsformer och vilka förmågor det är som tränas upp i de utvalda läromedlen. För att studera såväl som analysera olika matematikläromedel, användes ett dokument- och läromedelsa-nalys för att bygga upp tillvägagångssättet för studien. Resultatet av studien visade på att de valda läromedlen hade en blandning av representationsformerna dock saknades ofta representationsformen konkret modell. Konkreta modeller fanns i några enstaka uppgifter. Studiens resultat visar även att eleven får möjlighet att träna de fem matematiska förmågor men i olika utsträckning. Kommunikations- och resonemangsförmågan är de förmågor som tränas minst i läromedel. Slutsatsen som kan dras är att lärarens roll vid användning av läromedel i matematik är av stor vikt eftersom vissa förmågor synliggörs mer i arbetsboken än andra. När olika representat-ionsformer används hjälper det eleven att få grundläggande kunskap om tid och klockan. En annan slutsats är att resonemangsförmågan och kommunikationsförmågan behöver lyftas upp mer, så att eleven får möjlighet att resonera och samtala med varandra.

Ce travail se donne pour but d'éclairer, à partir d’un corpus mêlant écrits d’anthropologues et d’écrivains, la reconfiguration de leurs rapports dans la seconde moitié du XXe siècle. Il part du constat que le dialogue noué au temps des avant-gardes et du « surréalisme ethnographique » n'a pas pris fin avec l'achèvement du processus de professionnalisation de l'ethnologie, mais s'en est trouvé relancé, sur des bases plus clairement définies. Notre étude prend pour objet plusieurs volumes de la collection « Terre humaine » – G. Balandier, G. Condominas, P. Clastres –, ainsi que les travaux de J. Favret-Saada et d'Y. Verdier, en considérant les différentes pratiques d'écriture et les échanges intellectuels dans lesquels ils prennent sens. Elle s'attache par ailleurs aux œuvres d'écrivains pour qui l’anthropologie a représenté un stimulant scripturaire – R. Barthes et G. Perec –, un réservoir de lectures et de pratiques à détourner – J.-L. Trassard, P. Bergounioux, P. Quignard, G. Macé – dans un paysage intellectuel où l'anthropologie, désormais bien implantée, offre matière à des prolongements méditatifs ou mémoriels. On considère enfin la figure de l’anthropologue telle qu’elle a pu être ressaisie par la fiction : ce qu’elle révèle de l’imaginaire qui entoure les vies savantes, comme de la répartition des prérogatives entre écrivains et savants. L'horizon général de cette thèse est de montrer que les pratiques d'écriture non académiques des anthropologues comme celles des écrivains curieux d'anthropologie représentent dans la seconde moitié du XXe siècle une forme de résistance de fait à l'autonomisation de l'esthétique comme à l'attribution d'une fonction de connaissance à la seule expertise scientifique. / This work based on the analysis of a mixed corpus of texts aims to shed light on the evolution of relationships between anthropologists and writers in the second half of the 20th century. The initial observation is that the dialogue initiated between these two fields during the avant-gardes and “ethnographic surrealism” did not end with the professionalisation of anthropology. On the contrary, this professionalisation helped relaunch a dialogue on better defined grounds. Our study focuses on several books from the “Terre humaine” collection (G. Balandier, G. Condominas, P. Clastres), as well as works by J. Favret-Saada and Y. Verdier. It takes into consideration their writing techniques and the intellectual backgrounds in which these works took shape. It also focuses on the works of writers for which anthropology has been an important source of inspiration, such as R. Barthes and G. Perec, or appears to be a reservoir of readings and practices to reinvent or play with, (J.-L. Trassard, P. Bergounioux, P. Quignard, G. Macé). In this intellectual landscape, anthropology, which is now well implanted, provides material for meditative or memory work. Lastly, our focus shifted to the study of the ways in which the anthropologist constitutes a new fictional character: in many ways, this reveals a particular imagination of scholarly lives as well as the distribution of prerogatives between writers and scholars. This dissertation aims to prove that the non-scholarly writings of anthropologists, alongside the works of writers curious about anthropology, represent a form of resistance against aesthetic autonomisation and the attribution of knowledge solely to scientific expertise.

Les dynamiques territoriales sont le résultat des jeux d'acteurs au sein d'un espace géographique déterminé. Les comprendre suppose de cerner les stratégies d'acteurs et leurs rapports au territoire. L'ancrage progressif d'un espace à la frontière de l'écoumène dans l'économie du tourisme induit des changements socio-spatiaux importants. Quelles logiques sociogéographiques caractérisent alors la mise en tourisme des confins de nature ? Les dynamiques des destinations touristiques sont abondamment étudiées, mais celles des confins de nature ne le sont pas. Lieux marginaux, périphériques ou frontaliers, ils sont omniprésents dans les imaginaires du voyage, car chargés d'altérité, et constituent des objets géographiques à part entière [partie I]. Dans un monde toujours plus urbanisé, les confins de nature les moins connus, qualifiés de Wilderness par les Anglo-saxons, attirent de plus en plus les touristes de toutes origines.L'analyse des spécificités physiques, des données statistiques et cartographiques des confins touristiques de nature montre la pertinence spatiale de la notion. L'interprétation des discours d'acteurs du tourisme de nature permet d'en préciser les attributs sociaux culturels et les imaginaires qui s'y rattachent. Les territoires de nature sont des construits sociaux, le produit d'une organisation culturelle singulière. Différentes représentations sociales, individuelles ou collectives, produisent des discours et des logiques d'acteurs. Il en résulte différentes formes de développements des espaces touristiques, qui sont étatiques, industrielles, traditionalistes, entrepreneuriales, écologiques, alternatives ou récréatives [partie II].L'apparition d'une forme dépend de conditions historiques et culturelles sur un territoire. Il est possible de les identifier sur un espace de nature grâce à l'analyse du discours des acteurs du tourisme et aux matérialités spatiales qui résultent de leurs actions. Les dynamiques à l'œuvre sur un territoire de pratiques récréatives sont tributaires des rapports qu'entretiennent des collectifs d'acteurs ayant des conceptions différenciées du développement. Des confrontations et des compromis entre des formes de développement touristique s'établissent dans le temps et dans l'espace [partie III]. Malgré des représentations de la nature et des justifications économiques distinctes, celles-ci peuvent s'unir face à une menace affectant leurs intérêts. C'est le cas, par exemple, lors des conflits environnementaux, autour de l'usage industriel des ressources hydriques. En revanche des politiques publiques voulant favoriser le développement économique du territoire tendent à n'appuyer qu'une forme de développement et attiser alors les affrontements idéologiques. L'analyse des projets publics et privés dans la région d'Aysén en Patagonie chilienne montre que les projets d'États favorisent de manière partiale certains acteurs du territoire. Seuls certains projets, tels que celui du tourisme scientifique, parviennent à fédérer les acteurs. Ceci est rendu possible par un processus de participation active à un projet territorialisé, culturel plus que commercial, basé sur le partage de connaissances et une spécification de la ressource touristique. L'action d'un animateur et médiateur, responsable de l'ingénierie territoriale, assure la mise en œuvre de l'initiative collective.Une lecture par les formes de développement touristique apparait comme particulièrement pertinente pour caractériser les systèmes émergents. L'étude des tensions à l'œuvre dans les confins de nature révèle des processus caractéristiques des sociétés contemporaines, le tourisme étant au cœur des contradictions de nos civilisations ancrées dans les métropoles. / Territorial dynamics are the result of a games of actors within a given geographical area. Understanding them involves identifying the actors' strategies and their relationship to the territory. The gradual investment of at the frontier of civilization to the tourism economy induces significant socio-spatial changes. What are the socio-geographical logics that characterize the tourism transformation of the nature borderlands? The dynamics of tourism destinations are extensively studied but those of nature's borderlands are not. Marginal, peripheral or frontier places are strong in the traveler's imaginaries, they are exotic and constitute geographical objects of their own [part I]. In an ever more urbanized world, the lesser-known areas of nature, defined as Wilderness in the Anglo-Saxon culture, are attracting evermore tourists of all origins.The analysis of the physical particularities, statistical and cartographic data of Touristic Nature Borderland shows the spatial relevancy of the notion. A critical analysis of nature tourism actors' speeches shows their the social-cultural attributes and the imaginaries associated to them. Nature territories are social constructs, they result of a unique cultural organization. Different social representations, individual or collective, generate actor's speeches and actions. They build different Tourism Development Forms that have different logics; state, industrial, traditionalist, entrepreneurial, ecological, alternative or recreational [Part II].The appearance of a form depends on historical and cultural conditions of a territory. It is possible to identify them on a nature area by analyzing tourism actor's speeches and the spatial materiality which result from their actions. The dynamics at work in a recreational area are the result of the existing relationships between group of actors with different conceptions of development. Confrontations and agreements between Tourism Development Forms arise in time and space [part III]. Despite distinct representations of nature and economical justifications, they can unite against a threat to their interests. This is the case, for example, during environmental conflicts, around the industrial use of water resources. On the other hand, public policies wanting to promote the economic development of the territory tend to support only one form of development and thus favor ideological confrontations. The analysis of public and private projects in the region of Aysén in Chilean Patagonia, shows that these favor in partial manner certain actors of the territory. Only some projects, such as scientific tourism, manage to unite actors. This is made possible by empowering them trough a territorial project, cultural rather than commercial, based on the sharing of knowledges and the specification of the tourism resources. The work of a facilitator and mediator, in charge of territorial engineering, insures the collective initiative.A reading through the Tourism Development Forms proves particularly relevant for emerging systems. The study of the existing conflicts in Nature based Borderlands reveals processes that are characteristic of modern societies, tourism being at the heart of the contradictions of our civilization anchored in the metropolis.

國立政治大學英國語文學系碩士班 碩士論文摘要 論文名稱： 詩中音樂: 艾略特《四首四重奏》中的音樂形式 指導教授： 楊麗敏 研究生：蔡文傑 論文提要內容： 許多批評家曾試著從各種角度解釋《四首四重奏》這個標題。 因為正如艾略特所宣示的，《四重奏》這個字(詞)是了解這部作品的正確途徑。 本文則試著從音樂的角度切入這部作品。 因為貝多芬的音樂在艾略特一生佔有舉足輕重的影響。艾略特也曾在多處提及深受貝多芬的A小調弦樂四重奏感動。另一方面，詩與音樂更是艾略特長久一來的關注重點。他相信，詩與音樂能達到某種程度的交流與可能性。正如他在《詩的音樂》一文中所宣示的。他認為詩與音樂的可能性主要包括在三方面。分別為韻律與結構，主題的重複，以及主題材料的對位式安排。因此，本文主要從音樂性的結構（音樂曲式），主題的發展、佈局來分析這部作品。 在結構方面正如艾略特所透露的，《四首四重奏》與貝多芬的弦樂四重奏在架構上有相似之處。在本文的分析裡，發現每一首四重奏的五個樂章分別是奏鳴曲式、二部曲式、三部曲式、進行曲式和迴旋曲式。主題方面，每首《四重奏》如貝多芬的弦樂四重奏一樣主要處理了對立主題的不斷發展、變化到解決。另外，如貝多芬的晚期四重奏裡的複音特性，《四首四重奏》裡也展現了多主題的同時進行。本文將分為四個章節討論，針對這三個層面分析。由主題的發展著手，找出主題之間的互動以及音樂性的架構。 TABLE OF CONTENTS Acknowledgement…………………………………………………………………iii Chinese Abstract……………………………………………………………………v English Abstract……………………………………………………………………vi Introduction…………………………………………………………………………1 Chapter 1. "Burnt Norton"- The Still Point and the Turning World………………...19 2. "East Coker"- The Beginning and the End……………………………...34 3. "The Dry Salvages"- Time and the Timeless……………………………52 4. "Little Gidding"-Now and England…………….……………………….70 Conclusion…………………………………………………………………………87 Selected Bibliography……………………………………….……………………..93 Chinese Reference…………………………………………..……………………100 / English Abstract Critics try to decipher the title Four Quartets from different criteria because the word 'quartet' is the right tack for understanding the work. This thesis tries to examine Four Quartets from a musical criterion since Beethoven's music plays an important role in T. S. Eliot's life. Besides, T. S. Eliot mentions that he is deeply touched by Beethoven's string quartet in A minor. Most important of all, music remains T. S. Eliot's main concern throughout his life. He believes that to some extent there are possibilities of transformation between music and poetry as he declares in his "The Music of Poetry." He thinks that the possibilities exist in three ways. They are the sense of rhythm and structure, the recurrent use of themes and the contrapuntal arrangement of subject matter. Therefore, this thesis applies musical structures to analyze the development of themes in Four Quartets. Structurally, Four Quartets and Beethoven's string quartet have similar structures or forms. In this thesis, it is found that the five movements of each quartet are in sonata form, (rounded) binary form, ternary form, march, and rondo form. Thematically, like Beethoven's string quartet, each quartet of Four Quartets mainly deals with the constant development, variation and reconciliation of contrasting themes. Besides, the characteristics of polyphony in Beethoven's late string quartets may be found in the juxtaposition of multiple themes in Four Quartets. This thesis is divided into four chapters. In each chapter, each quartet is analyzed from these three aspects. The thesis focuses on the development of themes in order to find out the interaction of themes and the musical structures in Four Quartets.

<p>The aim of this study is to analyse the variation between infinitive and finite verb adverbial clauses in European Portuguese. In order to understand this variation, three central questions are raised: (1) What determines the use of the uninflected vs. the inflected infinitive in same-subject adverbial clauses? (2) What does the pronoun SE signal in these adverbial clauses? (3) What difference is there between the use of the inflected infinitives vs. finite verbs in different subject adverbial clauses?</p><p>Earlier investigations about these three questions are discussed. One conclusion of this review is that former research almost exclusively has been conducted from a traditional or formalistic point of view that has given priority to structural descriptions instead of semantic or conceptual explanations. In contrast to this, the present study endeavours to examine these issues from a cognitive linguistic perspective.</p><p>It is claimed that the use of the inflected infinitive in adverbial same-subject clauses may be explained by contextual factors which create a cognitive need to highlight the subject of the adverbial clause. Further, an analysis about how the grammatical micro-context can determine the interpretation of the clitic pronoun SE as a marker for a generic trajector is conducted. It is also argued that the difference between infinitive and finite adverbial clauses can bee explained by means of theories of subjectification and mental spaces.</p><p>The conclusion is drawn that a cognitive approach to grammar can, indeed, shed light on the issues considered. In particular, it is shown that different adverbial constructions can express different conceptual meaning. In the light of this fact, other issues concerned with finite and infinite verb forms are raised.</p>

<p>Background: The stress in the society seems to having become more amplified and more trying. Statistics show that the appearance of stress related industrial diseases have increased strikingly. What can be stressing at the workplace? The work conditions are not the only thing that causes stress but no matter what the causes are employers have to restore the employees to their former positions. How are companies dealing with the problems of stress in reality? Do they have formulated strategies for how to manage the problems? </p><p>Purpose: The purpose with this essay is to try to see pattern in how companies manage and treat stress and stress related industrial diseases. </p><p>Realization: To distinguish patterns in the stress handling process, ten respondents from two case companies has been interviewed. The respondents are divided into three categories, which are employees that have been subjected to stress, those above them and trade-union colleagues. They have answered questions concerning stress and how their companies manage the stress problems that have occurred, with focus on goals and strategies, co-ordination forms and leadership. </p><p>Results: Within each group of respondents, some patterns can be seen regarding how companies have managed stress. However, the apprehension of stress management differs from one group to the other why, generally, there is not possible to distinguish any uniform patterns in the stress management.</p>

<p>The essay is an effort to examine and define three examples of liminal dance performances through an aesthetic, hermeneutic and semiotic analysis. The examples are three dance or liminal performances, made by three different choreographers and performed at “Moderna Dansteatern” and “Dansens Hus” in Stockholm during September and October 2005. In the effort to determine the liminal and cross-over in the performances, the analysis focus on aspects such as: the character of the work, choreography, the use of scenery, stage light, requisites, conception of place and interior room, the use of costume and mask, the use of different media as text, pictures, film, and music or not using any these, and the interaction with the audience. The analysis depends on a historical background and the use of literature in the subject. The result of the analysis is that these cross-over performances are very different in character of these aspects and aesthetic form. The definition of dance and performance is, in itself, liminal and difficult to determine.</p>

<p>Med den här uppsatsen vill jag belysa estetikämnenas roll och status i två grundskolor i en medelstor västsvensk stad. Jag vill även se i vilken mån de estetiska arbetsformerna praktiseras i skolornas vardag och i vilken mån lärarna anser sig ha nytta av styrdokumenten i detta arbete. För det här syftet har min metod blivit en enkätundersökning där pedagoger från de båda skolorna har fått besvara frågor kopplade till följande fyra estetiska arbetsformer: bild och form, drama, musik och dans. Resultaten redovisas utifrån tre kategorier: skola, ålder och yrkesgrupp. Vad som bland annat framkommit i undersökningen är att bilden är den arbetsform som tar upp mest tid och dansen den arbetsform som tar upp minst tid. Vidare ser man att skolorna planerar och förbereder estetiska arbetsformer mindre än 30 minuter i veckan eller inte alls samt undervisar generellt sett mindre än 60 minuter i veckan i dessa arbetsformer. Dessutom framgår det att pedagogerna anser sig ha endast viss eller mycket liten nytta av central och lokala styrdokument när de skall planera lektioner inom de estetiska arbetsformerna.</p> / <p>The aim of this composition is to enlighten the role and status of the artistic work forms in two compulsory schools in an average town in the western part of Sweden. I would also like to see to what degree the artistic work forms practises in the average school day. For this object, my method has become a questionnaire investigation where the educating staff from each school has answered questions connected to these four artistic work forms; art, drama, music and dance. The results is presented thru three categories; School, age and work category. A part that has been presented from the investigation is that the art form is the one that takes up most of the time and dance the one that takes least of the time. Furthermore can one see that the schools plans and prepare less then 30 minutes a week or no time at all and educate generally seen less then 60 minutes a week in artistic work forms. It also shows that the educators only have some or little use of the steering documents when they plan the lessons within the artistic work forms.</p>

Medlemsägda företag utgör en betydande del av svenskt och internationellt näringsliv. Många av dessa företag genomgår i dessa dagar djupgående strategiska förändringar, som fusioner, bolagiseringar och alliansbyggande. Denna avhandling analyserar hur denna typ av omdaningsprocesser hanteras av ägare och företagsledningar. För att effektivt kunna organisera förändringsarbetet krävs ökad kunskap om företagsformens särdrag. Det unika består bland annat i en månghövdad krets av ägare som har både ekonomiska och idébaserade mål för sitt engagemang. Boken bygger på två fallstudier av kooperativa livsmedelsföretag: samgåendet mellan mejeriföreningarna i Dalarna, Hälsingland och Värmland samt fusioner och allianser inom Lantmännen. Ingående analyseras tre huvudmodeller för förändringsarbete: ägarmonolog, VD-monolog samt dialog. I detta sammanhang klargörs behovet av att utveckla ett brobygge mellan nyttjarintressen och affärslogik. Därigenom kan förhållandet mellan ägare och ledning organiseras i en tydlig form – en infrastruktur. Avhandlingen avslutas med en diskussion om hur företagsformens särart påverkar utfallet av de strategiska förändringsprocesserna. / Diss. Stockholm : Handelshögskolan, 1994