This dissertation focuses on code-switching i.e. the alternate use of two languages within the same speech event, as a technique in teaching literature to Grade 10 ESL learners by bilingual teachers in comparison to English only method by an English monolingual teacher, in two schools in Port Shepstone. This study examines the forms and functions of English-Zulu code-switching by bilingual ESL teachers. Using the experimental approach, it also investigates whether there are any significant differences in scholastic achievement as measured by tests of literary works between the control group which is taught through the medium of English and the experimental group which is taught through the medium of cs. This study also examines the attitudes of monolingual and bilingual educators and bilingual learners toward CS, particularly in the domain of the school. Through an analysis of data obtained from questionnaires, interviews, lesson recordings and tests, this research reveals that even though CS does not appear to significantly contribute to scholastic achievement, it fulfills a variety of pedagogical functions. CS therefore claims a firm position in the classroom. As such, I argue that CS should not necessarily be perceived as interlanguage but as a form of linguistic code in its own right. I also demonstrate that contrary to a wealth of studies (e. g. Nyowe 1992; Gibb 1998) that show that English monolingual speakers, as well as those who employ CS in their linguistic repertoire, stigmatise the use of CS, the majority of participants of this research perceive CS as a code that is both inevitable and a valuable learning resource. Finally, I explore the implications of this research for principals, teachers and governing body members. I suggest that there is a need for these role players to engage in consciousness raising as the ANC Language Policy Document clearly accords CS an official status and more importantly, CS is a reality in the classroom. In addition, I examine the implications of CS for ESL teachers and teaching, particularly in the teaching of literature. I suggest that by employing CS in the teaching of literature teachers help learners to better interact with and interpret the literary text, and also promote communicative competence among the learners. Lastly, I explore the implications of CS for methodology. I conclude that the strategic use of CS effectively enhances English L2 acquisition. / Thesis (M.A.)-University of Natal, Durban, 2001.

Bakgrund: Urinvägsinfektion är den vanligast förekommande vårdrelaterade infektionen och innebär förekomst av bakterier i urinen med eller utan symtom. Det finns ett flertal faktorer som gör att äldre är en riskgrupp för att drabbas av urinvägsinfektion bland annat samsjuklighet och funktionsnedsättningar. Urinvägsinfektioner leder till lidande hos den äldre individen och stora kostnader för samhället. Sjuksköterskan har ett ansvar att förebygga sjukdom och minska lidande. Syfte: Syftet var att beskriva sjuksköterskans omvårdnadsåtgärder, upplevda effekter samt effekter av dessa, för att förebygga uppkomst av urinvägsinfektion hos äldre samt att beskriva de inkluderade artiklarnas urvalsmetod och undersökningsgrupp. Metod: En litteraturstudie med deskriptiv design. Studien baseras på 14 vetenskapliga artiklar. Av dessa var 12 stycken skrivna med kvantitativ ansats och två med kvalitativ ansats. Resultatet analyserades deduktivt utifrån Orems fem hjälpmetoder och subkategorierna framkom efter en induktiv analys. Huvudresultat: Resultatet sammanställdes i följande kategorier: Att göra något eller handla för en annan person med subkategorierna; God hygien, Specifika åtgärder relaterade till kateter, Ökat vätskeintag samt Profylaktiska läkemedel och tillskott. Att handleda en annan person, Att ge fysiskt och psykologiskt stöd, Att skapa en miljö som främjar utveckling samt Att undervisa. Slutsats: Sjuksköterskorna i studien använde sig av ett flertal olika omvårdnadsåtgärder för att förebygga urinvägsinfektion. Att förkorta tid med kateter samt att undvika att sätta kateter var de mest effektiva åtgärderna för att förebygga urinvägsinfektion. Sjuksköterskorna i studien upplevde att utbildning av patienter, omvårdnadspersonal och anhöriga samt ett ökat vätskeintag reducerade incidens av urinvägsinfektion. / Background: Urinary tract infection is the most common nosocomial infection and involves the presence of bacteria in the urine with or without symptoms. There are several factors that make that the elderly are at increased risk of suffering from urinary tract infection among other comorbidity and functional impairments. Urinary tract infections lead to suffering among elderly individuals and high costs for the society. The nurse has a responsibility to prevent disease and reduce suffering. Aim:The aim was to describe nursing care measures, perceived effects and the effects of these, in order to prevent the occurrence of urinary tract infection in the elderly and to describe the included articles in the sampling methodology and survey group. Method: A literature study with descriptive design. The study is based on 14 scientific articles. Of these, 12 studies with a quantitative approach and two studies with a qualitative approach. The results were analyzed deductively based on Orem´s five methods of helping. Subcategories emerged after an inductive analysis Main results: The results were compiled in the following categories: To do something or act for another person with subcategories; Good hygiene, Specific actions related to the indwelling urinary catheter, Increased fluid intake and Prophylactic agents / supplements. To mentor another person, To give physically and psychological support, To create an environment conducive to development and To educate. Conclusion: The nurses in the study used a variety of nursing interventions for preventing UTI. To shorten the time with the indwelling urinary catheter and to avoid inserting indwelling urinary catheter were the most effective methods to prevent urinary tract infections. The nurses in the study considered that education of patients, nursing staff and relatives and an increased fluid intake decreased incidence of urinary tract infections.

This dissertation describes critical participatory action research study aimed at developing the capacity of learners to think critically in the context of a classroom in a South African Secondary school (and beyond). The data were qualitative in nature, and were generated through Govender’s (2008) 1949 short story prescribed for grade 11 in 2010. Informal discussions, classroom observations, semi-structured interviews, critical thinking tasks as well as learners’ assignments were the instruments inductively used for data production, interpretation and analysis. This process was guided by critical questions regarding the tasks’ characteristics, their position in the teaching sequence, the role of the learning environment, and the need to design activities which would effectively promote critical thinking. A reflexive critical paradigm to claims to knowledge particularly in terms of how knowledge emerges through the relationship between the knower and the known, how reality was explained in this study as well as in terms of the ways and means of producing evidence, was adopted. Orthodox Marxism, not approached from an economic deterministic and functionalist perspective was chosen as a theoretical frame for the study. This study was conceptualised in terms of literary works, ideology, historical materialism, dialectical materialism, critical thinking as well as practice. Constructivism as well as Reader Response theories emerged as being most likely to promote success in developing critical thinking skills. These theories were found to be relevant when evaluated against criteria of active engagement and interest by learners, attainability with effort, display of critical thinking traits, and compatibility with the South African curriculum. In these theories an interesting problem is posed at the start of a section, after which direct instruction and learner engagement with the problem run parallel to one another, linked by scaffolding tools which are engaged with both, individually and collaboratively. Data analysis demonstrated that it is possible, employing particular strategies and tasks, to promote the capacity of learners to think critically, even beyond the classroom context, while meeting the curriculum outcomes, although the intense pressure of the curriculum made this a challenging task, it must be acknowledged. Nevertheless, there is still a need of research that would enable learners to realise that literature has no direct relation with reality and that literature cannot produce a utilitarian totalising perspective of reality. In order to write about other things implies that a writer has to stop writing about others. Tasks design characteristics and positioning in the teaching sequence, and the conditions of the learning environment, were found to affect a tasks’ effectiveness at promoting critical thinking. Various teaching strategies in line with tasks that have a potential to promote critical thinking and theories can improve attainability by wider range of learners. / Thesis (M.Ed.)-University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, 2012.

Acompanha: Do mar de informação ao cortiço / Este trabalho apresenta uma sequência didática para o componente curricular de Literatura, da disciplina de Língua Portuguesa, com base nos estudos de Rildo Cosson (2007), publicados em Letramento Literário: teoria e prática, e no uso das novas tecnologias da informação e comunicação, pois almeja contribuir com o trabalho docente em uma aproximação maior entre estudantes dos ensinos fundamental e médio e os textos literários por meio de ferramentas eletrônicas e de ambientes virtuais da rede mundial de computadores. Pautando-se nos grandes desafios do ambiente escolar na contemporaneidade, propõe-se uma alternativa em que o ambiente virtual, presença indispensável ao homem atual, possa colaborar com as finalidades educativas preconizadas pelo ensino de literatura. Assim, a sequência didática pretende contribuir para o encaminhamento dos estudantes do ensino fundamental para a leitura do livro Dez Dias de Cortiço, de Ivan Jaf (2008), e na aproximação entre os estudantes do ensino médio e a obra O Cortiço, de Aluísio Azevedo (2010), partindo da leitura da transposição deste, disponível na internet em formato de jogo eletrônico. Como suporte temático, objetivando encaminhar os estudantes para a leitura da narrativa original de Azevedo, sugere-se a investigação das relações estabelecidas entre este romance e outros gêneros literários que tenham como tema a adolescência e seus conflitos. Como aporte teórico para o trabalho dos professores com a obra do período Realista-Naturalista foram de grande importância as contribuições de Antonio Candido (1995), que aponta para o papel humanizador da literatura, a preocupação de Italo Calvino (2007) quanto à manutenção do acesso aos clássicos da literatura em tempos de mudanças no campo tecnológico, assim como as ponderações de Zygmunt Bauman (2001) sobre a chamada “Modernidade Líquida”, entre outros autores que embasam o presente estudo. / This paper proposes a teaching sequence for the curricular component of Literature, of the Portuguese Language course, based on studies of Rildo Cosson (2007), published in Letramento Literário: teoria e prática, and in the use of new information and communication technologies, as it aims to contribute to the teaching work in a closer relationship between students of primary and secondary education and literary texts through electronic tools and virtual environments of the world wide web. Guided by the challenges of the contemporary school environment, it is proposed an alternative in what the virtual environment, with its indispensable presence to the current man, can contribute to the educational goals recommended by the teaching of literature. Thus, the didactic sequence aims to contribute to the guidance of elementary school students for the reading of the book Dez dias de cortiço, of Ivan Jaf (2008), and the closeness between high school students and the opus O Cortiço, of Aluísio Azevedo (2010), starting by reading the transposition of the book, available online in video game format. As theme support, aiming to conduct the students to the original Azevedos's narrative, it suggests the investigation of the relations among this novel and other literary genres that have the theme of adolescence and its conflicts. As theoretical contribution to the work of teachers with the book of the Realistic-Naturalist period there are very important contributions of Antonio Candido (1995), which points to the humanizing role of literature, the concern of Italo Calvino (2007) for the maintenance of access to the classics of literature in times of changes in the technology field, as well as the weights of Zygmunt Bauman (2001) on the called “liquid modernity”, among other authors that support this study.

Made available in DSpace on 2014-06-11T19:26:52Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2011-12-06Bitstream added on 2014-06-13T19:27:00Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 fialho_pff_me_assis.pdf: 577331 bytes, checksum: 2146625ee2050a27499559ac8d0d95fb (MD5) / Com base na trajetória da literatura infantil e sua relação com a pedagogia, esta pesquisa pretende abordar três obras poéticas da escritora Cecília Meireles por esse ponto de vista, ressaltando o discurso pedagógico presente nas obras de poesia infantil da escritora, como Criança meu amor, A festa das Letras e Ou isto ou aquilo. Pretende-se desvendar o discurso pedagógico contido nesses textos evidenciando neles a presença de uma criança modelo, como forma de exemplo para o leitor, como também na abordagem de assuntos que buscam enfatizar conhecimentos para a criança. Esse discurso apresentado nos versos da poetisa retrata uma educadora e escritora preocupada com o universo infantil e suas particularidades. Essas três obras de Cecília Meireles, portanto, apresentam características que às associam à educação, auxiliando no processo de ensino. Para além disso, a pesquisa também aborda o discurso estético dos poemas, sua musicalidade, imagem e ritmo, ressaltando a importância desses elementos poéticos para a obra da escritora. Por causa de seu trabalho estético com o vocábulo e com o universo infantil, Cecília Meireles consagra-se como uma escritora para adultos e, principalmente, para as crianças que tanto fizeram parte de sua vida, sendo sua obra reconhecida pela crítica literária e fazendo parte do cânone literário brasileiro / Based on the trajectory of literature for children and its relation to pedagogy, this research intends to broach the Cecília Meireles' infantile poetry by this point of view, emphasizing the educational discourse in the works of a writer of children's poetry, such as Criança meu amor, A festa das Letras and Ou isto ou aquilo. It is intended to uncover the pedagogical discourse in these texts by showing the presence of model child, as an example for the reader, as well as in addressing issues that seem to emphasize knowledge to the child. This speech delivered in nursery rhymes depicts the poet as an educator and writer concerned with the child's universe and its peculiarities. These three Cecília Meireles's works present characteristics which link them to education, helping the teaching process. Furthermore, this research also address the aesthetic discourse of poems, its musicality, image and rhythm, by stressing the importance of poetic elements in the work of the writer. Because of her aesthetic work with words and the child's universe, Cecília Meireles is established as a writer for adults and, mainly, for children who took part of her life, being her work recognized by the literary criticism and as part of the Brazilian literary canons

Six years as a sub-examiner of both literature and written work made me aware of a personal dissatisfaction with the system of examining. This research examines in detail the use of the contextual question in examining Shakespeare's plays. The main concern has been to try to deduce what constitutes a good set of contextual questions. This area appears to have attracted little detailed research. However, there is much general writing on the teaching of literature. There is no major conclusion in the dissertation but rather a series of conclusions related to the concept of the contextual question. These are summarised towards the end of chapter three. Some general recommendations appear at the end of chapter three as a sub-heading. The findings of this investigation indicate a need for further research into the system of examining literature in the Cape. It is hoped that teachers and examiners reading this dissertation will be able to use the findings to provide a possible framework for the setting of sound contextual questions

Made available in DSpace on 2015-05-14T16:53:27Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2015-12-19Bitstream added on 2015-05-14T16:58:48Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 000822830.pdf: 601297 bytes, checksum: 638a950b8f38119eb61b4cc933a4759c (MD5) / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES) / O objetivo desta tese é apresentar o diálogo entre vida e morte como estruturador dos romances Mrs. Dalloway, To the Lighthouse e Between the Acts de Virginia Woolf. Tal exposição será feita a partir do estudo da voz narrativa, tempo e espaço, destacando a participação da intertextualidade na configuração das instâncias, e terá como foco as guerras e seus desdobramentos, que estão presentes nas três referidas obras - e quiçá em praticamente toda a produção woolfiana. Respectivamente, os romances abrangem o pós-Primeira Guerra; um período de dez anos, no qual ocorre o conflito; e, por fim, o momento de eminência da Segunda Guerra Mundial. As análises serão empreendidas pelo viés psicanalítico, compreendendo, especialmente, as teorias freudianas sobre as pulsões, a memória, o luto e o trauma, além dos trabalhos de estudiosos que realizaram releituras do legado do psicanalista. Assim, nesta pesquisa, o foco é investigar como o conflito entre Eros e Thanatos, pulsão de vida e pulsão de morte, mostra-se nas narrativas de diversas maneiras, atuando constantemente e em conjunto nas existências das personagens, cujas feridas de guerra se revelam no texto por meio de lembranças e do não dito, isto é, daquilo que, por algum motivo, habita o inconsciente / The aim of this Dissertation is to present the dialogue between life and death as a structuring resource of Virginia Woolf's novels Mrs. Dalloway, To the Lighthouse and Between the Acts. This exposition will be made through the study of the narrative voice, of time and of space, emphasising the role of intertextuality in the configuration of the narrative instances. The focus is on the war and its unfoldings, present in the three works - and perhaps in almost all Woolf's production. Respectively, the novels comprehend the aftermath of the First World War; the period of ten years within which the conflict happens; and, at last, the eminence of the Second World War. The analysis will be developed under the psychoanalitical bias, comprising, especially, the Freudian theories about the drives, memory, mourning and the trauma, besides the rereadings of the psychoanalist's legacy. Thus, in this research, the focus is to investigate how the conflict between Eros e Thanatos, life drive and death drive, unveils itself through the narrative in several ways. The drives act constantly and jointly in the life of the characters, whose war injuries appear on the text by means of remembrances and of what is not stated, that is, of elements which inhabit the unconscious

Made available in DSpace on 2014-06-11T19:24:19Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2012-12-14Bitstream added on 2014-06-13T19:10:48Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 parente_l_me_rcla.pdf: 645378 bytes, checksum: 952e5ea8b4f17b08e66cb7cdf93f7cb6 (MD5) / A pesquisa analisa o livro Reinações de Narizinho, de Monteiro Lobato, com o objetivo de evidenciar o processo de desliteraturização da linguagem. Em Lobato, a desliteraturização corresponde ao processo de aproximação da linguagem às crianças, evitando a literatura como primazia de forma e privilegiando a oralidade, a fantasia, um vocabulário mais próximo do universo infantil, com temáticas mais interessantes à criança. Defendendo uma literatura infantil a “correr de pena”, singela, “estilo água no pote”, Lobato retira o “excesso de literatura” de seus textos, optando por uma escrita mais leve, próxima da língua falada, coloquial, recorrendo ao diálogo e exemplos “abrasileirados” que aproximam os leitores infantis da própria realidade. A desliteraturização da linguagem em Reinações de Narizinho está exemplificada, como demonstrado ao longo da pesquisa, na concepção da obra, no título, na construção dos reinos e personagens lobatianos, bem como na escolha das histórias infantis, no foco narrativo e na estilística de sua linguagem. Longe de empobrecer ou desvalorizar a literatura, a desliteraturização a que Lobato se propôs fundou a Literatura Infantil Brasileira / This paper analyzes the book Reinações de Narizinho, by Monteiro Lobato, aiming to evidence the process of deliteralization of language. Deliteralization in Lobato’s work means the process of approaching language and children avoiding literature as the primacy of form and favoring the orality, the fantasy and a vocabulary closer to the children's universe, with themes that are more interesting to them. Intending to defend a simple children's literature, like water in the pot, Lobato draws the excess of literature” from his texts, choosing a lighter written, close to the colloquial spoken language, resorting to dialogue and typical Brazilian examples which approach the child readers of reality itself. The deliteralization of language in Reinações de Narizinho is exemplified, as demonstrated throughout this paper, in the design of the work, in the title, in the construction of Lobato’s kingdoms and characters, as well as in the choice of children's stories, the narrative focus and the stylistics of his language. Without impoverishing or devalue literature, the deliteralization that Lobato aimed at has initiated the Brazilian children's literature

O objetivo desta pesquisa é investigar a aplicação de sequência de leitura, de maneira a identificar possíveis avanços no processo de formação leitora do aluno de Ensino Médio, considerando o uso autônomo e eficaz de estratégias de leitura. O planejamento das atividades da sequência, que constituem a empiria da investigação, tem como base os pressupostos metodológicos de Cosson (2014), no que concerne à elaboração de sequência expandida, e a metodologia norte-americana de ensino de estratégias de leitura, proposta por Harvey e Goudvis (2007). Além disso, permeiam o estudo as concepções de literatura, enquanto um “direito de todo cidadão”, promulgada por Candido (1972, 1995), de experiência, como elemento presente na atividade de leitura, conferida por Larrosa (2002), e as concepções de mediação e interação, como fundamentais para o desenvolvimento cognitivo e para a aprendizagem, sustentadas por Vigotski (1996, 2009). Trata-se de pesquisa-ação, realizada em 2015, com alunos de uma turma de 1º ano de curso técnico integrado ao Ensino Médio, de instituição pública, em Farroupilha-RS. Os resultados da pesquisa, construídos a partir de questionários e tarefas escritas realizadas durante a aplicação da proposta de ensino criada pela pesquisadora, apontam para avanços no desenvolvimento das habilidades de leitura dos alunos investigados, indicando correlações entre as características de leitores autônomos e as estratégias por eles utilizadas. A análise dos resultados evidencia a maneira como os pesquisados, a partir da mediação do professor e da interação com o outro, vivenciaram o texto e se apropriaram das estratégias de leitura. Percebe-se que os sujeitos conceberam o texto literário como um instrumento que oportuniza possibilidades de conhecimento humano e alternativas para a libertação pessoal, contribuindo para o desenvolvimento de sua competência leitora. / Submitted by Ana Guimarães Pereira (agpereir@ucs.br) on 2016-11-22T12:42:04Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Dissertacao Karina Feltes Alves.pdf: 2915936 bytes, checksum: 6e459c9e8bc3446c0ff9eff794ae2210 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2016-11-22T12:42:04Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Dissertacao Karina Feltes Alves.pdf: 2915936 bytes, checksum: 6e459c9e8bc3446c0ff9eff794ae2210 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2016-11-22 / The aim of this research is to investigate the application of reading sequence in order to identify possible improvements in the reading formation process of High School students, considering the independent and effective use of reading strategies. The activities of the sequence, which constitute the empirical research, were planned under the methodological assumptions of Cosson (2014), regarding the elaboration of expanded sequence, and the American methodology of teaching reading strategies, proposed by Harvey e Goudvis (2007). In addition, the theoretical foundation of this study is constituted by the concepts of literature, as "human beings’ right", promulgated by Candido (1972, 1995), experience, as an element presented in reading activity, conferred by Larrosa (2002), and the concepts of mediation and interaction as fundamental to cognitive development and to the learning process, supported by Vigotski (1996, 2009). This study is an action research, conducted in 2015, with students of a first year class of a technical course integrated to High School, of a public institution, in Farroupilha-RS. The study results, constructed from questionnaires and written tasks performed during the implementation of the teaching proposal created by the researcher, indicate to advances in the development of reading skills of the investigated students, indicating correlations between the characteristics of independent readers and the strategies they use. The analysis evidences how the students, from the teacher’s mediation and the interaction with others, experienced the text and appropriated the reading strategies. It is noticed that the individuals investigated conceived the literary text as a tool that provides an opportunity of human knowledge and alternatives for personal liberation, contributing to the development of their reading competence.

Orientador: Ana Maria Domingues de Oliveira / Banca: Sandra Aparecida Ferreira / Banca: Altamir Botoso / Resumo: Com base na trajetória da literatura infantil e sua relação com a pedagogia, esta pesquisa pretende abordar três obras poéticas da escritora Cecília Meireles por esse ponto de vista, ressaltando o discurso pedagógico presente nas obras de poesia infantil da escritora, como Criança meu amor, A festa das Letras e Ou isto ou aquilo. Pretende-se desvendar o discurso pedagógico contido nesses textos evidenciando neles a presença de uma criança modelo, como forma de exemplo para o leitor, como também na abordagem de assuntos que buscam enfatizar conhecimentos para a criança. Esse discurso apresentado nos versos da poetisa retrata uma educadora e escritora preocupada com o universo infantil e suas particularidades. Essas três obras de Cecília Meireles, portanto, apresentam características que às associam à educação, auxiliando no processo de ensino. Para além disso, a pesquisa também aborda o discurso estético dos poemas, sua musicalidade, imagem e ritmo, ressaltando a importância desses elementos poéticos para a obra da escritora. Por causa de seu trabalho estético com o vocábulo e com o universo infantil, Cecília Meireles consagra-se como uma escritora para adultos e, principalmente, para as crianças que tanto fizeram parte de sua vida, sendo sua obra reconhecida pela crítica literária e fazendo parte do cânone literário brasileiro / Abstract: Based on the trajectory of literature for children and its relation to pedagogy, this research intends to broach the Cecília Meireles' infantile poetry by this point of view, emphasizing the educational discourse in the works of a writer of children's poetry, such as Criança meu amor, A festa das Letras and Ou isto ou aquilo. It is intended to uncover the pedagogical discourse in these texts by showing the presence of model child, as an example for the reader, as well as in addressing issues that seem to emphasize knowledge to the child. This speech delivered in nursery rhymes depicts the poet as an educator and writer concerned with the child's universe and its peculiarities. These three Cecília Meireles's works present characteristics which link them to education, helping the teaching process. Furthermore, this research also address the aesthetic discourse of poems, its musicality, image and rhythm, by stressing the importance of poetic elements in the work of the writer. Because of her aesthetic work with words and the child's universe, Cecília Meireles is established as a writer for adults and, mainly, for children who took part of her life, being her work recognized by the literary criticism and as part of the Brazilian literary canons / Mestre