Den här uppsatsen undersöker hur positiva associationer till menskopp kan skapas genom informationsgrafik. Målet är att uppmuntra menstruerande som är mellan 19-30 år till ett mer medvetet val av mensskydd. Informationsgrafik är att visuellt presentera information på ett enkelt sätt, vilket behövs för att nå ut till en målgrupp som lever i en digitaliserad värld full med intryck. Genom en kommunikationsanalys och webbenkät togs de viktigaste aspekterna fram. Dessa var att presentera menskoppen i samband med hållbarhet och att motverka föreställd krånglighet gällande användning av menskopp. Dessa aspekter låg till grund för designprocessen. Genom en fokusgruppintervju kunde vidare designbeslut tas och fokus ändrades till att endast arbeta med hållbarhetsaspekten som ansågs vara den viktigaste. Värdering av en slutgiltig design gjordes genom tio semistrukturerade intervjuer. Utifrån det konstaterades att layouten bör vara enkel med tydliga grupperingar och kontrast genom färg och form kan leda läsaren genom designen. Men det viktigaste för att skapa positiva associationer till menskoppen är att förmedla de fördelar som gör den till ett hållbart alternativ.

This thesis focuses on the treatment of insanity in the criminal law and its implications for the concepts and mechanisms of legal accountability. In order to address this issue, I examined the historical background of the insanity defense and five specific cases that demonstrate the complications arising from insanity’s present legal condition. From this case study I drew the conclusion that, because liability to punishment requires particular internal conditions, criminal responsibility is the proper measure of legal accountability for insane persons. Ultimately, my research demonstrated that insanity occupies a unique position in both the theory of crimes and the theory of punishment and that a trial by jury is not the most appropriate way for adjudicating issues of insanity. In each of these spheres, judges consider how mental conditions relate to criminal responsibility and the role that juries play shrinks as the content of guilt shifts to criminal responsibility. For this reason, I conclude that judges are the best candidates for addressing insanity and its effect on criminal responsibility.

Asthma is a chronic condition affecting approximately 235 million people worldwide, yet international studies have identified that most adolescents with asthma have poor self-management skills. Asthma is common in adolescent males however only a few studies have specifically investigated the asthma experiences of this population group. The aim of this study was to explore how male adolescents understand and manage their asthma symptoms. A qualitative descriptive study design was selected to investigate the experiences of male adolescents, focusing on their perceptions of societal and masculine influences on their asthma management. Individual semi-structured interviews were undertaken with 15 male adolescents to capture data about their perceptions of masculinity, asthma management, interpersonal relationships, and their physical wellbeing. Findings support previous research illustrating that asthma restricts adolescent male’s lives, both at school and recreationally. This study established that these restrictions could unpredictably affect perceived masculine ideals and their ability to be independent, strong, muscular, and competitive. Consequently, the majority of participants felt their masculinity was challenged and described feeling different, isolated, and/or marginalised from their non-asthmatic peers. To counteract these feelings, maintain control, and seek normality in front of peers, most participants reported downplaying their asthma symptoms and/or did not adhere to their prescribed treatment regimes. In addition, hegemonic representations of males as ‘tough’ and ‘self-reliant’ influenced most participants to describe re-active, non-help seeking behaviours, and minimisation of their asthma symptoms. However not all participants described adverse outcomes, with a minority resisting hegemonic ideals by taking care of their health and asthma management. Findings illustrate how a variety of masculine ideals influenced young men’s health and asthma management. Further research is required to investigate the ways differential masculine ideals may be protective or detrimental to asthma medication.

Proefschrift Universiteit Maastricht. / Met lit. opg., reg. - Met samenvatting in het Engels. Bibliogr.: p. 459-474.

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Bakgrund: Män drabbas av våld i nära relationer. Då våld i nära relationer är ett samhällsproblem är det nödvändigt för sjuksköterskor att vara utbildade inom ämnet. Det är viktigt att sjuksköterskor kan identifiera och hjälpa människor, som har blivit utsatta för våld i nära relationer. Syfte: Att beskriva mäns upplevelser av att vara utsatta för våld i nära relationer. Metod: En beskrivande litteraturstudie baserat på 11 vetenskapliga artiklar med kvalitativ ansats. Huvudresultat: Män som utsatts för fysiskt, sexuellt, psykiskt och ekonomiskt våld, led av både fysiska och psykiska påfrestningar. De fysiska konsekvenserna synliggjordes genom ärr och bandage. Det psykiska välmåendet påverkades negativt med beskrivningar om PTSD, självmordsförsök och förlust av självkänsla. Samhälleliga hinder som rädsla för att inte bli trodd, stigma och maskulina normer påverkade mäns förmåga att söka hjälp för våld i nära relationer. Män stod inför utmaningar med att övervinna stigmatisering som offer samtidigt som de navigerade genom förväntningar kring manlighet. Vissa män upplevde negativa reaktioner från sjukvårdspersonal och polis. Positiva och professionella reaktioner från formella tjänster var avgörande för att skapa förtroende och ge männen det stöd de behövde. Slutsats: Våld i nära relationer orsakar fysiska och psykiska men för män. Samhällets normer och stigmatisering av manlighet hindrar dem från att söka hjälp. För att effektivt stödja och skydda dessa män krävs ett förändrat synsätt, ökad medvetenhet och utbildning för sjuksköterskor. Ytterligare forskning behövs för att förstå upplevelserna av våld i nära relationer och utveckla förebyggande åtgärder. / Background: Men can be victims of intimate partner violence. Intimate partner violence is a societal issue, it is necessary for nurses to be educated on the subject. It is important for nurses to be able to identify and help individuals, who have been exposed to intimate partner violence. Aim: To describe men's experiences of being victims of intimate partner violence. Method: A descriptive literature review based on 11 scientific articles with a qualitative approach. Results: Men who have experienced physical, sexual, psychological, and economic violence suffered both physical and psychological harm. The physical consequences were manifested through scars and bandages. Their mental well-being was negatively impacted, with descriptions of PTSD, suicide attempts and loss of self-esteem. Societal barriers such as fear of not being believed, stigma, and masculine norms affected men's ability to seek help for intimate partner violence. Men faced challenges in overcoming the stigmatization as victims while navigating expectations around masculinity. Some men experienced negative reactions from healthcare professionals and police. Positive and professional responses from formal services were crucial in building trust and providing the support these men needed. Conclusion: Intimate partner violence causes physical and psychological harm to men. Societal norms and the stigma surrounding masculinity prevent them from seeking help. To effectively support and protect these men, a changed perspective, increased awareness and education for nurses are required. Further research is needed to understand the experiences of violence in close relationships and to develop preventive measures.

Syftet med denna uppsats var att ge en bild av kunskapsläget kring våld i nära relationer och då specifikt det våld som drabbar kvinnor i relationer med män. I fokus för uppsatsen hamnade forskningsfrågorna varför kvinnor stannar i parrelationer där våld förekommer och vad som möjliggör för kvinnor att lämna en relation där våld förekommer. Studier baserade på kvalitativa intervjuer med respondenter som har erfarenhet av våld i nära relation analyserades. Som utgångspunkt för att tolka resultaten, antogs tre olika teoretiska perspektiv vilka var följande: normaliseringsprocessen, uppbrottsprocessen och ett intersektionellt perspektiv. Genom en kvalitativ innehållsanalys, utröntes de tre olika teman: resurser, kultur, samt makt och normalisering. Faktorerna som påverkar våldsutsatta kvinnors beslut att stanna i eller lämna en våldsam relation, visade sig bland annat kunna vara resurser i form av utbildning, ekonomi, materiellt och emotionellt stöd från samhällets instanser, frivilligorganisationer samt stöd från nära vänner och familj. Kulturella övertygelser och känslomässig förbindelse till förövaren visade sig också vara påverkande faktorer. Slutsatser som kunde dras från denna uppsats var att stödet som erbjuds kvinnorna är en grundförutsättning, samt det viktiga arbetet att informera om det stöd som finns och vart den utsatta kan vända sig. Det går sedan inte att påskynda kvinnans process att lämna, utan det måste vara kvinnas eget beslut då kvinnan är redo. / The purpose of this essay was to provide an image of the state of knowledge regarding violence in intimate relationships and specifically the violence that affects women in relationships with men. The essay focused on the research questions why women stay in couple relationships where violence occurs and what makes it possible for women to leave a relationship where violence occurs. Studies based on qualitative interviews who have experience of violence in a close relationship were analyzed.  As a starting point for interpreting the results, three different perspectives were adopted which were the following: the normalization process, the break- up process and an intersectional perspective. Through a qualitative content analysis, the three different themes of resources, culture and power and normalization were found. The factors that influence the abused women´s decision to stay in or leave a violent relationship were found to be, among other things, resources in the form of education, finances, material and emotional support from both society´s bodies, voluntary organizations as well as support from close friends and family. Cultural beliefs and emotional connection to the perpetrator were also found to be influencing factors. Conclusions that could be drawn from this essay were that the support offered to women is a basic prerequisite, as well as the important work of informing about the support that is available and where the vulnerable can turn. It is then not possible to speed up the woman´s process of leaving, it must be the woman´s own decision when the woman is ready.

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Denna uppsats har undersökt hur Libresse har använt sig av det retoriska tilltalet för att nå ut och påverka sin avsedda målgrupp i reklamkampanjen #wombstories. En semiotisk filmanalys har genomförts där resultatet har analyserats utifrån teorier om kommodifierad feminism, wokeness och femvertising. Frågeställningen i uppsatsen har varit, Hur används känslomässiga retoriska tilltal i förhållande till kommodifierad feminism, wokeness och femvertising i Libresse reklamfilm #wombstories? Som avgränsning har enbart en sekvens i reklamfilmen analyserats som porträtterar missfall hos ett lesbiskt par. Resultatet visade att Libresse använder sig av musik, ljud, tystnad, animation och skådespeleri för att förhöja känslan av det retoriska tilltalet där patos var det tilltal som var mest påtagligt. Kommodifierad feminism, wokeness och femvertising representerades genom tecken som kännetecknar termen. Slutsatsen blev att representationen blir ett ställningstagande av Libresse där de vill visa att de är allierade med de individer som möts av de största strukturella orättvisorna och sociala diskrimineringarna i samhället. / This paper has examined how Libresse have used the rhetorical appeal to reach out and influence their intended target group in the advertising campaign #wombstories. A semiotic film analysis has been carried out where the results have been analysed based on theories of commodified feminism, wokeness and femvertising. The question in the essay has been, How are emotional rhetorical appeals used in relation to commodified feminism, wokeness and femvertising in Libresse commercial #wombstories? As a delimitation, only one sequence in the commercial has been analyzed that portrays miscarriage in a lesbian couple. The result showed that Libresse used music, sound, silence, animation and acting to enhance the sense of the rhetorical appeal in which pathos was the most noticeable. Commodified feminism, wokeness and femvertising were represented by signs that distinguish the terms. The conclusion was that the representation shows that Libresse wants to be allies of the individuals who face the greatest structural injustices and social discrimination in society.

In the early eighties human-animal interaction was still regarded as a relatively new field of study. Since then, various disciplines got involved through research, publications, projects and scientific meetings. Although the independent development of the study field was hindered by fragmentation and specialization, important contributions were made by the different disciplines. An unique characteristic of human-animal interaction as field of study is the combination between the human sciences and natural sciences. The need for some form of integration and openness between the sciences developed. This combination not only offers opportunities but set specific demands for multidisciplinary co-operation. The study field of human-animal interaction can be enriched and broadened through co-operation between disciplines as each discipline have specialized knowledge and skills available to enhance the synergistic effect. The aim of this study is to explore the multidisciplinary nature of the study field, the involvement of Social Work in the multidisciplinary team, points of departure for multidisciplinary co-operation, and the independent nature of the study field. Twenty three disciplines were identified that are involved in the study field, namely: Anthropology&Archeology, Occupational Therapy, Architecture, Marketing, Philosophy, Physiology, Physiotherapy, Medicine, Journalism, Communication Pathology, Criminology, Art, Social Work, Education, Psychiatry, Public Health, Law, Psychology, Sociology, Town&Regional Planning, Theology, Veterinary Science and Nursing. Involvement varies from direct involvement with the implementation of programmes; indirect involvement as for example in an advisory capacity; contributing to the fundamental view points regarding the human-animal bond; and the promoting of a positive image of human-animal interaction. The role of Social Work in the study field can be divided into five main areas, namely: the aim of social work intervention, e.g. improving quality of life; the roles of the social worker, e.g. facilitator; target groups in Social Work, e.g. children and the elderly; needs of people, e.g. alleviating loneliness and depression; and approaches towards service rendering, e.g. developmental Social Work. The most important principles of multidisciplinary co-operation in the study field are stated as: aspiration to achieve the same goal, joint research, a comprehensive description of the nature and extent of the involvement of each discipline, knowledge of all the other discipline's involvement, as well as participation in human-animal interaction programmes. The independence of human-animal interaction as study field can be measured against the following seven criteria: scientific organizations, scientific meetings, publications, academic training- and educational programmes, research, programmes and projects in practice, and multidisciplinary co-operation. A strategy to enhance human-animal interaction as independent, multidisciplinary study field in South Africa is presented according to seven decision-making areas used in the marketing of services. These decision making areas include: product-(service)decisions, price decisions, place decisions, promotional decisions, personnel decisions and presentation decisions. As social workers focus on the needs of the community and the need to interact with companion animals is one of these needs, social workers can play an important role in achieving the strategic goals of leading the study field of human-animal interaction to independence. / Dissertation (DPhil (Social Work))--University of Pretoria, 2004. / Social Work and Criminology / unrestricted