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Networks, complexity and internet regulation scale-free lawGuadamuz, Andres January 2013 (has links)
This book, then, starts with a general statement: that regulators should try, wherever possible, to use the physical methodological tools presently available in order to draft better legislation. While such an assertion may be applied to the law in general, this work will concentrate on the much narrower area of Internet regulation and the science of complex networks The Internet is the subject of this book not only because it is my main area of research, but also because –without over-emphasising the importance of the Internet to everyday life– one cannot deny that the growth and popularisation of the global communications network has had a tremendous impact on the way in which we interact with one another. The Internet is, however, just one of many interactive networks. One way of looking at the complex and chaotic nature of society is to see it as a collection of different nodes of interaction. Humans are constantly surrounded by networks: the social network, the financial network, the transport network, the telecommunications network and even the network of our own bodies. Understanding how these systems operate and interact with one another has been the realm of physicists, economists, biologists and mathematicians. Until recently, the study of networks has been mainly theoretical and academic, because it is difficult to gather data about large and complex systems that is sufficiently reliable to support proper empirical application. In recent years, though, the Internet has given researchers the opportunity to study and test the mathematical descriptions of these vast complex systems. The growth rate and structure of cyberspace has allowed researchers to map and test several previously unproven theories about how links and hubs within networks interact with one another. The Web now provides the means with which to test the organisational structures, architecture and growth of networks, and even permits some limited prediction about their behaviour, strengths and vulnerabilities. The main objective of this book is first and foremost to serve as an introduction to the wider legal audience to some of the theories of complexity and networks. The second objective is more ambitious. By looking at the application of complexity theory and network science in various areas of Internet regulation, it is hoped that there will be enough evidence to postulate a theory of Internet regulation based on network science. To achieve these two goals, Chapter 2 will look in detail at the science of complex networks to set the stage for the legal and regulatory arguments to follow. With the increase in reliability of the descriptive (and sometimes predictive) nature of network science, a logical next step for legal scholars is to look at the legal implications of the characteristics of networks. Chapter 3 highlights the efforts of academics and practitioners who have started to find potential uses for network science tools. Chapter 4 takes this idea further, and explores how network theory can shape Internet regulation. The following chapters will analyse the potential for application of the tools described in the previous chapters, applying complexity theory to specific areas of study related to Internet Law. Chapter 5 deals with the subject of copyright in the digital world. Chapter 6 explores the issue of peer-production and user-generated content using network science as an analytical framework. Chapter 7 finishes the evidence section of the work by studying the impact of network architecture in the field of cybercrime, and asks whether the existing architecture hinders or assists efforts to tackle those problems. It is clear that these are very disparate areas of study. It is not the intention of this book to be overreaching in its scope, although I am mindful that it covers a lot of ground and attempts to study and describe some disciplines that fall outside of my intellectual comfort zone. While the focus of the work is the Internet, its applications may extend beyond mere electronic bits. Without trying to be over-ambitious, it is my strong belief that legal scholarship has been neglectful in that it has been slow to respond to the wealth of research into complexity. That is not to say that there has been no legal research on the topic, but it would seem that lawyers, legislators and policy-makers are reluctant to consider technical solutions to legal problems. It is hoped then that this work will serve as a stepping stone that will lead to new interest in some of the theories that I describe.
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Health research, (bio)technology, regulation & values : operationalising socio-moral values in the legal settingHarmon, Shawn H. E. January 2011 (has links)
The rapidly evolving biosciences increasingly rely on the analysis, manipulation and reproduction of the human body. In the health setting, novel biotechnologies offer new methods/avenues for the investigation of wellbeing and the treatment of illness, but they do not just expand the clinician’s toolbox, they increase the very scope of her work. By offering new (and formerly invisible) measures for health, they have created new categories of illhealth (ie: expanding the ways in which humans can be classified as abnormal, unhealthy, or diseased). In doing so, they contain huge marginalising potential. And they are evolving at a pace that the law cannot match. Given this, important questions arise such as: What institutions are acting in this field and what is guiding them? How is health-related research being encouraged and regulated? How does the human subject figure in the bioeconomy? What values are we claiming and vindicating under existing regulatory regimes? What values ought we be emphasising bearing in mind social needs and individual rights? The body of work that forms this submission represents five years of socio-legal research and evolving thought on the topic of how values inform the law and are operationalised through the law and legal institutions. While the publications relied on are diverse, they all pursue small facets of this value inquiry. The first theme addressed – international values and actors – is composed of three papers which explore broad internationally shared values claimed in legal instruments such as the Universal Declaration on the Human Genome and Human Rights and the Universal Declaration on Bioethics and Human Rights, and institutions such as UNESCO and the EPO. A range of values emerge from these. Papers under the second theme – human participation in health research – explore how we access and use the human body in the modern biosociety/bioeconomy, and how we might better encourage subject participation in, and equitable benefit from, the biomedical research setting. Focusing on population biobanking, it assesses who has rights in the body and what those rights are, and how the existing environment interacts with our claimed values. Papers under the third theme – encouraging stem cell research in Argentina – explore governance instruments and their significance for realising claimed or desired values. These papers are informed by original empirical work conducted in Argentina over a 24-month period during which the Argentine government grappled with the realities of the new biosociety and the (perceived) need to facilitate bioscience research and medical treatment using human tissue. While these papers represent only part of the scholarship deriving from this project, they deploy new evidence on the existing environment and the way forward in that jurisdiction. As argued in the Critical Review, these publications form a broadly coherent and farranging body of interdisciplinary work which persistently questions the link between law and values and how we govern modern bioscience. While there are necessarily descriptive elements, the whole is critically analytical and normatively suggestive. In addition to summarising the aims, objectives, methodology, results and conclusions of these works, and indicating how they form a coherent body of work, the Critical Review goes further. Drawing on evolving thinking and recent scholarship, it argues for a regime less reliant on instruments and more reliant on expert institutions informed by, and charged with protecting, socio-moral values informed by the human rights paradigm.
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Ar Lietuvoje, lyginant su kitomis valstybėmis, galiojantis teisinis reguliavimas užtikrina seksualinių mažumų teises ir laisves? / Does in Lithuania, comparing with other countries, existing law regulation, ensure the rights and freedoms of sexual minorities?Šilgalytė, Justina 16 June 2014 (has links)
SANTRAUKA
Seksualinės mažumos – asmenų grupė, kurių lytinė orientacija, lytinė tapatybė, ar seksualinės charakteristikos skiriasi nuo daugumos gyventojų. Kadangi šis terminas yra labai platus, magistriniame darbe didžiausias dėmesys bus koncentruotas į LGBT bendruomenės narius. Juos sudaro lesbietės, gėjai, biseksualai ir transeksualai. Dėl visuomenėje susiformavusių stereotipų, šie asmenys dažnai susiduria su teisinės ir socialinės atskirties problema. Todėl seksualinių mažumų teisių ir laisvių užtikrinimas yra viena iš labiausiai diskutuojamų temų Lietuvoje ir pasaulyje.
Magistro baigiamojo darbo tikslas – atliekant Lietuvos, Norvegijos, Nyderlandų ir Didžiosios Britanijos Konstitucinių žmogaus teisių ir įstatyminių nuostatų analizę, palyginti Lietuvos ir pasirinktų šalių užtikrinamas seksualinių mažumų teises ir laisves. Atsižvelgiant į atliktą lyginamąją analizę, pateikti išvadas, kurios atkleistų seksualinių mažumų teisių užtikrinimo padėtį Lietuvoje.
Darbą sudaro įvadas, du skyriai ir išvados. Pirmoji darbo dalis skirta seksualinių mažumų sąvokos ir homoseksualios lytinės orientacijos sampratos atskleidimui, taip pat analizuojamos Lietuvos Respublikos Konstitucijoje įtvirtintos žmogaus teisės ir šalyje galiojantys įstatymai, kurie suteikia seksualinėms mažumoms teisę į apsaugą, lygiateisiškumą, saviraišką ir privatumą, aiškinamasi realus šių teisių įgyvendinimas. Antrame skyriuje analizuojama seksualinių mažumų teisinis reguliavimas Norvegijoje, Nyderlanduose ir... [toliau žr. visą tekstą] / SUMMARY
The objective of this Master‘s Thesis is to analyze and compare Lithuania, Norway, Netherlands and The Great Britain Constitutional human rights and legal provisions wich ensure the rights and freedoms of sexual minorities. With regard to the comparative analysis of the present findings, disclosed the sexual minority rights in Lithuania.
The Thesis consists of an introduction followed by two chapters and conclusions. The first chapter deals with the conceptions of sexual minorities and homosexual orientation. Also analyzed the Lithuanian Constitutional human rights and legal provisions wich provide the right to protection, equality, freedom of expression and privacy of sexual minorities. The second section consist legal acts analysis wich regulate sexual minorities rights in Norway, Netherlands and Great Britain. Specifying Constitutional rights and statutory provisions which are providing legal rights to protection, equality, freedom of expression and privacy of sexual minorities. Analyze and compare Lithuania, Norway, Netherlands and Great Britain Constitutional human rights and legal provisions wich ensure the rights and freedoms of sexual minorities.
Sexual minorities are groups of people whose sexual orientation, gender identity or sexual characteristics are different from the presumed majority of the population, which are male or female heterosexuals. The term referred primarily to lesbians and gays, bisexuals and transgender people. These four categories... [to full text]
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Veřejnoprávní regulace reklamy na humanní léčivé přípravky / Public-law regulation of advertising human preparations for medical treatmentŠildová, Alena January 2014 (has links)
This thesis deals with advertising of medicinal products for human use and its public law regulation contained especially in administrative law regulations. The thesis aims to bring information on the existing law in this area, explain particular legal institutes and propose potential amendments of the existing regulation in appropriate cases. The first chapter is devoted to definition of crucial terms of a medicinal product, advertising and public regulation, since their correct understanding is decisive for the following text. The second chapter concerns regulation of advertising, firstly in general and consequently concretely advertising of medicinal products for human use. The thesis is structured so that it concerns advertising focused on wide public separately from advertising focused on experts. The third chapter is devoted to responsibility, supervision, administrative proceedings and decisions in administrative judiciary, offences and sanctions in the area of regulation of advertising of medicinal products for human use. The fourth chapter analyzes main articles of the last proposal for amendment of the Act no. 40/1995 Coll., on Advertising Regulation, as amended, which was submitted to the legislative process in 2012, and contains de lege ferenda proposals. Annexes of the thesis contain...
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The regulation of research involving human embryos and cloning in the United Kingdom and AustraliaAllan, Sonia Marie January 2009 (has links)
This thesis analyses the nature, rationale, and implementation of United Kingdom and Australian regulation of research involving human embryos and cloning using legal materials, other documents and qualitative interviews with researchers, practitioners and regulators. It considers how law-makers have decided upon what to regulate and where to draw the line between permissible and prohibited activities, and the type of regulatory design strategies and enforcement approaches adopted in each jurisdiction (the ‘how to regulate’ question). It is argued that both jurisdictions have effectively decided upon permissible and prohibited activities as a result of thorough public consultation, research, reviews and the parliamentary process, and have appropriately balanced competing rationales for regulation. However, the type of regulation used in relation to those who are licensed to research in this area is unsuitable due to an over-emphasis on deterrence and the authoritarian approach taken by the regulatory bureaucracies. The central thesis is that a responsive regulatory system for licence-holders should be adopted. It is proposed that such a system would maintain the top level ‘command and control’ design strategies and deterrence approaches present in the current regulatory systems for breaches of legislation by non-licence holders and serious breaches by licence holders. However, greater use of co-regulatory design strategies and cooperative, educative and persuasive enforcement approaches should be used for regulating licensed research activities.
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Interneto teisės identifikavimo problema / Problem of identification of internet lawKiauzaris, Donatas 17 March 2006 (has links)
Magistriniame darbe nagrinėjama interneto teisės termino vartojimo tikslingumas, bei įvardijamos šio termino galimos alternatyvos, kurios sutinkamos moksliniuose darbuose. Apžvelgiami interneto teisei būdingi principai, jų teisinė paskirtis, bei įtaka. Vadovaujantis teisės teorijos sukurtais teisės šakos identifikavimo reikalavimais, iškeliama hipotezė, jog interneto teisė esanti atskira kompleksinė teisės šaka, bei pateikiamas šios teisės šakos apibrėžimas. Siekiant patvirtinti iškeltą hipotezę įvardijamos identifikacinės problemos (reguliavimo, jurisdikcijos) su kuriomis susiduria interneto teisė, ją taikant visuomeniniuose santykiuose, o taip pat šių problemų galimus sprendimus. Nustatoma ir pagrindžiama interneto teisės vieta teisės sistemoje ir jos vidinė struktūra. Trumpai aptariama Jungtinių Amerikos Valstijų, bei Lietuvos Respublikos teisinė praktika susijusi su interneto teise, bei galimi veiksmai siekiant padidinti šios teisės veikimo efektyvumą. / In Master’s Thesis discusses internet law term usage tendencies and expediency. Also it is setting forth the alternatives of this term which can be met in scholar studies. There is given review of basic internet law’s principles, their judicial purpose and influence. Main axes of internet law identification are requirements created by law theory and depending on them there have been raised hypothesis that internet law is a separate complexical law branch. There are shortly described Lithuanian and United State’s law practice based on internet law and the possibilities of raising the effectiveness of this law.
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Administracinės teisės reguliavimo dalyko kaita: teorijos įžvalgos ir praktika / The Change of Administrative Law Regulation Subject: Theory Insights and PracticeMažeikaitė, Ieva 25 February 2010 (has links)
Administracinės teisės reguliavimo dalyko kaita – tai dėsningas istorinis procesas, kurio pasekmė - ypatingas šiuolaikinės administracinės teisės turinys ir specifika. Administracinės teisės, kaip atskiros teisės šakos, susiformavimą XVIII amžiuje sąlygojo kokybiškai naujų, socialiai reikšmingų visuomeninių santykių, reikalaujančių atskirų, specialių normų jiems reguliuoti, atsiradimas Europos valstybėse. Tolesnės administracinės teisės reguliavimo dalyko evoliucijos metu ieškoma tam tikrų ypatumų, leidžiančių atskirti administracinę teisę nuo kitų teisės šakų, tačiau šiuolaikinėje teisėje tradicinis teisės normų skirstymas į šakas praranda prasmę, nes nepaaiškina realiai susiformavusių tendencijų. Administracinės teisės, kaip atskiros teisės šakos, skyrimo kriterijai - nevienareikšmiai, todėl praktinė jų vertė yra sąlyginė. Esminis kriterijus, padedantis nustatyti šiuolaikinės administracinės teisės reguliavimo dalyko nuolat kintančią apimtį, yra jo santykis su kitomis teisinės sistemos dalimis. Vertybinių orientacijų poslinkių nulemta administracinės teisės reguliavimo dalyko kokybinė kaita sąlygoja šiuolaikinės administracinės teisės reguliacinės funkcijos nuolatinę plėtrą, didėjančią visų teisinės sistemos dalių sąveiką ir administracinės teisės misijos esminius turinio pokyčius. Ateityje šios tendencijos turėtų stiprėti, siekiant įgyvendinti esminę šiuolaikinės administracinės teisės paskirtį ir misiją - žmogaus teisių ir laisvių apsaugą. / The change of administrative law regulation subject is a long historical process, resulted in a specific content and particularity of contemporary administrative law. The formation of administrative law as a separate branch of law in the 18 century Europe was determined by the coming of qualitatively new, socially significant public intercourse which required special rules of organizing. In the further evolution of administrative law regulation subject certain characteristics are being sought, which could enable to distinguish administrative law from the other branches of law. Still in the contemporary legal system traditional attribution of law norms to separate branches of law looses its significant because it does not explain the real substantive tendencies. The criterions of the attribution of administrative law to a separate branch of law are ambiguous that is why their practical worth is conditional. Crucial criterion which helps to identify the scope of contemporary administrative law regulation subject is its relations to other parts of legal system.
The qualitative change of administrative law regulation subject determined by the shift of value orientations conditions the constant expansion of the regulatory function of administrative law, growing interaction of all parts of the legal system and fundamental alteration of administrative law mission content. In the future these tendencies should intensify in order to implement the essential purpose and mission of... [to full text]
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En väsentlig hållbarhetsredovisning : En innehållsanalys av hållbarhetsredovisningen inom skogsindustrinPålsson, Olivia, Tour, Anna January 2021 (has links)
Syftet med denna studie är att undersöka skillnaden i hållbarhetsredovisningens väsentlighet över tid innan hållbarhetsredovisning var obligatorisk (2013) och efter att den blev obligatorisk (2020). De tio valda hållbarhetsredovisningarna återfinns bland de fem största företagen i den svenska skogsindustrin. Den teoretiska ram som valts för att undersöka denna studie är legitimitetsteorin och intressentteorin. För att utforska rapporterna har vi använt oss av innehållsanalys med kategorisering. Kategoriseringen baseras på obligatorisk information och icke-obligatorisk information, baserad på CSR-terminologi. Resultatet presenteras som procentandelen av den totala rapporten. En kvalitativ metod användes för att tolka resultatet och analysera andelen väsentlig information i rapporterna. Resultatet av denna studie indikerar att en del av informationen har ökat och annan information har minskat i omfattning sedan lagstiftningen. Det innebär också att det är avgörande att företag använder riktlinjer för att sammanställa en hållbarhetsrapport. Studien indikerar också att företagen bedömde samma områden som väsentliga under samma jämförda år. / The aim of this study is to explore the difference in the materiality of sustainability reports over time, before sustainability reporting was mandatory (in 2013) and during (in 2020). The ten sustainability reports analyzed are found among the five biggest companies in the Swedish forest industry. The theoretical framework chosen to investigate this study is the Legitimacy Theory and the Stakeholder Theory. To explore the reports, we have used Content analysis with categorization. The categorization is based on mandatory information and non-mandatory information, based on CSR terminology. The result is presented as a percentage share of the total report. A qualitative approach was used in order to interpret the result and analyze the share of material information in the reports. The result of this study indicates that some of the information has increased, and other information has decreased since the law regulation. It also implies that it is crucial that companies use guidelines in order to assemble a sustainability report. The study also indicates that the companies assessed the same areas as material during the same compared years.
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Vzájemné rozlišování kategorií výrobků se zdravotními účinky v právním řádu EU / Demarcation between the categories of products with physiological function on human body in EU lawVavrečka, Jan January 2008 (has links)
The thesis is focused on theoretical principles of demarcation of products with health effects in the EU law and on the reflection of these issues in the application and administrative practice in commercial law. The thesis developed yet been brought judicial interpretation with the scientific interpretation of certain key and decisive problems that separate from each other law-regimes of regulation: medicinal product for human use, foods, cosmetics products, medical devices and biocides. Correct law-regime for a particular product is determinating of the general legal basis in the EU internal market. It is therefore a important problem not only in EU law, but also in EU economic. Thesis results are highly critical of current practice in the local markets of EU member states, especially Czech Republic, and in many instances documented sub-optimal application of this law in general practice.
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Försäkringsskydd för skadeståndsansvar vid dataskyddsöverträdelser : En undersökning av försäkringsvillkorens omfattning och eventuella begränsningar i förhållande till art. 82 GDPR och grupptalan / Insurance coverage for liability in case of data protection breaches : An investigation into the extent and potential limitations of insurance terms in relation to art. 82 GDPR and class action lawsuitsNahlbom, Robin January 2024 (has links)
I uppsatsen utreds försäkringsskyddet för skadeståndsansvar vid dataskyddsöverträdelser. GDPR är den centrala regleringen för personuppgiftsbehandling och fastställer ett antal principer som måste upprätthållas för att den ansvarige ska få behandla personuppgifter. Bryter den ansvarige mot förordningens principer har den registrerade rätt att kräva skadestånd enligt art. 82.1 GDPR. Förordningen fastställer tre kumulativa krav som måste vara uppfyllda för att skadeståndsskyldighet ska föreligga. Det innefattar att en överträdelse av GDPR har skett, att materiell eller immateriell skada till följd av denna överträdelse har uppstått och att det föreligger ett orsakssamband mellan skadan och överträdelsen. Förordningen innehåller även en bestämmelse som tar över medlemsstaternas nationella skadeståndsrättsliga bestämmelser, vilket innebär att GDPR ska tillämpas enligt sin ordalydelse och att de kumulativa kraven enligt art. 82.1 GDPR måste följas. Det innebär att nationella skadeståndsrättsliga begrepp inte bör jämställas med begrepp som framgår av art. 82.1 GDPR eftersom begreppen har tillkommit i en helt annan kontext. Exempelvis översätts i vissa fall materiella och immateriella skador till ekonomiska och ideella skador. Begreppen är inte synonyma och bör inte tillställas samma betydelse eftersom terminologin i art. 82.1 GDPR kan misstolkas. Försäkringsvillkoren som reglerar skadeståndsskyldigheten för dataskyddsöverträdelser och som även hänvisar till art. 82.1 GDPR, innehåller i vissa fall nationella skadeståndsrättsliga begrepp och även andra begrepp som inte framgår av förordningen. Det kan leda till att kongruensen mellan villkorens utformning och förordningens ordalydelse medför tolkningsproblematik vid bedömning om skadeståndsskyldighet föreligger. Därför bör försäkringsvillkoren endast innehålla sådan terminologi som framgår av art. 82.1 GDPR. Dataskyddsöverträdelser medför oftast att en stor grupp människor lider skada varför förordningen tillåter registrerade att föra grupptalan med hjälp av en ideell organisation enligt art. 80 GDPR. Teoretiskt sett kan skadeståndsbeloppen bli högre än försäkringsbeloppen varför det i sådana fall saknas ett försäkringsskydd för grupptalan för den personuppgiftsansvarige. Försäkringsvillkoren anger däremot ingenting om att försäkringen inte täcker ett sådant anspråk. Därmed ställs försäkringsbolagen inför utmaningen att hantera sådana anspråk, varför försäkringen bör uppdateras för att möta skadestånd i en grupptalan vid dataskyddsöverträdelser. / The essay investigates insurance coverage for liability for damages in the event of data protection breaches. GDPR is the central regulation for the processing of personal data and establishes a number of principles that must be upheld for the data controller to process personal data. If the data controller breaches the principles of the regulation, the data subject has the right to claim damages under Art. 82.1 GDPR. The regulation sets out three cumulative requirements that must be met for liability for damages to arise. This includes that a breach of the GDPR has occurred, that material or immaterial damage as a result of this breach has arisen, and that there is a causal link between the damage and the breach. The regulation also includes a provision that supersedes the national tort law provisions of Member States, which means that the GDPR shall be applied according to its wording and that the cumulative requirements under Art. 82.1 GDPR must be followed. This means that national tort law concepts should not be equated with concepts as set out in Art. 82.1 GDPR as the concepts have arisen in a completely different context. For example, in some cases, material and immaterial damages are translated into economic and non-economic damages. The concepts are not synonymous and should not be attributed the same meaning as the terminology in Art. 82.1 GDPR can be misinterpreted. The insurance terms and conditions that regulate liability for damages in the event of data protection breaches and also refer to Art. 82.1 GDPR, in some cases contain national tort law concepts and other concepts that are not evident in the regulation. This may lead to a lack of congruence between the wording of the terms and conditions and the wording of the regulation, resulting in interpretation issues when assessing whether liability for damages exists. Therefore, the insurance terms and conditions should only contain terminology as set out in Art. 82.1 GDPR. Data protection breaches usually result in harm to a large group of people, which is why the regulation allows data subjects to bring a collective action with the assistance of a not-for-profit organization under Art. 80 GDPR. Theoretically, damages awarded may exceed insurance coverage, which means there is no insurance coverage for collective actions for the data controller in such cases. However, the insurance terms and conditions do not specify that the insurance does not cover such a claim. Therefore, insurance companies are faced with the challenge of handling such claims, which is why the insurance should be updated to cover damages in a collective action in the event of data protection breaches.
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