Although secularization has early antecedents in Mexico's history, the generation who embodied the Constitutionalist faction of the 1910 Revolution undertook an unprecedented campaign to achieve it. Strong anticlerical provisions proclaimed in the 1917 Constitution were implemented and gradually escalated in intensity by the administrations of Presidents Álvaro Obregón and Plutarco Elias Calles. This ignited an armed uprising known as the Cristero Rebellion that arose in rural Mexico in 1926. Beyond the armed conflict, this dissertation analyzes the cultural effects caused by the implementation of such a legal and institutional agenda that reveal a substantial confrontation in the public sphere between two opposed concepts of society-religious and non-religious. As a result, society became highly polarized while the government pushed its secularization aims to the extreme as never before. New laws intervened more intensely on private rights, transforming people's everyday ideas about religion, nation, law, justice and citizenship. By looking at citizens' experiences with such law enforcement, this work elucidates how the state finally neutralized radical Catholicism by stigmatizing it as non-patriotic in the public sphere. This phenomenon that happened between 1917 and 1929 can be conceptualized as the secularization of patriotism and the transformation of people's notions of the legal system- defined as the legal popular culture- that was central to Mexico's social and cultural Revolution.

我國繼受羅馬－日耳曼法系傳統，法學教育的內涵是博雅教育。英國與美國在普通法學徒制的傳統下，法學教育的目標是訓練合格律師的職業教育。此即Max Weber區分的理性的法學教育與經驗性的法學教育模式。本文將以法律文化研究中法律多元主義的觀點，觀察並描述整體法律運作的實際狀況，包含法律歷來的演進過程，以及支配法律運作的原理原則。並將法律體系與社會的其他部門，同樣置諸文化脈絡之內，探究法學教育模式之間的相互影響。 法律文化傳統影響法學教育目標，而教育目標的確定又帶動教學方法的演進。近年來美國的學士後法律學位模式，亦即一般為期三年的J.D，被東亞的日本、南韓與中國紛紛借鏡，我國也有全面引進之議。但在確定法學院的教育目標和教學品質之後，即不應以任何形式控制法律從業人員的數量，而應依循資格考的原則，讓接受過充分法學訓練者皆能進入法律的實踐階段。

Les droits individuels consacrés en France par les déclarations des droits de la période révolutionnaire ont engendré tout au long du XIXe siècle un corps de droit positif destiné à organiser leur exercice légal. La doctrine de droit public a fourni à cette époque, par le biais des ouvrages, des revues et de l’enseignement, un important effort de théorisation de ce corps de droit inédit. Or il est frappant de constater le peu de souvenirs qui ont été conservés aujourd’hui de cet effort théorique. Les divers discours sur les droits individuels qui ont émaillé la période révolutionnaire nous demeurent en réalité bien mieux connus que la doctrine du siècle suivant : la pensée contemporaine reste par exemple en terrain connu lorsqu’elle démêle au sein des discours de la fin du XVIIIe siècle les influences croisées de Locke, de l’École moderne du droit naturel ou de l’Encyclopédie. En revanche, la réflexion menée par la doctrine publiciste du XIXe siècle sur les droits individuels est tombée dans l’oubli parce qu’elle nous est devenue culturellement étrangère. Le cadre intellectuel et moral au sein duquel la théorie des droits individuels a pu être élaborée à cette époque s’est en effet désagrégé définitivement au tournant des XIXe et XXe siècles, pour laisser la place à une domination sans partage du positivisme juridique. Le but de la présente thèse est de rouvrir l’accès à un moment bien déterminé de la réflexion française sur les droits individuels, en replaçant le travail mené par la doctrine publiciste du XIXe siècle dans le cadre de la culture juridique de l’époque. Elle adopte à cette fin une perspective large incluant l’apport,d’une part, de l’histoire de la philosophie, et, d’autre part, de l’histoire de la doctrine juridique et de l’enseignement du droit. La théorie publiciste des droits individuels au XIXe siècle ne devient en effet pleinement intelligible que mise en rapport avec la doctrine très particulière du droit naturel qui a dominé durant un siècle dans l’université française, et qui a profondément imprégné la culture juridique du temps. / The individual rights which were consecrated in France by the declarations of rights from the revolutionary era brought about all through Nineteenth century a body of law which aimed at organizing the legal exercise of these rights. Public law professors made an important effort at that time to theorize this novel body of law through books, scholarly reviews and teaching. It is striking thus to notice that very few memories were kept of this effort. We have far better knowledge today of the several discourses on individual rights which marked the revolutionary era than of the Nineteenth century thinking on these same rights. For instance,contemporary thought remains familiar with intellectual influences on French revolutionaries such as Locke’s, the Modern School of natural law’s or theFrench Encyclopedia’s. On the contrary, the reflection led by Nineteenth century public law scholars on individual rights has been forgotten because it has become estranged from us from a cultural point of view. Indeed, the intellectual and moral framework within which the theory of individual rights was developed at that time collapsed by the turn of the Twentieth century, thus opening the way tothe unrivaled domination of legal positivism. The aim of this doctoral dissertation is to allow a renewed access to this specific moment of the French thinking on individual rights, by setting the theory of individual rights developed by Nineteenth century public law scholars within the wider framework of the legal culture of their time. To this end, the dissertation adopts a wide perspective which includes contributions of both history of philosophy and history of legal science. Indeed, the Nineteenth century legal theory of individual rights becomes fully intelligible only when related to the very specific doctrine of natural law which dominated during a century within French universities, a doctrine which deeply marked the legal culture of that time.

Le pluralisme juridique relativise le monopole étatique dans la production normative, en laissant aux autres groupes sociaux la possibilité de créer du droit. La mafia en tant qu’organisation soumise à des règles qui lui sont propres représente un véritable ordre juridique qui entre en contradiction avec la légalité et la structure de tout l’ordre juridique étatique. Il paraît difficile, au premier abord, de considérer la mafia comme un ordre juridique, car elle s’oppose aux critères étatiques et juridiques traditionnels. En effet, les analyses en matière de pluralisme font rarement le lien entre le pluralisme juridique et les systèmes violents, arbitraires et illégaux. Cependant, d’un point de vue sociojuridique, il est possible d’envisager le pluralisme juridique à partir de l’analyse du phénomène mafieux. Cette hypothèse explore la relation entre divers ordres (étatique, mafieux et communautaire) de nature contradictoire et dans un contexte violent.L’organisation criminelle du trafic de drogue en Colombie durant les années 1980 et 1990 sert de base à la réflexion. Cet exemple est riche d’enseignements du fait de l’imbrication des intérêts des narcotrafiquants, de l’État et des classes sociales. Ce travail de recherche explore ainsi la mafia pensée et vécue comme un ordre juridique sui generis à caractère contre-étatique, possédant une force normative sans limites. / The legal pluralism relativises the state’s monopoly to create norms by taking into consideration the possibility that different social groups contribute to the production of law. The mafia and its rules can form a legal order in contradiction with the legality and the structure of the state legal order. It seems difficult to consider the mafia as a legal order because it is in contradiction with the traditional legal and state criteria. Indeed, the analysis of legal pluralism rarely does this link between legal pluralism and violent, arbitrary and illegal systems. However, from a socio-legal perspective, it is absolutely possible to affirm a sort of legal pluralism issued from the mafia phenomenon. This hypothesis explores, in a violent context, the contradictory relation between different kinds of orders, such as State, mafia and community order.In order to analyse this issue, the Colombian drugs traffic between the 80’s and 90’s shows a specific legal culture and legal consciousness, which in a specific context reveals interesting characteristics for a socio-legal study. The mafia and its multiple networks can infiltrate the legal culture of the regions where it acts, and sometimes, its actions and operations may be intertwined with the State and other legal actors. In this sense, it is appropriate to consider a mixed legal system, where the legal and illegal co-exist; and where the mafia, popular and state law became a "mélange" as a product of the interaction between the different legal systems as well as a product of the porosity existing between all the legal systems. This research explores the mafia, in real life and in theory, as a sui generis legal order that has a normative force without limits.

Dans cet exercice, on essayera de produire une véritable théorie locale ou spéciale du précédent judiciaire pour Colombie. Compte tenu de la profonde transformation du rôle de la jurisprudence contentieuse administrative au cours des dernières années, abandonnant son rôle indicatif et assumant une valeur normative de précédent judiciaire, il est nécessaire d'analyser le précédent contentieux administratif d'après la culture des opérateurs juridiques en Colombie, les fondations doctrinales et jurisprudentielles de l'existence du précédent en Colombie et les objectifs du Code de Procédure Administratif.Ce travail a pour but de tester l'hypothèse selon laquelle en Colombie, les juges du contentieux administratifs et les autorités administratives, afin d'identifier et d'appliquer rationnellement le précédent judiciaire contenu dans les arrêts d'unification Jurisprudentielle du Conseil d'Etat pour résoudre les cas qui viennent à leur connaissance, devraient appliquer des critères théoriques et pratiques d'une théorie locale du précédent, jusque-là Inexistante. Pour cela, on souhaite montrer que cette théorie devrait aborder (i) les contributions théoriques à la doctrine transnationale du précédent judiciaire et les flux légaux ayant donné lieu à la figure de précédent en Colombie, (li) la base théorique et constitutionnelle du respect pour le précédent en Colombie ainsi que (iii) les objectifs de la création des « arrêts d’unification jurisprudentielle » dans la loi 1437 de 2011. / This dissertation produces a local or special theory of judicial precedents for Colombia. Public case law in Colombia has departed from its prior persuasive role and has acquired a normative value as judicial precedent. Given the deep transformation of the role of public case law in recent years, it is necessary to analyze the judicial precedents in light of the Colombian legal culture, the doctrinal and jurisprudential foundations of the existence of the precedent in Colombia and the objectives• pursued by the Code of Administrative Procedure. This work aims to test the hypothesis that public authorities and public law judges in Colombia should apply theoretical and practical criteria of a local theory of the precedent, hitherto nonexistent. The latter is necessary for them to identify and rationally apply the judicial precedents contained in the unification rulings of the Council of State (Conseil d'Etat) to solve the cases that come to their knowledge. This theory should address (i) the theoretical contributions to the transnational doctrine of the judicial precedent and the legal flows that gave rise to precedents in Colombia, (ii) the theoretical and constitutional basis for respecting precedents in Colombia as well as (iii) the objectives of law 1437 of 2011 when creating unification rulings of the Council of State.

Submitted by Cristiane Oliveira (cristiane.oliveira@fgv.br) on 2011-06-10T21:16:36Z No. of bitstreams: 1 60090200007.pdf: 955148 bytes, checksum: de08a7ba5f3218abb7380440507dcb89 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Vera Lúcia Mourão(vera.mourao@fgv.br) on 2011-06-10T21:18:08Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 60090200007.pdf: 955148 bytes, checksum: de08a7ba5f3218abb7380440507dcb89 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Vera Lúcia Mourão(vera.mourao@fgv.br) on 2011-06-10T21:18:48Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 60090200007.pdf: 955148 bytes, checksum: de08a7ba5f3218abb7380440507dcb89 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2011-06-10T21:36:01Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 60090200007.pdf: 955148 bytes, checksum: de08a7ba5f3218abb7380440507dcb89 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2011-04-11 / A Reforma do Judiciário de 2004 é parte de um longo processo de tentativas políticas de implementação de mudanças que não surgiriam espontaneamente na cultura jurídica. A súmula vinculante é exemplar desse histórico, pois se trata de instrumento voltado para corrigir problemas persistentes que decorrem da ausência de uma cultura jurídica de precedentes no Brasil. Entretanto, o próprio funcionamento do instituto depende da adequada aplicação da lógica de precedentes, pois a clareza dos enunciados vinculantes aprovados decorre da clareza da ratio decidendi de seus respectivos precedentes. Além do estudo dos debates legislativos que criaram o instituto da súmula vinculante, bem como dos procedimentos de aprovação das súmulas vinculantes penais editadas até o final de 2010, pesquisou-se como o Supremo Tribunal Federal administrou o manejo deste instituto conflitante com a maneira tradicional de fundamentação judicial e de referência não-fática, mas conceitual, entre decisões passadas. / The 2004 Brazilian Judiciary Reform is part of a long process of political attempts to create changes that were not produced spontaneously by the legal culture. The súmula vinculante is a great example of such process, since is a legal institute aimed to solve persistent problems that came from the absence of a legal culture of precedents in Brazil. However, the own effectiveness of the institute depends on the adequate use of a precedents rationale, since the clarity of the binding rulings depends on the clarity of the ratio decidendi of the respective precedents. By the analysis of the legislative debates that created the súmula vinculante, as well of the approval proceedings of the binding rulings related to criminal law issued until the end of 2010, it was researched precisely how the Brazilian Supreme Court managed to handle such institute that conflicts with the traditional way of providing grounds to judicial decisions and of conceptual rather than factual relation between past decisions.

This thesis aimed to investigate the education proposals in the intellectual production of the jurist, writer, journalist and Sergipe teacher, Antonio Manoel de Carvalho Neto, from books published between the years 1926 and 1948 and analyze the place of these proposals in educational projects Carvalho Neto and context of the history of Brazilian education. It was taken as the initial motivation the research developed in the Masters, in which productions were located that reflected speeches in the fields of Law and Education, through the themes raised by that intellectual. The works allowed perform analysis in the wake of the relationship between literature and history, and understand in their content and confrontation with other sources, perspectives of social representation, perception and movement of the same in the legal and educational field in Sergipe state and beyond. Three major publications were in the interests of research: Legislation and Work: controversy and doctrine (1926), which is in parliamentary speeches, Lawyers: how we learn, how we suffer, we live (1946), whose content is about the training process and social practices of lawyers and Lost Lives (1948), novel pedagogical prison. This study aimed to understand how and to what extent the intellectual production Carvalho Neto coated proposals in the field of education. Thus, it was necessary to undertake a study on the movement and ownership that such works were from the criticism they received from the press, testimonials and, above all, to investigate how the education proposals reflected in all those writings were constituted in contributions for education in Sergipe and Brazil. This research was produced from the perspective of the History of Education, from the theoretical and methodological assumptions of Cultural History. Were used as source: the written press, testimonials from Sergipe intellectuals, sources from the National Law School of the Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Tobias Barreto Institute of Education and Culture, magazines and books. It employed some supplier categories of analysis of theoretical support for the research, such as: field, habitus, social capital, cultural capital and scientific capital of Bourdieu, ownership, distribution and representation of Chartier, social setting and civilizing process of Elias, as well as intellectuals and Sirinelli Miceli. In order to understand the object of research, the concept of legal culture Plinio Barreto helped to understand significant aspects of the legal field. The latter were considered within the limits of this research, as relevant authors for the study. Those authors led the filing of the thesis that, in the work of Carvalho Neto, there are proposals for education and training which were at the national and international agenda, from their production and. crossed decades, including: training and ethics of lawyers, education in the prison system, training of primary school teachers and their inclusion on the job and education for work. It is hoped that this research contributes to the studies in the History of Education in Sergipe, with perspective in the history of intellectuals, since, through the analysis of intellectual production Carvalho Neto, it is considered possible to record it as an intellectual participated effectively the issues related to the field of education in Brazil, with the production locus of the legal discourse, in the legal condition, writer and parliamentary. / Esta tesis tuvo como objetivo investigar las propuestas de educación en la producción intelectual del profesor jurista, escritor, periodista y Sergipe, Antonio Manoel de Carvalho Neto, de los libros publicados entre los años 1926 y 1948 y analizar el lugar de estas propuestas en los proyectos educativos Carvalho Neto y el contexto de la historia de la educación brasileña. Se tomó como la motivación inicial de la investigación desarrollada en el Masters, donde se encontraban las producciones que reflejaban discursos en los campos de derecho y educación, a través de los temas planteados por que intelectual. Las obras permiten realizar análisis a raíz de la relación entre la literatura y la historia, y comprender en su contenido y la confrontación con otras fuentes, perspectivas de representación social, la percepción y el movimiento de la misma en el ámbito jurídico y educativo en el estado de Sergipe y más allá. Tres publicaciones importantes fueron en interés de la investigación: Legislación y Trabajo: controversia y doctrina (1926), que está en discursos parlamentarios, abogados: la manera de aprender, cómo sufrimos, vivimos (1946), cuyo contenido es sobre el proceso de formación y prácticas sociales de abogados y vidas perdidas (1948), novela pedagógica prisión. Este estudio tuvo como objetivo comprender cómo y en qué medida la producción intelectual Carvalho Neto propuestas en el campo de la educación recubierto. Por lo tanto, era necesario realizar un estudio sobre el movimiento y la propiedad que estas obras eran de las críticas que recibió de la prensa, los testimonios y, sobre todo, para investigar cómo las propuestas de educación reflejan en todos esos escritos se constituyeron en las contribuciones para la educación en Sergipe y Brasil. Esta investigación se produce a partir de la perspectiva de la Historia de la Educación, a partir de los supuestos teóricos y metodológicos de la Historia de la Cultura. Se utilizaron como fuente: la prensa escrita, testimonios de intelectuales Sergipe, fuentes de la Facultad Nacional de Derecho de la Universidad Federal de Río de Janeiro, Tobias Barreto Instituto de Educación y Cultura, revistas y libros. Se empleó a unas categorías de proveedores de análisis del apoyo teórico para la investigación, como por ejemplo: campo, habitus, capital social, capital cultural y el capital científico de Bourdieu, la propiedad, la distribución y representación de Chartier, entorno social y proceso de civilización de Elias, así como intelectuales y Sirinelli Miceli. Con el fin de entender el objeto de la investigación, el concepto de cultura jurídica Plinio Barreto ayudó a comprender los aspectos significativos del ámbito jurídico. Éstas últimas fueron consideradas dentro de los límites de esta investigación, ya que los autores relevantes para el estudio. Esos autores llevaron a la presentación de la tesis de que, en la obra de Carvalho Neto, hay propuestas para la educación y la formación que estaban en la agenda nacional e internacional, desde su producción y. décadas cruzados, entre ellos: la formación y la ética de los abogados, la educación en el sistema penitenciario, la formación de maestros de escuela primaria y su inclusión en el trabajo y la educación para el trabajo. Se espera que esta investigación contribuye a los estudios de la Historia de la Educación en Sergipe, con la perspectiva de la historia de los intelectuales, ya que, a través del análisis de la producción intelectual Carvalho Neto, se considera posible registrarlo como un intelectual participado de manera efectiva las cuestiones relacionadas con el campo de la educación en Brasil, con el locus de producción del discurso jurídico, en la condición jurídica, escritor y parlamentario. / Esta tese objetivou pesquisar as propostas de educação na produção intelectual do jurista, escritor, jornalista e professor sergipano, Antônio Manoel de Carvalho Neto, a partir de livros publicados entre os anos de 1926 e 1948, e analisar o lugar dessas propostas no contexto da História da Educação brasileira. Tomou-se como motivação inicial a pesquisa desenvolvida no Mestrado, na qual foram localizadas produções que refletiram discursos nos campos do Direito e da Educação, por meio das temáticas levantadas por aquele intelectual. As obras permitiram realizar análise no esteio da relação entre Literatura e História e compreender, em seus conteúdos e confronto com outras fontes, perspectivas de representação social, percepção e circulação de tais obras no campo jurídico e educacional no Estado de Sergipe e para além dele. Três publicações principais estiveram no interesse desta pesquisa: Legislação e trabalho: polêmica e doutrina (1926), que se constitui em discursos parlamentares; Advogados: como aprendemos, como sofremos, como vivemos (1946), cujo teor se acerca do processo formativo e das práticas sociais dos advogados; e Vidas perdidas (1948), romance penitenciário pedagógico. Esta investigação buscou compreender como e em que dimensão a produção intelectual de Carvalho Neto se revestiu de propostas no campo da educação. Desta forma, foi necessário empreender um estudo sobre a circulação e a apropriação que tais obras tiveram a partir da crítica que receberam da imprensa, de depoimentos e, sobretudo, investigar como as propostas de educação, refletidas no conjunto daqueles escritos, constituíram-se em contribuições para a educação em Sergipe e no Brasil. Esta pesquisa foi produzida na perspectiva da História da Educação, a partir dos pressupostos teóricos e metodológicos da História Cultural. Foram utilizadas como fonte: a imprensa escrita, depoimentos de intelectuais sergipanos, fontes da Faculdade Nacional de Direito da Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Instituto Tobias Barreto de Educação e Cultura, revistas e livros. Lançou-se mão de algumas categorias de análise fornecedoras de sustentação teórica para a pesquisa, como: campo, habitus, capital social, capital cultural e capital científico, de Bourdieu; apropriação, circulação e representação, de Chartier; configuração social e processo civilizador, de Elias; bem como intelectuais, de Sirinelli e Miceli. Com vistas ao entendimento do objeto de pesquisa, o conceito de cultura jurídica de Plínio Barreto ajudou a compreender aspectos significativos do campo jurídico. Estes últimos foram considerados, nos limites desta pesquisa, como autores relevantes para o estudo. Aqueles autores conduziram a propositura da tese de que, na obra de Carvalho Neto, existem propostas de educação e instrução que estavam em pauta nacional e internacional, no período de sua produção, e atravessaram décadas, entre as quais: formação profissional e ética dos advogados, educação no sistema prisional, formação das professoras primárias e sua inserção no exercício da função, e educação para o trabalho. Espera-se com esta investigação contribuir para os estudos em História da Educação em Sergipe, com perspectiva na História dos intelectuais, uma vez que, por meio da análise da produção intelectual de Carvalho Neto, considera-se possível inscrevê-lo como um intelectual que participou, efetivamente, das questões relacionadas ao campo da educação no Brasil, tendo como locus de produção o discurso jurídico, na condição de advogado, escritor e parlamentar.

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二十一世紀是個資訊快速傳遞與蓬勃發展的世紀，在網際網路的推波助瀾下，使人類在資訊的掌握與應用上更為便利與快速。舉凡資料檢索、電子商務、視訊會議、大眾傳播、線上遊戲、電子化政府，無不受到資訊社會深刻的影響；但在另一方面，網際網路也成了各種犯罪行為的溫床，諸如網路垃圾郵件、網路色情、網路智慧財產、資訊隱私權、駭客入侵、網路咖啡店的不當經營等等，不但影響現實社會秩序，更直接衝擊資訊社會未來的發展。 因此，層出不窮的網路問題使法律的立法與執行成了關注的焦點，這可以從近幾年的法律修正即可窺之，例如著作權法以及刑法的針對網際網路而做的相關修正，但是這些法律真能遏止這些行為的成長趨勢嗎？我們從歷年的司法案件調查中，可以發現答案是否定的。換句話說，法律並未如預期般的發揮它的功能，而且似乎也無法單獨依靠法律來解決所有問題，那麼是不是有其他諸如教育或是科技工具的應用可以配合呢？因此，本研究將把焦點集中在校園網路，來探索校園學術網路規範實際狀況，並且從法律社會學的理論做為研究路徑，探討目前校園資訊教育落實的情況，這樣的探討包括從法律社會學的視角，以及從現實社會實際狀況的觀察；並進一步反思校園學術網路規範產生現實與理想的落差因素。最後則提出其他面向的思考，做為未來校園資訊教育實施的建議，依序說明如後： 第一章 緒論 就本文之研究背景、動機與目的與研究方法加以說明。 第二章 校園網路規範相關研究 分別就目前網路法律教育、校園學術網路之管理、網路犯罪現況以及法律規範實行狀況加以分析。 第三章 校園網路規範之相關問題—從法律社會學的功能結構理論來觀察 首先說明法律社會學理論的研究主軸，並且就傳統法學研究與法律社會學研究、法律社會學派與其他法學派加以比較；其後介紹法律社會學理論的歷史脈絡，以此開始觀察功能結構理論。透過結構面、功能面以及法律功能的理解，進一步省思功能結構理論在個人價值觀以及法律文化的觀察。 第四章 從法律文化觀察校園學術網路規範 透過對功能結構理論的理解以及反思，本章從個人主觀利益的考量以及法律文化的角度來觀察校園網路環境。亦即從個人對法律主觀的需求來了解法律的目的，並且透過對歷史發展上法律文化的理解，近一步推展至網路時代的法律文化，並且延伸至校園網路的法律文化；其後並觀察校園網路社會默許的規則，以及提出社會學上新治理觀與對話機制的建立，透過對話溝通以及批判思考理論的應用，除了能夠帶動所有參與者間互動反思的機會，還能有效解決糾紛。 第五章 結論 綜合本文之研究心得，指出現行網路規範缺乏對個人主觀利益的衡量，以及校園學術網路法律文化的觀察，使得規範所能發揮的空間有限。在另一方面，透過對站規或版規的形成，以及網路所塑造出的複數主體交錯環境，產生一種新的自我驅動、自我維生的機制，反而能夠務實地解決彼此的問題。除此之外，透過一來一往的溝通對話，進而使得學生自己培養理性的思辯能力。因為透過參與者的意見交流，除了引發主體的自我省覺之外，更能據此建立一個全新的思考方向。在這樣一個「解構」與「建構」的過程，學生的批判思考、教師的批判思考、校方的批判思考都將引發出來，並透過「公開討論」的方式，充分展現交流的目的，使得規範得以發揮整合的功能，期能供立法省思及校園實務之參考。

La société internationale promeut l’État de droit notamment depuis le début des années 1990, en particulier en Haïti. En quête d’une démocratie introuvable et ravagé par des crises politiques et humanitaires, cet État fait constater les difficultés de l’action internationale. Interdisciplinaire, la thèse, centrée sur l’accès à la justice, examine comment et dans quelles mesures les normes utilisées pour la promotion de l’État de droit peuvent constituer une obligation juridique de l’État et un moyen de changement. Invoquant le droit international protégeant la personne, États, organisations internationales et acteurs non étatiques brandissent l’État de droit dans des circonstances variées, concourant à son élasticité au coeur d’une institutionnalisation évolutive aux niveaux national et international. Le cas haïtien montre que le droit international contribue à une structuration et une consolidation de l’État de droit par la recherche d’un meilleur encadrement de l’État dont les compétences sont limitées par un droit interne conforme au droit international et des institutions solides, protégeant les droits et libertés dont le respect est surveillé par divers mécanismes et institutions. Néanmoins, articulation entre droit interne et droit international, État de droit et immunités, souveraineté, relations entre État et membres permanents du Conseil de sécurité de l’ONU, faiblesses structurelles entravant une culture favorable à la primauté du droit, ce sont autant de limites à l’accès effectif à la justice. Il apparaît donc nécessaire de réorienter les actions menées par des réformes transversales pour de meilleures pratiques au sein de l’État valorisant la personne. / Since the beginning of the 90’s, international community bosltered the Rule of Law, particularly in Haiti. Looking in vain to establish a democracy and devastated by humanitarian and political crises, this State emphasizes the difficulties of acting at the international level. This interdisciplinary thesis focuses on access to justice as a guarantee of rights and freedoms. It examines how and to what extent the norms used to promote the Rule of Law can be considered as States’ legal duties and as a mean of change. Appealing to international human rights law, States, international organizations and non-state actors use different legal sources of the Rule of Law in various circumstances and contribute to its elasticity in the context of progressive institutionalization at the national and international levels. The Haitian example shows that by being internationalized, the Rule of Law becomes structured and consolidated through improved State guidance, the exercise of its competences being part of a national law that respects international law, and because of strong institutions protecting rights and freedoms of which the respect is monitored by various mechanisms and institutions. Nonetheless, the relationships between national and international law, the Rule of Law and immunities, sovereignty, relations between State and permanent members of the United Nations Security Council, as well as structural weaknesses impeding the development of a culture favorable to the Rule of Law restrain individuals’ effective access to justice. Therefore, it seems necessary to reorient actions through transversal reforms that should result in better practices of valuing human beings.