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With covid-19 affecting people's ability to smell, it might be of interest to find multimodal solutions, where other senses could assist someone with an impaired sense of smell to identify an odor. This area of research lacks data since there has not been many studies on this. Moreover, there are studies that tried to find a connection between sound and smell in other contexts. The goal of this study was to find if it is possible to communicate an odor, with the help of foley sound, to someone with an impaired sense of smell. This required answers to questions regarding whether people, with and without a changed sense of smell, can improve their odor identification with the help of sound and if foley is an effective method for it. This was tested by first collecting sound associations to odors, as well as cultural associations. The data were analyzed to find common themes to choose the sounds that would be used. The participants in the study were asked to make free identifications after being presented with odor pens together with additional stimuli cues. The experiment included tests with an associated color, a matching foley sound, a matching soundscape, an incongruent color and an incongruent foley sound. The results showed that sound in general has a positive impact on someone's identification capabilities, which were measured by counting the amount of right answers on each test. The odors coffee, fish and leather had foley sound that greatly increased the amount of correct answers whilst the foley sound to lemon, rose and peppermint had less of an impact. People with an imparied sense of smell were affected similarly to the different stimuli as people without an impairment. Since identification of odors are dependent on prior experiences, some odors could be harder or easier to identify. In order to create an auditory icon for an odor there needs to be strong collective associations for it to be efficient in relaying information and not being distracting. / Covid-19 har haft en negativ effekt på människors förmåga att känna lukt, och därmed finns det ett intresse av att undersöka och hitta multimodala lösningar där andra sinnen kan hjälpa att identifiera en lukt. Det har inget större omfång av liknande forskning inom detta område. Däremot finns det studier som försökt hitta en koppling mellan ljud och lukt i andra kontexter. Målet med denna studie var att ta reda på ifall ljud kunde hjälpa att kommunicera en lukt för någon med försämrat luktsinne. Detta innebar att besvara frågor huruvida foleyljud kan förbättra människors luktidentifieringsförmåga, både för dem med nedsatt luktförmåga och oförändrat luktsinne. Det innebar också att testa ifall foleyljud är effektivare än andra typer av ljud. Forskningsfrågorna testades genom att först samla in ljud associationer till olika lukter, samt kulturella associationer. Datan analyserades för att hitta gemensamma teman att göra ljud av. Deltagarna i studien ombads skriva fria identifieringar efter att ha presenterats med doftpennor, samtidigt som de utsattes för ett annat stimulus. De stimulikombinationer som testades var doft med associerad färg, doft med ett tillhörande foleyljud, doft med en tillhörande ljudbild, samt versioner med inkongruent färg och inkongruent foleyljud. Resultatet visar att ljud har en positiv påverkan på personers identifieringsförmåga, vilket mättes med hur många som skrev rätt doft på varje test. Lukterna kaffe, fisk och läder hade foleyljud som ökade antalet rätta svar medan foleyljud till lukterna citron, ros och pepparmynta hade en mindre påverkan. Personer med nedsatt luktsinne påverkades på liknande sätt av de olika testerna som folk utan påverkan. Då luktperception påverkas av tidigare erfarenheter kan olika lukter vara svårare eller lättare att identifiera. För att lukt ska kunna sonifieras behövs starka kollektiva associationer som är tillräckligt kända för att lättare förmedla information och inte distrahera lyssnaren.

<p>This thesis consists of three related studies presented as three separate manuscripts. The first two comprise part of a larger sequential mixed-methods study with a qualitative and subsequent quantitative (survey) component. The overarching goal of this study was to understand the factors that influence the use of home dialysis, from the perspectives of Canadian nephrologists. The third study was a methodological study (a clinical trial) embedded in the survey, evaluating a novel strategy to incentivize survey responses.</p> <p>In the first paper, we aimed to develop a theoretical framework describing determinants of dialysis modality choice. We selected informants using a maximum-variation sampling strategy, and used in-depth interviews to explore their perspectives. We used a grounded theory-informed analytical approach to construct a taxonomy of barriers and related facilitators to home dialysis use. We triangulated our findings against related published studies and qualitative results from our survey study. This study informed the development of the questionnaire that is the focus of the second study.</p> <p>The second paper describes the development, administration, and results of a 47-item survey measuring Canadian nephrologist perspectives on the relevance of barriers to home dialysis use, and the utility of candidate interventions to overcome them. We used factor analysis to aggregate items into domains, and examined the relationships between respondent and practice characteristics with domain-level scores. Respondents expressed enthusiasm and reluctance towards a number of strategies to optimize home dialysis use. Our findings will guide policy development and further research directed at managing barriers to home dialysis use.</p> <p>The third and final study tests the effectiveness of a promised donation as an incentive for survey completion. We randomized survey recipients to receive standard notifications versus notifications that offered a charitable donation of $40 CAD to the Kidney Foundation of Canada in exchange for returning a completed survey. Contrary to our hypothesis, the intervention was not effective, thus adding to the cumulative evidence that such incentives do not impact on physician response rates.</p> / Master of Science (MSc)

This study investigates and discusses how two spiritual teachers from different parts of the world interact with their devotees, what the probable impacts of their interaction are, and whether they speak similarly or differently based on the use of modal auxiliary verbs and pronouns. Linguistically speaking, the mystics mostly have to address their audience/readers in a particular manner with expressions which represent certainty, possibility, obligation and so on; thus, a study of such is necessary and modal auxiliary verbs represent such expressions. The two primary texts were chosen based on contemporary work and popularity. One of the texts was authored by Sadhguru Jaggi Vasudev, a spiritual teacher, an international spokesperson and a popular author. The other text was by Eckhart Tolle, a spiritual teacher and best-selling author. A corpus-assisted discourse approach was taken while looking into modal auxiliary verbs and their pronoun bigrams using Ant-Conc and Log-likelihood Calculator. Both quantitative and qualitative approaches were taken for the analysis.  Findings suggest three things. First, both authors use similar types of modal verbs (epistemic) in most cases. Second, after comparing the type of modal verbs (epistemic/deontic) significant differences are observed. When the authors use epistemic modals, the choice of bigrams addresses different audience types and the way they approach a concept is different. Sadhguru (2020) addresses the general audience/readers whereas Tolle (2004) addresses the readers who need spiritual guidance. Finally, the choice of modal verbs represents mostly certainty that keeps the mood of the book calm and content for the readers. To sum up, spiritual teachers mostly speak from their experience and represent the expression of certainty and possibility though they address their readers differently.

The introduction of project-based learning into university engineering programs has been shown to positively benefit students that prefer a hands-on experience and give future employers assurance that recent graduates have the tools to handle real-world problems as opposed to theoretical situations. Enhancing the engineering self-efficacy of students, recent graduates and seasoned engineers is made possible through the solution of complex, open-ended problems typically found in engineering design. A high engineering self-efficacy, in turn, positively reflects a person's perception of their complex problem-solving capacity which is critical throughout the design process. The decision to either work virtually with a team or onsite with group members nearby may also further influence self-efficacy and, ultimately, the designer's success. This raises the question explored in this study: Will a design challenge impact engineering self-efficacy equally for online and in-person participants? Two groups engaged in a design challenge to develop a mechanism meant for drone applications, where one group designed and tested their solution in-person, while the other group sent design plans to a third-party for fabrication and testing. Participants filled out a prototype engineering self-efficacy scale before and after the challenge, revealing a significant difference between these two modalities. The small sample size is noted as the cause for inaccuracies and surprising findings. Guidelines for methodology implementation in a larger scale study are included. / Master of Science / In project-based learning courses, students work in groups to make a prototype or other solution to a stated problem, which are helpful for building student confidence in problem-solving, critical thinking and, especially, engineering skills. This confidence translates to believing that carrying out a specific task will lead to success with little-to-no feelings of fear or failure. This generally describes "self-efficacy," and it can apply to any profession. Traditionally, hands-on projects are done in person, where an exchange of ideas is clear and any problems can be handled immediately. However, with schools closed due to the COVID-19 pandemic, these courses had to shift online, leading some to believe that students would not receive the same level and quality of engineering education. Online learning has been around for over 30 years and studies show that students learn just as much, if not more and better, online than sitting in a classroom. Can the same be said for taking part in an engineering project over the internet? Two groups designed a prototype drone attachment, where members of one group worked side-by-side to build and test their solution, while members of the other group worked online and sent files and assembly instructions to a third party. Each participant also filled out a questionnaire before and after the challenge to track their engineering self-efficacy. The limited data led to the conclusion that there is a noticeable difference between the two project completion methods, most likely caused by a low number of participants. The lessons learned from this study were used to create guidelines for a larger-scale study.

[ES] El objetivo de este trabajo es analizar las perífrasis modales, sus significados y la existencia de variación en las secciones mencionadas del artículo científico en un corpus de las secciones denominadas "introducción" y "conclusión" del artículo de investigación en la disciplina de turismo. Estos textos se han extraído de revistas en el campo y con un índice de impacto notorio en la especialidad. Las perífrasis modales reflejan el punto de vista del hablante. Como parte de la metodología, se usan herramientas de lingüística de corpus que permiten la gestión de los textos y su consulta, además de la extracción de ejemplos concretos que ilustren las formas, las categorías semánticas y las funciones que se encuentren en los textos estudiados. Sin embargo, dado que el contexto es fundamental para poder identificar los significados modales, parte del análisis de los textos requiere de un reconocimiento visual directo de cada caso, pues una misma perífrasis modal puede indicar diferentes significados. El análisis y discusión de los datos se nutre de estudios en lingüística funcional que permitan dar cuenta de los usos y funciones. Las conclusiones indican que, en efecto, existe variación no solo en cuanto a las formas usadas en cada una de las introducciones y en las conclusiones, sino también con respecto al significado. En este sentido, se constata que la modalidad dinámica es más frecuente en las introducciones, según frecuencias relativas, y la modalidad epistémica es más frecuente en las conclusiones. Igualmente, se han detectado varias funciones estrechamente relacionadas con los significados modales. Así, la función de mitigación y cortesía lingüística se relaciona en mayor medida con la modalidad epistémica y lo mismo ocurre con la formulación del significado inferencial, que refiere a la necesidad epistémica. La expresión de la factualidad y de la imposibilidad se nutren de la modalidad dinámica, mientras que la predicción, la organización de los contenidos, la autoridad y la recomendación se manifiestan con el uso de la modalidad deóntica. / [CA] L'article d'investigació en el camp dels estudis de turisme no ha sigut prou estudiat, malgrat ser una disciplina que representa un sector de desenvolupament econòmic per a nombrosos països. Altres gèneres textuals relacionats amb el registre turístic com el resum, els fullets i les pàgines webs en el registre turístic, els últims amb gran rellevància pel seu clar impacte social i econòmic dels estudis turístics, han rebut major atenció. La investigació científica en turisme, no obstant això, proveeix a les organitzacions, ja siguen públiques o privades, d'informació rellevant per a la millora de l'activitat que es tradueixen en recomanacions que, amb freqüència, s'aporten en les conclusions d'aquests treballs. S'entén, per tant, que existeix una relació directa entre el progrés del sector i la investigació empírica, la qual cosa, al seu torn, indica l'interés per la publicació acadèmica periòdica. Per aquest motiu, en aquest treball, s'inclou una caracterització formal del gènere en una estructura de seccions. Aquest estudi es complementa amb una anàlisi de les estructures lèxic-gramaticals recurrents en cadascuna de les seccions de l'article científic i les variables lèxiques i sintàctiques que caracteritzen al text dins del registre científic, tant per la complexitat com pel nivell d'elaboració que exhibeix la llengua usada en aquests treballs. Aquestes estructures persegueixen indicar la perspectiva dels autors, entre altres aspectes. Dit això, l'objectiu d'aquest treball és analitzar les perífrasis modals, els seus significats i l'existència de variació en les seccions denominades "introducció" i "conclusió" de l'article d'investigació en la disciplina de turisme. Aquests textos s'han extret de revistes en el camp i amb un índex d'impacte notori en l'especialitat. Les perífrasis modals reflecteixen el punt de vista del parlant. Com a part de la metodologia, s'usen eines de lingüística de corpus que permeten la gestió dels textos i la seua consulta, a més de l'extracció d'exemples concrets que il·lustren les formes, les categories semàntiques i les funcions que es troben en els textos estudiats. No obstant això, atés que el context és fonamental per a poder identificar els significats modals, part de l'anàlisi dels textos requereix d'un reconeixement visual directe de cada cas, perquè una mateixa perífrasi modal pot indicar diferents significats. L'anàlisi i discussió de les dades es nodreix d'estudis en lingüística funcional que permeten donar compte dels usos i funcions Les conclusions indiquen que, en efecte, existeix variació no sols quant a les formes usades en cadascuna de les introduccions i en les conclusions, sinó també respecte al significat. En aquest sentit, es constata que la modalitat dinàmica és més freqüent en les introduccions, segons freqüències relatives, i la modalitat epistémica és més freqüent en les conclusions. Igualment, s'han detectat diverses funcions estretament relacionades amb els significats modals. Així, la funció de mitigació i cortesia lingüística es relaciona en major mesura amb la modalitat epistémica i el mateix ocorre amb la formulació del significat inferencial, que es refereix a la necessitat epistémica. L'expressió de la factualidad i de la impossibilitat es nodreixen de la modalitat dinàmica, mentre que la predicció, l'organització dels continguts, l'autoritat i la recomanació es manifesten amb l'ús de la modalitat dóntica. / [EN] The research article in the field of tourism studies has not been sufficiently studied, despite being a discipline strongly connected with a sector of economic growth for many countries. Other textual genres related to the tourism register such as the summary, brochures and web pages in the tourism register, the latter with great relevance for their clear social and economic impact of tourism studies, have enjoyed more scholarly attention. Scientific research in tourism, however, provides organisations, whether public or private, with relevant information for the improvement of the activity, which translates into recommendations that are often included in the conclusions of these studies. It is held, therefore, that there is a direct relationship between the development of the sector and empirical research, which, in turn, shows the interest in academic publications in leading journal. For this reason, this paper includes a formal characterisation of the genre into sections. This study is supplemented with a description of the recurrent lexicalgrammatical structures in each of the sections of the scientific article and the lexical and syntactic variables that characterise the text within the scientific register, both in terms of the complexity and the level of elaboration exhibited in the language used in these works. These structures are intended to signal the authors' perspective, among other aspects. That said, the aim of this paper is to analyse modal verbs, their meanings and the existence of variation in the "introduction" and "conclusion" sections of the research article in the discipline of tourism. These texts have been taken from leading journals in the field and with a clear impact index in the discipline. Modal verbs reflect the speaker's point of view. As part of the methodology, corpus linguistics tools are used to allow the management of the texts and their consultation, as well as the excerption of concrete examples illustrating the forms, the semantic categories and the functions found in the texts studied. However, given that context is fundamental to the identification of modal meanings, part of the analysis of the texts requires direct visual recognition in each occurrence, as the same modal verb may entail several meanings. The analysis and discussion of the data is informed by studies in functional linguistics which allow us to count on the uses and functions of the different modal forms. The conclusions indicate that there is indeed variation not only in terms of the forms used in each of the introductions and conclusions, but also in terms of meaning. In this sense, it is found that dynamic modality is more frequent in the introductions, according to their relative frequencies, and epistemic modality is more frequent in the conclusions. Likewise, several functions closely related to modal meanings have been detected. Thus, the function of mitigation and linguistic politeness is most closely related to epistemic modality, as is the formulation of inferential meaning, which refers to epistemic necessity. The expression of factuality and impossibility are nourished by the dynamic modality, while prediction, content while prediction, content organisation, authority and recommendation are manifested using deontic modality. The thesis is structured in five chapters, and bibliographical references are included finally in this dissertation. / Domínguez Morales, ME. (2021). Los verbos modales en las introducciones y en las conclusiones de los artículos científicos de turismo [Tesis doctoral]. Universitat Politècnica de València. https://doi.org/10.4995/Thesis/10251/172247

In this study I explore the transfer and further adaptation of Arabic lazima, first into Swahili and its many varieties and then from Swahili into several local language varieties spoken in East Africa. Establishing the function of lazima as a modal marker, used for conveying strong necessity, I examine the various structural and semantic types of integration that lazima has been exposed to. In this pursuit, the investigation contributes both to the growing interest in studies on modality and the influence of Swahili in this area. Drawing on a wide range of Swahili varieties and Swahilized varieties, the analysis challenges the traditional understanding of lazima as a nominal form confined to a superordinate copula clause and as only operating on predicate verbs inflected in dependent and/or non-indicative forms. I argue that there are structural, interactional and ultimately socio-cognitive and socio-historical reasons behind the introduction of this linguistic element in the East African region, where lazima in some local languages even seems to serve as the sole marker of strong necessity, or even of necessity more generally, in a particular semantic domain.

In this dissertation, I develop and apply an original voice-leading method to the music of Shostakovich. Between the years of 1926 and 1948, his music involved extreme chromaticism that required analytical views from both Russia and the West. In the mid-twentieth century, Russian theorists such as Lev Mazel' and Alexandr Dolzhansky wrote about the modal language of Shostakovich's works, but their writings lacked how to identify them within extremely chromatic passages. In the West, scholars describe his music as both tonal and atonal, sometimes combined within one work. I unify these two views with my voice-leading system consisting of an intervallic resolution of the doubly augmented prime (DAP), which appears seemingly random on the musical surface, but occurs for specific compositional reasons. First mentioned by name in Aleksei Ogolevets' 1946 "An Introduction into Contemporary Musical Thought," the DAP served no harmonic or modal purpose. While Ogolevets mentions and includes examples that show this interval, he does not discuss its resolutions nor how it functions in musical contexts. This structure, however, has broader conceptual and analytical implications. Therefore, I develop a method based on the voice leading and semitonal resolutions of the DAP, which I apply to the music of Shostakovich. The DAP contributes to his compositional style by functioning in three ways: 1) identifying one mode or two simultaneous modes, 2) completing traditional triadic harmonies, and 3) facilitating both tonal and modal modulations.

A deductive, descriptive, quanitative study was undertaken at Nyangabgwe Hospital, Francistown, Botswana, situated in the north east of the country. Its focus was on the use of partogram by midwives. The population consisted of 395 obstetric records for the period of one month. A sample of 303 obstetrics records was drawn. Data were collected through auditing the bed letters of delivered mothers and interviews with and observation of midwives using the partogram in practice. The Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) program was used to analyse the data. The findings indicate that there are problems regarding, and factors that can have a negative influence on the use of the partogram by midwives. It is suggested that a supportive teaching programme for the midwives should be designed, that will support the system of supervision in the labour ward that already exists, in the use of the partogram throughout the labour process. / Health Studies / M.A. (Advanced Nursing Sciences)