O projeto de espaços públicos, pensados como ideais, necessita um investimento elevado. A abertura de licitações para profissionais residentes de outros estados, diferentes daquele de onde será feita a implantação, pode trazer reflexos negativos no mobiliário urbano projetado, pois esses profissionais planejam, muitas vezes, de acordo as vivências de sua cidade local, gerando mobiliários urbanos descontextualizados com o padrão cultural, a identidade visual da cidade, a instalação ideal, o acesso universal do usuário e o tipo de material mais conveniente, por exemplo. Em virtude disso, esta pesquisa visa investigar e gerar subsídios para os profissionais ligados às atividades de mobiliário urbano. A ABNT, através da NBR9383, divide o mobiliário urbano em categorias. O foco desta dissertação é a investigação, através de análises e interpretações de arquivos históricos, fotografias e dados de gestores públicos, a categoria de Infra-estrutura, Informação e Comunicação Visual, especificamente no que diz respeito às placas de sinalização e de logradouro. Apresenta-se uma metodologia de projeto de mobiliário urbano, exemplificada através de avaliação por questionário e de proposta de design gráfico para a criação de uma identidade visual na "Rua dos Antiquários" em Porto Alegre, e a produção do aplicativo executável "Geraplaca", para auxiliar os projetistas na elaboração de placas de sinalização e de nome de rua de forma padronizada na escolha da letra, diagramação, observações de produção, acabamento e instalação. Desde modo, pode-se diminuir gastos de produção e unificar linguagens de comunicação entre as diversas formações dos profissionais que trabalham com mobiliário urbano. / The project of public spaces, as ideal place, needs a high investment. The opening of licitations for professionals of other states, different from where the implantation will be made, can bring negative consequences in the projected urban furniture. This happens because these professionals plan, many times, in agreement with the experiences of their local city, generating urban furniture out of the context with respect to cultural standard, visual identity of the city, ideal installation, access of the universal user and the type of more convenient material, for example. Due to it this, this research aims to investigate and to generate tools for professionals that work with urban furniture. The ABNT, through the NBR9383, divides the urban furniture in categories. The focus of this work is the research, through analyses and interpretations of historical archives, photographs and data of public managers, the Infrastructure, Information and Visual Communication category, specifically in what it says respect to the public place and signalling plates. A methodology for urban furniture project is presented, exemplified by the evolution of a quiz and the graphic design to create a visual identity in the "Street of the Antiquários" in Porto Alegre, with the production of application "Geraplaca", to help the designers in the creation of signaling plates and street plate of standardized form with respect to the choice of the letter, diagramming, production comments, finishing and installation. This way, production expenses can be diminished and the communication language among several different professionals who work with urban planning can be unified.

O projeto de espaços públicos, pensados como ideais, necessita um investimento elevado. A abertura de licitações para profissionais residentes de outros estados, diferentes daquele de onde será feita a implantação, pode trazer reflexos negativos no mobiliário urbano projetado, pois esses profissionais planejam, muitas vezes, de acordo as vivências de sua cidade local, gerando mobiliários urbanos descontextualizados com o padrão cultural, a identidade visual da cidade, a instalação ideal, o acesso universal do usuário e o tipo de material mais conveniente, por exemplo. Em virtude disso, esta pesquisa visa investigar e gerar subsídios para os profissionais ligados às atividades de mobiliário urbano. A ABNT, através da NBR9383, divide o mobiliário urbano em categorias. O foco desta dissertação é a investigação, através de análises e interpretações de arquivos históricos, fotografias e dados de gestores públicos, a categoria de Infra-estrutura, Informação e Comunicação Visual, especificamente no que diz respeito às placas de sinalização e de logradouro. Apresenta-se uma metodologia de projeto de mobiliário urbano, exemplificada através de avaliação por questionário e de proposta de design gráfico para a criação de uma identidade visual na "Rua dos Antiquários" em Porto Alegre, e a produção do aplicativo executável "Geraplaca", para auxiliar os projetistas na elaboração de placas de sinalização e de nome de rua de forma padronizada na escolha da letra, diagramação, observações de produção, acabamento e instalação. Desde modo, pode-se diminuir gastos de produção e unificar linguagens de comunicação entre as diversas formações dos profissionais que trabalham com mobiliário urbano. / The project of public spaces, as ideal place, needs a high investment. The opening of licitations for professionals of other states, different from where the implantation will be made, can bring negative consequences in the projected urban furniture. This happens because these professionals plan, many times, in agreement with the experiences of their local city, generating urban furniture out of the context with respect to cultural standard, visual identity of the city, ideal installation, access of the universal user and the type of more convenient material, for example. Due to it this, this research aims to investigate and to generate tools for professionals that work with urban furniture. The ABNT, through the NBR9383, divides the urban furniture in categories. The focus of this work is the research, through analyses and interpretations of historical archives, photographs and data of public managers, the Infrastructure, Information and Visual Communication category, specifically in what it says respect to the public place and signalling plates. A methodology for urban furniture project is presented, exemplified by the evolution of a quiz and the graphic design to create a visual identity in the "Street of the Antiquários" in Porto Alegre, with the production of application "Geraplaca", to help the designers in the creation of signaling plates and street plate of standardized form with respect to the choice of the letter, diagramming, production comments, finishing and installation. This way, production expenses can be diminished and the communication language among several different professionals who work with urban planning can be unified.

O projeto de espaços públicos, pensados como ideais, necessita um investimento elevado. A abertura de licitações para profissionais residentes de outros estados, diferentes daquele de onde será feita a implantação, pode trazer reflexos negativos no mobiliário urbano projetado, pois esses profissionais planejam, muitas vezes, de acordo as vivências de sua cidade local, gerando mobiliários urbanos descontextualizados com o padrão cultural, a identidade visual da cidade, a instalação ideal, o acesso universal do usuário e o tipo de material mais conveniente, por exemplo. Em virtude disso, esta pesquisa visa investigar e gerar subsídios para os profissionais ligados às atividades de mobiliário urbano. A ABNT, através da NBR9383, divide o mobiliário urbano em categorias. O foco desta dissertação é a investigação, através de análises e interpretações de arquivos históricos, fotografias e dados de gestores públicos, a categoria de Infra-estrutura, Informação e Comunicação Visual, especificamente no que diz respeito às placas de sinalização e de logradouro. Apresenta-se uma metodologia de projeto de mobiliário urbano, exemplificada através de avaliação por questionário e de proposta de design gráfico para a criação de uma identidade visual na "Rua dos Antiquários" em Porto Alegre, e a produção do aplicativo executável "Geraplaca", para auxiliar os projetistas na elaboração de placas de sinalização e de nome de rua de forma padronizada na escolha da letra, diagramação, observações de produção, acabamento e instalação. Desde modo, pode-se diminuir gastos de produção e unificar linguagens de comunicação entre as diversas formações dos profissionais que trabalham com mobiliário urbano. / The project of public spaces, as ideal place, needs a high investment. The opening of licitations for professionals of other states, different from where the implantation will be made, can bring negative consequences in the projected urban furniture. This happens because these professionals plan, many times, in agreement with the experiences of their local city, generating urban furniture out of the context with respect to cultural standard, visual identity of the city, ideal installation, access of the universal user and the type of more convenient material, for example. Due to it this, this research aims to investigate and to generate tools for professionals that work with urban furniture. The ABNT, through the NBR9383, divides the urban furniture in categories. The focus of this work is the research, through analyses and interpretations of historical archives, photographs and data of public managers, the Infrastructure, Information and Visual Communication category, specifically in what it says respect to the public place and signalling plates. A methodology for urban furniture project is presented, exemplified by the evolution of a quiz and the graphic design to create a visual identity in the "Street of the Antiquários" in Porto Alegre, with the production of application "Geraplaca", to help the designers in the creation of signaling plates and street plate of standardized form with respect to the choice of the letter, diagramming, production comments, finishing and installation. This way, production expenses can be diminished and the communication language among several different professionals who work with urban planning can be unified.

Denna studie syftar till att utveckla tumregler för heuristisk utvärdering av typografi i responsiva gränssnitt. Genom att kombinera traditionella typografiska designprinciper med principer för responsiv webbdesign har tolv tumregler tagits fram. Dessa tumregler har i två heuristiska utvärderingar använts av grafiska designers och gränssnittsutvecklare. De båda grupperna har dessutom fått ge sin syn på upplevelsen av att använda tumreglerna. Tumreglernas förmåga att vägleda till hittade typografiska problem i två responsiva gränssnitt har analyserats och framförallt gränssnittsutvecklarnas resultat har varit i fokus, då målet varit att tumreglerna ska kunna fungera som ett verktyg för att skapa bättre design för gränssnittsutvecklare utan utbildning i ämnet. Resultatet har visat att trots att gränssnittsutvecklare inte hittade lika många problem som grafiska designers så hjälper tumreglerna ändå till att hitta problem. Detta indikerar att fler deltagare utan typografisk utbildning kan behövas för att komma upp i samma mängd hittade problem som en grupp med typografiskt utbildade deltagare. Resultatet visar också att utvärderingar av responsiva gränssnitt görs bäst genom att granska gränssnittet på flera enheter med varierande skärmstorlek. / This study aims to develop a set of heuristics for evaluating typography in responsive user interfaces. By combining traditional design principles for typography with principles for responsive web design, twelve heuristics has been created. This list of heuristics has been used by graphic designers and user interface developers in two heuristic evaluations. The heuristics ability to lead to finding typographic problems in two different responsive interfaces has been analyzed, and the results from the user interface developers has been in main focus, since the goal was to create a tool for developers with a lack of knowledge in typography to create interfaces with better design. The results has shown that even though developers struggle to find the samt amount of typography problems as graphic designers, the heuristics does help to find problem. Even so, this indicate that a heuristic evaluation with non-typographic experts may need a few more participants than an evaluation with only typographic experts. The results also shows that an evaluation of a responsive user interface is best made through evaluation of the same interface on different devices with different screen sizes.

Arkitektur är en scen för liv. Den skapar möjligheter, formar förutsättningar. Denna byggnad är ritad utifrån barn, för att undersöka vad det kan ge arkitektur att utgå från ett specifikt subjekt, samt hur arkitekturen kan agera för det subjektet och understödja dess behov. Utformningen har även, på en större skala, utgått från en frågeställning om hur en byggnad kan agera i stadsrummet, hur intentioner kan översättas, hur tydlighet kan vara generös. Projektet tar ställningen att generella rum som ska vara “bra för allt” även blir lika dåligt för allt. Även “generella” rum sätter gränser. Kan man ge mer genom att programera specifikt och vara tydlig med hur rummet ska agera och för vem? Det finns vissa generella “sanningar” om en förskoleverksamhet . Samtidigt är det enorm skillnad på en 2-åring och en 3-åring. Utöver detta varierar behov under en dag. – Utmaningar som denna byggnad tar sig an. För att kunna jobba med specificitet var en viktigt del av processen att intervjua personal på förskolor och översätta information - både om åldersgrupper, dess intressen och behov, och hur verksamheten fungerade - till aktiviteter; och utifrån dem till rumsliga idéer. Byggnaden är baserad på ett griddsystem som skapar ramar att arbeta med denna specifika programering inom, och som också organiserar byggnaden på ett mycket strukturerat sätt (se diagram). Förskoleverksamheten är uppdelad i åtta avdelningar med fyra åldersgrupper (1-6 år). Alla avdelningar är baserade på samma idé om procession och scenarion utöver de grundläggande kraven som kom ur intervjuerna (så som översikt och möjlighet att stänga av) men sen är denna grund (det “generella”) specialanpassat efter åldrar, främst mha skala på rum och rumselement och baserat på aktiviteter och behov. Denna uppdelning ger också varje barn en trygghet och möjlighet att röra sig fritt inom “sitt hem” i byggnaden fritt.  Rummen har utformats dels med tanke på på olika åldersgruppers behov men även med tanke på bygganden som en “tredje pedagog” som kan stödja förskolepedagoerna - till stor del genom att vara anpassade för barnen - men även genom att underlätta kontakt och samverkan. Inom ramarna som skapas används material till funktionella ändamål men framförallt för att förstärka upplevelsen av rumsskillnader, då avdelningarna är baserade på behovet att både kunna ha översikt, stänga av,och för barn att kunna röra sig fritt. Systemet utnyttjas också för att skapa variation i höjdled som bidrar till upplevelsen. Denna vertikala rörelse, eller knäckningarna av taket, har integrerats med behov av ljusinsläpp. Detaljer ska stödja intentioner. Höjden på dörren till toalettbåset möjliggör att man kan vara avskild utan att känna sig instängd. En tydlig ingång var också att skapa läsbara rum för att stärka barnens känsla av självständighet (tillsamans med tillgängliggörandet) och en trygghet - som ger större möjlighet att utnyttja rummen och testa dess gränser. Även om rum- men är specifikt programerade undviker de att säga hur man ska agera - vad man ska bygga, hur man är på en lutning, vilken position som är skön att sitta i - och försöker snarare locka till utforskning och utveckling hos barn av hur man kan förhålla sig till olika typer av rumsligheter, och i förlängning utveckla relationen till sin omvärld. Även utåt är byggnaden tydlig; höjdskillnader bildar rumsavskiljande element mellan det publika och de mer privata förskolegårdarna. Byggnaden öppnar sig mot gatan, erbjuder en riktning över taket med en tydlig slinga som kopplar stadsrummet med parken genom taklandskapet. Det erbjuds en plats för olika “grupper” att mötas - vid specifika punkter och valda tillfällen. / Architecture is a stage for life. It creates prerequisites, shapes possibilities. It has a potential to empower whomever it is intended to support. This project focuses on children and their needs in order to examine how having a specific intended subject can contribute to the development of architecture and challenge preconceived notions. The aim has also been to explore, on a larger scale, how a building can act to influence its surroundings in an urban context - how intentions can be translated, and how the architecture’s intended legibility can be seen as a form of generosity.  The project takes a clear stand in stating that undefined space or buildings that aim to be ‘good for everyone’ also end up being ‘unsuitable for everyone’. So-called ‘flexible buildings’ also entail certain limits. Architecture that is more specifically programmed (and more precise about the intended subject and how space is expected to be used) can provide more value - not to everyone, perhaps, but to the intended subject. There exist a few “general truths” about what is needed in a building for pre-school activities. At the same time, the needs and abilities of a two-year-old and a four-year-old differ greatly. On top of this, the activities the building is expected to support vary during the day. Throughout the process the intention has been to consider and integrate all these challenges.  To be able to work with the concept of ‘specificity’ it was a vital part of the process to interview pre-school staff and subsequently translate the acquired information about interests, needs, and common activities of the different age-groups into concrete spaces.  Another aspect that made it possible to work with this theme was the construction concept, which is based on a grid, that creates the framework - a strict structure, as a base from which to then work with the more specific parts of the project within.  The result, this pre-school, is divided into four age-groups and eight departments, or units. All the units are based on the same idea about procession and routine, with fundamental requirements included (such as being able to have a good overview of the entire unit and, at the same time, be able to divide spaces and close off certain parts).  Each unit is fine-tuned according to the age of the children. These adjustments are done mainly by exploring the benefits of changing the scale of rooms and objects within rooms - also taking into consideration relevant activities and needs - as well as the children's current abilities, since the building has a potential to assist the teachers not only by supporting communication and cooperation  but also by enabling the children to do as much as possible for themselves - which also benefits their sense of independence. Another positive outcome of dividing the building into smaller units, besides being able to perform this ‘fine-tuning’, is that it gives each child a possibility to freely explore within its own ‘home’. To make sure the experience of each room is distinct from the next (which was considered important partly because the project recognises the benefit of children associating rooms with certain activities) different materials are used within the building’s frames not only for their functional purposes but also to strengthen this impression of dissemblance. Further, the construction allows for a play with differences in ceiling height (and sometimes a slight sloping of the floor) - a variation within the system that also integrates the need for daylight. It was important that the details consistently support general intentions. Lastly, much attention has been paid so that these details and the legibility don’t cross the line of becoming controlling and actually contribute to offering opportunities for the children to test boundaries, explore, and develop their way of relating to their surroundings.

The aim of this thesis is to analyse and interpret the existent and future needs of the people and environment of the mission station, Kwasizabantu,to ensure settlement growth that will enhance the social, economical and environmental aspects of the settlement. This will result in a development framework of the whole site, a master plan for the lifespan of the settlement and detailed design of the heart of the settlement. / Dissertation (ML(Prof))--University of Pretoria, 2009. / Architecture / unrestricted