This document represents efforts to design and evaluate a new sign design for emergency route trailblazing in a two-part series. Study 1 was an off-road field experiment conducted to determine the best color combination and letter design for the emergency sign. Based upon Study 1 results, black on coral, black on light blue, and yellow on purple signs were chosen for further testing against a baseline black on orange sign, all with 125-mm, D series letters. Study 2 was an on-road field study of conspicuity, conducted using an instrumented vehicle through a construction zone-related detour, and a survey questionnaire. The findings indicated that use of a color combination other than traditional black on orange will improve driver performance and safety when used for trailblazing during critical incidents. Based on the conclusions and other anecdotal evidence, the following recommendations were made: 1) Do not use black on orange signs for trailblazing around a critical incident if an existing detour/construction zone is in place; 2) Do not use a black on coral sign for trailblazing around a critical incident; 3) A light blue on black sign is recommended due to generally favorable subjective ratings and for minimization of turn errors in an overlapping detour; however, the black on light blue sign may resemble regulatory signs when headlights reflect onto it; and 4) If reject black on light blue signs based on (3), consider using yellow on purple signs, which resulted in fewer turn errors than black on orange and received generally favorable ratings. / Master of Science

La partie création, pièces d’eau, est un recueil de proses poétiques qui mettent toutes en relief une fracture entre les termes par lesquels un lieu est rendu intelligible et la realité sensible qu’ils invoquent. Les textes procèdent d’une élaboration des traces de vie qui restent suspendues au développement architectural, patrimonial et économique d’un lieu. Qu’elles procèdent à partir d’une pulsion vers l’hagiographie, de connaissances parcellaires, d’une incapacité de faire des phrases, ou bien d’une certitude hystérique, les pièces d’eau du titre sont ici à considérer comme autant d’inachèvements, voire de rebuts des procès historiques dont elles sont le refoulement. L’essai, Lisibilités de la trace dans The Obituary de Gail Scott, aborde la lisibilité en tant que question épistémologique, historiographique et esthétique. Le déchiffrement de la trace appelle une conception sans cesse recommencée de ce qu’est la lisibilité. Dans The Obituary, le déploiement d’une esthétique littéraire axée sur le paradigme de la trace concrétise une ambivalence profonde à l’égard des processus par lesquels le passé nous apparaît comme lisible au présent. À partir d’une aporie du discours historiographique, le travail poétique et narratif de Scott revient aux matières qui produisent cette machine à perte qu’est le réel. Il apprête au final un renouveau de l’imaginaire politique du savoir ainsi que des modalités littéraires définissant notre rapport sensible au passé. / The creative work pièces d’eau is a collection of poetic prose texts that tease out fractures between the terms through which a place is made intelligible and the sensory information they seek to designate. The pieces each invoke forms of life constituting an externality to the architectural, patrimonial and economic development of place. Whether they proceed from a hagiographic impulse, a fractional knowledge, a struggle to form sentences, or a hysteric certainty, the pièces d’eau of the title are indisposed, involuntary documents of the progress of which they are the refuse. The essay, Lisibilité de la trace dans The Obituary de Gail Scott, addresses legibility as an epistemological, historiographic and aesthetic notion. Reading traces calls for a constantly renewed engagement with material at the edges of legibility. In The Obituary, the deployment of an aesthetic articulated around the paradigm of the trace mobilizes a deep ambivalence with regards to processes by which the past becomes legible in the present. Written across the aporias of historiographic thought, Scott’s poetic and narrative work in this novel beckons a reappraisal of the political imaginary of knowledge and of the literary modalities that define our sensate engagement with the past.

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Läkemedelsetiketter är viktiga för att kunna hantera receptbelagda läkemedel på rätt sätt. Äldre människor är de som i störst utsträckning hämtar ut och använder receptbelagda läkemedel. Läkemedelsverket har för tillfället inga riktlinjer eller bestämmelser gällande hur etiketterna ska se ut. Däremot finns bestämmelser för vilken information de ska innehålla. Utformningen av etiketterna är upp till varje apotekskedja att göra tydlig och begriplig. Studier har visat att etiketterna är bristfälliga på flera olika sätt. Syftet med denna studie är att skapa ett kompletterande material till läkemedelsetiketterna, som tydliggör informationen med hjälp av applicering av lämpliga designfaktorer. Tanken är att materialet ska komma från apotekskedjorna och ges till läkemedelsanvändare efter behov. Metoderna observation, intervju och analys av data har tillämpats för att ta reda på användargruppens preferenser och behov. Tillsammans med litteraturstudier och tidigare forskning, som omfattat läslighet, teknikinformation och kognition, har jag tagit fram ettgestaltningsförslag som är menat att gynna äldre personers hantering av läkemedel. Studien har resulterat i att placering av de olika textelementen, teckenstorleken, formuleringen av doseringsinstruktionen och isoleringseffekten haft en betydande roll för att användargruppen ska anse det kompletterande materialet som tydligt och begripligt. / Drug labels are important to be able to manage prescription drugs properly. Older people are the ones who, to the greatest extent, pick up and use prescription drugs. The Swedish Medical Products Agency currently has no guidelines or regulations regarding what the labels should look like. However, there are provisions for what information they should contain. The design of the labels is up to each pharmacy chain to make clear and understandable. Studies have shown that the labels are deficient in several different ways. The aim of this study is to create a complementary material to the drug labels, which clarifies the information by applying appropriate design factors. The idea is that the material should come from pharmacy chains and be given to the medicationuser as needed. The methods observation, interview and analysis of data have been applied to find out the user group's preferences and needs. Together with literature studies and previous research, which included legibility, technical information and cognition, I have developed a design proposal that is intended to benefit the medication management for older adults. The study has resulted in that the placement of the various text elements, the font size, the formulation of the dosing instruction and the isolation effect have had a significant role forthe user group to consider the supplementary material as clear and comprehensible.

This experimental study investigated the relationship between the independent measures of font selection, type size, and type rendering technology and the dependent measures of legibility, as measured by the Chapman-Cook speed of reading test, as well as comprehension, as measured by a series of questions from the verbal comprehension section of the Graduate Record Exam. An electronic instrument presented test items in 12 different typographic styles. The study tested 117 college students at a university in southwestern Virginia. Each participant encountered anti-alias type rendering style and the orthochromatic type rendering style while participants were randomly assigned to either Helvetica or Palatino (font selection) and 8, 10 or 12 point type size. Results indicated that the 12 point type size was read more quickly than either 8 point type or 10 point type. There was also an interaction between font selection and type rendering technology for speed of reading: Helvetica without an anti-alias was read more quickly than Helvetica with an anti-alias and more quickly than Palatino without an anti-alias. These findings contradict an earlier, similar study. There were no significant results with regard to comprehension. <i>[Vita removed Oct. 13, 2010. GMc]</i> / Ph. D.

Doctor of Philosophy / Department of Industrial & Manufacturing Systems Engineering / Malgorzata J. Rys / This dissertation is the result of studying different methods of increasing guide sign visibility and legibility to drivers during nighttime, to increase safety on roadways. It also studies intersection lighting to indicate the lighting benefits on nighttime crash frequency reduction. From a survey conducted, practices related to overhead guide sign illumination and retroreflectivity in United States were summarized. A laboratory experiment was conducted to compare light distribution of five light sources: Metal Halide, Mercury Vapor, High Pressure Sodium, induction lighting, and Light Emitting Diode (LED). Cost analysis of the five light sources was performed. Combining results of the laboratory experiment and the cost analysis, induction lighting was recommended for states that want to continue external sign illumination. A retroreflectivity experiment was conducted to compare three types of retroreflective sheeting: Engineering Grade (type I), Diamond Grade (type XI), and High Intensity (type IV), to determine the sheeting that best increases visibility and legibility. Diamond Grade (type XI) was found to be the optimal sheeting that increases visibility and legibility to drivers during nighttime. A glare experiment was conducted to expand the retroreflectivity experiment results. Four sheeting-font combinations of High Intensity (type IV) and Diamond Grade (type XI) materials and Series E (Modified) and Clearview fonts were compared. Results revealed an optimal sheeting-font combination of Diamond Grade (type XI) sheeting and Clearview font which increases the visibility and legibility of guide signs to drivers under presence of oncoming glare source. The Highway Safety Information System (HSIS) database was used to study the effect of intersection lighting on the expected crash frequency. Illuminated intersections showed 3.61% and 6.54% decrease in the expected nighttime crash frequency as compared to dark intersections in Minnesota and California, respectively. In addition, partial lighting at intersections decreases the expected nighttime crash frequency by 4.72% compared to continuous lighting in Minnesota. The recommended sheeting-font combination for Departments of Transportation was Diamond Grade (type XI) and Clearview. This combination will increase signs’ visibility and legibility to drivers, and consequently increase safety on roadways. Adding partial lighting at intersections will reduce the expected nighttime crash frequency, and increase safety on roadways.

O que é governar os serviços de transportes por ônibus? Este trabalho propõe uma abordagem própria capaz de especificar as particularidades do governo da provisão dos serviços de ônibus, da lucratividade na economia política urbana, das políticas públicas de transportes e suas principais transformações nas últimas quatro décadas no município de São Paulo, denominada aqui de circuitos da provisão. Argumento que estes são caracterizados pelo governo e legibilidade de três coisas amplamente interconectadas politicamente e sobrepostas no espaço: receita tarifária, veículos e dados operacionais referentes à coleta de passageiros. A partir destas considerações, defendo a centralidade da compreensão dos efeitos das ferramentas e tecnologias eletrônicas na estruturação de relações de poder, da lucratividade e do controle estatal sobre a prestação do serviços de ônibus. Por decorrência de seus modos de operação e suas passagens obrigatórias, instrumentos de políticas públicas tem organizado relações principal-agente entre Estado, empresas privadas e burocracias do nível de rua e um tipo particular de política da mensuração central na provisão. Estudando as últimas quatro décadas, este trabalho argumenta que este período pode ser caracterizado como um processo histórico de longo prazo da transição do padrão de governança analógica para o eletrônico. Por meio da reinstrumentação das políticas públicas, levadas a cabo, sobretudo, por governos de centro-esquerda, esta transição teve como principal resultado a expansão substantiva das capacidades estatais regulatórias e, em um caso que vai na contramão das teorias sobre o capitalismo regulatório, até mesmo da capacidade estatal de provisão. O que surge deste quadro é que não é possível sugerir relações de captura entre Estado e empresas privadas no município de São Paulo, mas sim de construção mútua. Isto é, de simbiose. / What is to govern the bus services? Through the category of provision circuits, this work proposes a framework of analysis capable of specifying the particularities of the delivery of bus services, profitability in the urban political economy, transportation policies and their main transformations in the last four decades. I argue that these circuits are featured by the governance and legibility of three things politically interconnected and spatially overlapped: ticket revenue, vehicles and passengers data. Based on this framework, I point to the centrality of tools and technologies effects in the structuring of power relations, profitability and state control over provision. By the effects of its operating ways and mandatory passages, policy instruments have organized principal-agent relations between State, private companies, street-level bureaucracies and, to some extent, a politics of mensuration. Studying the past four decades in São Paulo, this work argues that this period can be characterized as a process of long-term historical transition of an analogical governance pattern to an electronic one. By means of reinstrumentation of policies, put forward mainly by centre-left wing governments, this transition had as a main outcome a substantive expansion in both regulatory state capacities and provision capacities, pointing to the opposite direction of regulatory capitalism theories. What emerges from this picture is that is not possible to argue for capture relations between State and private companies, but mutual construction relations, that is, a sort of symbiosis.

O que é governar os serviços de transportes por ônibus? Este trabalho propõe uma abordagem própria capaz de especificar as particularidades do governo da provisão dos serviços de ônibus, da lucratividade na economia política urbana, das políticas públicas de transportes e suas principais transformações nas últimas quatro décadas no município de São Paulo, denominada aqui de circuitos da provisão. Argumento que estes são caracterizados pelo governo e legibilidade de três coisas amplamente interconectadas politicamente e sobrepostas no espaço: receita tarifária, veículos e dados operacionais referentes à coleta de passageiros. A partir destas considerações, defendo a centralidade da compreensão dos efeitos das ferramentas e tecnologias eletrônicas na estruturação de relações de poder, da lucratividade e do controle estatal sobre a prestação do serviços de ônibus. Por decorrência de seus modos de operação e suas passagens obrigatórias, instrumentos de políticas públicas tem organizado relações principal-agente entre Estado, empresas privadas e burocracias do nível de rua e um tipo particular de política da mensuração central na provisão. Estudando as últimas quatro décadas, este trabalho argumenta que este período pode ser caracterizado como um processo histórico de longo prazo da transição do padrão de governança analógica para o eletrônico. Por meio da reinstrumentação das políticas públicas, levadas a cabo, sobretudo, por governos de centro-esquerda, esta transição teve como principal resultado a expansão substantiva das capacidades estatais regulatórias e, em um caso que vai na contramão das teorias sobre o capitalismo regulatório, até mesmo da capacidade estatal de provisão. O que surge deste quadro é que não é possível sugerir relações de captura entre Estado e empresas privadas no município de São Paulo, mas sim de construção mútua. Isto é, de simbiose. / What is to govern the bus services? Through the category of provision circuits, this work proposes a framework of analysis capable of specifying the particularities of the delivery of bus services, profitability in the urban political economy, transportation policies and their main transformations in the last four decades. I argue that these circuits are featured by the governance and legibility of three things politically interconnected and spatially overlapped: ticket revenue, vehicles and passengers data. Based on this framework, I point to the centrality of tools and technologies effects in the structuring of power relations, profitability and state control over provision. By the effects of its operating ways and mandatory passages, policy instruments have organized principal-agent relations between State, private companies, street-level bureaucracies and, to some extent, a politics of mensuration. Studying the past four decades in São Paulo, this work argues that this period can be characterized as a process of long-term historical transition of an analogical governance pattern to an electronic one. By means of reinstrumentation of policies, put forward mainly by centre-left wing governments, this transition had as a main outcome a substantive expansion in both regulatory state capacities and provision capacities, pointing to the opposite direction of regulatory capitalism theories. What emerges from this picture is that is not possible to argue for capture relations between State and private companies, but mutual construction relations, that is, a sort of symbiosis.

Density is more about an experienced nearness to functions and activities than buildingsbeing physically close to each other. Density is interaction, and the intensity of itdepends on accessibility to the functions and activities of the built environment. The current planning, continuing the thoughts of the modernist, are a threat to publichealth and the environment, as sprawling settlements demand more resources forinfrastructure and time spent commuting between home and work, taking up the timeto spend with family and friends. The suburban planning principles of the Swedish housing estate unit have graduallytransformed the suburban neighbourhoods into dispersed, disconnected islands, wheresocial life is inhibited in the mere configuration of space. Legibility of the urban environment is important regarding orientation and navigation,but also to understand the underlying meanings of spaces and places. The urbanstructure should be easily read to be understandable in the choices of everyday life. How we understand the boundaries and transitions of our surrounding affects howspaces are used. Unclear territorial interfaces, like the open space landscape ofmodernist planning feels too exposed to be appropriated. If activities should take placein the outdoor environment, there must be a certain quality to the spaces that areinviting and promote interaction between people. The suburban housing estate neighbourhoods can be developed to promote thisinteraction, providing spaces where the different layers of social life can take place, fromthe private home – through mediating interfaces of front yards, indoor collective spaceand collective gardens – to the public realm of the streets, pathways and parks. The thesis studies the suburban neighbourhood Årsta in eastern Uppsala, whichshows the signs of a disperse suburban housing estate in its configuration of buildings,withdrawn from the streets, turning inward away from the public spaces. By adding built volume within the existing structure of the open yards, the boundariesbetween the public and the private spaces can be clearly defined and new activatedspaces can be created. Many fronts towards the streets and paths make people meet inevery-day life and new types of spaces can be used to set a framework for interactionbetween residents as well as outsiders. Such spaces can also work as a buffer betweenpublic life and the private dwelling, e.g. a collective garden mediates the space inbetween a pedestrian path and an inner yard.

My project investigates the intersection of typography and furniture. It questions the language of these objects and compares the two, based on an assumption of similarity. Each supports the assertion of the language system of the other.