Esta tese consiste em um estudo descritivo da morfofonologia e da morfossintaxe da língua Arara, pertencente à família linguística Karib. O objetivo principal consiste em compreender como as categorias gramaticais de Tempo, Aspecto e Modo (TAM) interagem com as categorias de pessoa e número no predicado verbal. Certos morfemas de pessoa, assim como de número são selecionados por determinadas propriedades de TAM da sentença. Para dar conta do entendimento completo da interação entre essas categorias, as análises da presente tese incluíram propriedades gerais das interfaces morfofonológica e morfossintática que atuam nas formas e distribuição dos morfemas. Além disso, foram descritas algumas propriedades semântico-pragmáticas. Os morfemas estão sujeitos aos processos alomórficos comuns à língua como assimilação da sonoridade e da nasalidade, além de ablaut. Alomorfes supletivos também foram identificados, bem como morfemas portmanteau. Foram apresentados morfemas de tempo (passados - imediato, médio, distante - e futuro), aspecto (imperfectivo, iterativo, imperfectivo passado e resuntivo) e modo (imperativo, hortativo, vetativo, permissivo, admonitivo, interrogativo, intencional, frustrativo). As flexões de pessoa nos tempos e aspectos mencionados interagem com hierarquia de pessoa em verbos transitivos e com duas classes de verbos intransitivos. Verbos transitivos são afixados por duas séries de prefixos pessoais, A e O, enquanto cada classe de verbo intransitivo é afixada por apenas uma das séries de morfemas morfologicamente semelhantes aos morfemas encontrados em verbos transitivos, SA ou SO. Já os prefixos pessoais que ocorrem com as flexões de modo apresentam paradigmas menores, dos quais fazem parte um restrito conjunto de pessoas. As flexões de número, por sua vez, consistem em morfemas distintos que ocorrem com determinadas flexões de TAM. Apenas na terceira pessoa do passado distante e na terceira do passado médio são selecionados morfemas específicos. Deste modo, o plural é marcado por diferentes morfemas no mesmo paradigma. Também foram abordadas as construções não verbais, nas quais a categoria de TAM é expressa por partículas e morfemas de tempo nominal quando a cópula está ausente e por meio dos morfemas anteriormente investigados quando a cópula verbal itxi está presente. A metodologia empregada consistiu em realizar análises coerentes com a estrutura interna da língua, a partir do embasamento de conceitos analíticos provenientes da literatura de viés tipológico funcionalista e histórico-comparativo. Foram utilizados dados atuais, provenientes de trabalho de campo, que consistem em textos e sentenças. Palavras-chave: Esta tese consiste em um estudo descritivo da morfofonologia e da morfossintaxe da língua Arara, pertencente à família linguística Karib. O objetivo principal consiste em compreender como as categorias gramaticais de Tempo, Aspecto e Modo (TAM) interagem com as categorias de pessoa e número no predicado verbal. Certos morfemas de pessoa, assim como de número são selecionados por determinadas propriedades de TAM da sentença. Para dar conta do entendimento completo da interação entre essas categorias, as análises da presente tese incluíram propriedades gerais das interfaces morfofonológica e morfossintática que atuam nas formas e distribuição dos morfemas. Além disso, foram descritas algumas propriedades semântico-pragmáticas. Os morfemas estão sujeitos aos processos alomórficos comuns à língua como assimilação da sonoridade e da nasalidade, além de ablaut. Alomorfes supletivos também foram identificados, bem como morfemas portmanteau. Foram apresentados morfemas de tempo (passados - imediato, médio, distante - e futuro), aspecto (imperfectivo, iterativo, imperfectivo passado e resuntivo) e modo (imperativo, hortativo, vetativo, permissivo, admonitivo, interrogativo, intencional, frustrativo). As flexões de pessoa nos tempos e aspectos mencionados interagem com hierarquia de pessoa em verbos transitivos e com duas classes de verbos intransitivos. Verbos transitivos são afixados por duas séries de prefixos pessoais, A e O, enquanto cada classe de verbo intransitivo é afixada por apenas uma das séries de morfemas morfologicamente semelhantes aos morfemas encontrados em verbos transitivos, SA ou SO. Já os prefixos pessoais que ocorrem com as flexões de modo apresentam paradigmas menores, dos quais fazem parte um restrito conjunto de pessoas. As flexões de número, por sua vez, consistem em morfemas distintos que ocorrem com determinadas flexões de TAM. Apenas na terceira pessoa do passado distante e na terceira do passado médio são selecionados morfemas específicos. Deste modo, o plural é marcado por diferentes morfemas no mesmo paradigma. Também foram abordadas as construções não verbais, nas quais a categoria de TAM é expressa por partículas e morfemas de tempo nominal quando a cópula está ausente e por meio dos morfemas anteriormente investigados quando a cópula verbal itxi está presente. A metodologia empregada consistiu em realizar análises coerentes com a estrutura interna da língua, a partir do embasamento de conceitos analíticos provenientes da literatura de viés tipológico funcionalista e histórico-comparativo. Foram utilizados dados atuais, provenientes de trabalho de campo, que consistem em textos e sentenças. / This dissertation is a descriptive study on the morphophonology and morphosyntax of the Arara language, a member of the Karib linguistic family. The main goal of the study is to understand how the grammatical categories of Tense, Aspect and Mood (TAM) interact with the marking of person and number on the predicate. Some person morphemes as well as number morphemes are selected by certain TAM properties of the sentence. To account for the full understanding of the interactions, the analyses include general morphophological processes and morphosyntactic aspects to which these morphemes are subject. In addition, some semantic-pragmatic properties are described. Morphemes are subject to processes of assimilation of sonority and nasality, as well as ablaut. There are also some suppletive allomorphs and portamanteau morphemes. TAM suffixes mark tense: three degrees of past (immediate, medial, distant) and future; aspects - imperative, iterative, imperfect used only in the distant past, resumptive; and mood - imperative, hortative, vetitive (prohibitive), permissive, admonitive, interrogative, intentional and frustrative. When inflected for these tense and aspect categories, the person prefixes of the verbs interact with a person hierarchy in transitive verbs and with two classes of intransitive verbs. Transitive verbs can be inflected with two sets of different personal prefixes, A and O, while each class of intransitive verbs can be inflected by one of the personal prefixes that are similar to the ones found with the transitive verbs, either the SA or SO series of prefixes. Personal prefixes of verbs inflected for all the mentioned moods form smaller paradigms, which are composed by a restricted number of person markers. Regarding the number category, there are distinct morphemes that occur with certain TAM inflections. Specific number morphemes occur only with the third person of the distant past and the third person of the medial past. In this way, the plural is marked by different suffixes in the same paradigm. Non-verbal constructions are also addressed. In these constructions, the TAM category is expressed by particles and morphemes of nominal tense when the copula is absent or by TAM morphemes if the verbal copula itxi is in the predication. The methodology employed is to perform analyses consistent with the internal structures of the language. These analyses are based on analytical concepts from typological funcionalist and historical-comparative literature. We used data from fieldwork, which consists of texts and sentences.

Esta tese, que se fundamenta nos princípios da Geolinguística contemporânea e da Sociolinguística Variacionista, se propôs a refletir sobre a língua portuguesa falada em quatro cidades do norte mato-grossense (Vera, Santa Carmem, Sinop e Cláudia), e apresenta como resultados a transcrição, catalogação, registros e análises de variantes lexicais em uso pelos sujeitos moradores dessas cidades. Para tanto, utilizou-se de recursos teórico-metodológicos que permitiram a documentação da diversidade linguística lexical desses espaços geográficos no presente e, por conseguinte, descrever um recorte da linguagem efetivamente usada pela comunidade para representar o mundo que a cerca. Dentre eles, a pesquisa de campo para o recolhimento do corpus oral. Essa recolha se fez em dois momentos distintos, primeiramente colheram-se narrativas livres tomadas junto a vinte pioneiros dos quatro pontos de inquérito. Em seguida aplicaramse 210 questões a quarenta sujeitos de ambos os gêneros, e divididos entre vinte migrantes, todos acima de 50 anos, e vinte descendentes nascidos na região (filhos ou netos), de 18 a 40 anos. As questões foram elaboradas a partir dos relatos de experiência pessoal recolhidos e amparadas, fundamentalmente, na versão final do questionário linguístico direcionado ao aspecto semântico-lexical (QSL) aprovada pelo Comitê Nacional do Projeto ALiB (2001). Com as respostas obtidas nestas entrevistas, organizou-se um banco de dados semântico-lexical, transcritos e registrados, posteriormente, em Tabelas Lexicais e Cartogramas. Desses registros de itens lexicais, selecionaram-se 36, aos quais foram tecidas observações de natureza geográfica e sociocultural. O olhar analítico dado permitiu que se apreendessem as influências étnicas e regionais que constituíram e ainda constituem o português falado no norte de Mato Grosso. Essas influências podem se resumidas na junção de todos os idioletos trazidos pelos migrantes de seus Estados de origem. Ressalta-se, ainda, que, para se chegar aos resultados alcançados e apresentados nesta pesquisa, foram utilizados 10 referenciais teóricos que se fundamentaram na teoria da variação de Labov, na concepção de norma de Coseriu e nas noções de estatística lexical de Muller, ainda que devidamente adaptadas à especificidade deste estudo. Assim sendo, compreende-se que esta pesquisa descritiva, interpretativa e reflexiva do caráter multidialetal existente na região em foco, pode contribuir com o acervo científico já existente de estudos geosócio- linguísticos, que visam a registrar e a documentar os diferentes falares e marcas dialetais existentes no território brasileiro. / This thesis, which is based both on the contemporary Geo-linguistic principles and on the variationist socio-linguistics, aims to mull over the Portuguese language spoken in four towns in the North of Mato Grosso (Vera, Santa Carmem, Sinop and Cláudia) and, it presents the transcription cataloguing, records and analyses of lexical variations used by the dwellers of those towns. In order to do so, theoretical-methodological resources have been used, which allowed the documentation of the lexical linguistic diversity of the referred geographical spaces at the present time. Consequently we could describe a snippet of the language effectively used by the community to represent their surrounding world. Among them, the field research which helped us gather the oral corpus. This collection took place in two distinct moments, first the free narratives were gathered involving twenty pioneers from the four towns. Next a 210-item-questionnaire was applied to forty both male and female individuals, divided in 20 migrants all above 50 of age, and 20 descendents born in the region (children or grandchildren), between 18 to 40 years of age. The questions were worked out based on the reports of their personal experience gathered and fundamentally supported on the final version of the linguistic questionnaire aiming the semantic-lexical aspect (QSL), approved by the National Committee of the ALIB Project (2001). With the answers obtained through these interviews we have organized a semantic-lexical data bank, transcribed and registered later on in Lexical Tables and Cartograms. From these registries of lexical items, 36 words were selected, on which we have made remarks both of geographical and socio-cultural nature. The analytical regard allowed us to apprehend the regional and ethical influences that have constituted, and still do, the Portuguese spoken in the North of Mato Grosso. Such influences may be summed up in the junction of all idiolects brought by immigrants from their original states. It is worth pointing out that in order to get to the results gathered and presented in this research, the theoretical 12 references have been used, which were based on the variation theory by Labov; on the conception of precept by Coseriu, as well as on the lexical statistic notions by Muller, although properly adapted to the specificity of this study. Therefore, this descriptive interpretative and reflective research of the multi-dialectal aspect existent in the region in focus may contribute to the existing scientific patrimony of geo-socio-linguistic studies that aim to register and document the different ways of speaking and dialectal marks existing in the Brazilian territory.

Om något är sant eller inte är upp till forskningen och vetenskapen att undersöka. Trots det kan mycket information upplevas som sanning även om det bara är en åsikt, egen erfarenhet eller myt. Den här studien undersöker hur privatpersoner online skapar sanningar utifrån en osanning. Undersökningen är baserad på en tråd från diskussionsforumet ”Flashback”. Tråden har en frispråkig och destruktiv diskurs om personer från Somalia. Analysen är baserad på olika sätt att få något att upplevas som trovärdigt, exempelvis modalitet, hänvisningar och objektivitet. Resultatet visar att de flesta åsikterna och upplevelserna är modifierade på olika sätt för att framstå som mer trovärdiga och om något är trovärdigt ökar det chansen att någon annan anammar samma åsikt eller åtminstone tror att den är sann. / Whether something is true or not is a matter for science and research to investigate. Although, a lot of information can pass by as true even though it might just be an opinion, personal experience or myth. This study investigate how private persons online create a truth out of something untrue. The investigation is based on a thread from the forum for discussion named ”Flashback”. The thread have an outspoken and destructive discourse about people from Somalia. The analysis is based on different ways to make something appear as reliable, for example modality, referencing and objectivity. The result shows that most opinions and experiences are in different ways modified to seem more reliable, and if something is reliabile it increases the chanses of someone else to acquire the same opinion, or at least believe it to be true.

INTRODUÇÃO: A necessidade de diálise e a mudança iminente no estilo e qualidade de vida são grandes responsabilidades depositadas nos pacientes com doença renal crônica (DRC) em processo de escolha do método dialítico. Alguns dos temas mais frequentemente implicados na escolha de um ou outro método dialítico são depressão, ansiedade e estresse. Nos pacientes renais crônicos pré-dialíticos ainda não foi evidenciado se a ansiedade está associada a desfechos clínicos, tais como início da diálise, hospitalizações ou morte. Tem-se sugerido que a depressão afeta os desfechos clínicos em pacientes com DRC pré-dialítica, podendo impactar no estado nutricional e na redução da observância da diálise prescrita. O estresse é um fator muito comum em indivíduos com uma doença de longa duração, incluindo aqueles com DRC. Altos níveis de estresse podem ter um impacto nos resultados psicológicos e clínicos, além de contribuir para os comportamentos de saúde, como as preferências pelo método dialítico. MÉTODOS: Este é um estudo observacional prospectivo no qual 67 pacientes foram abordados em dois momentos: durante primeira consulta no Ambulatório Multidisciplinar de Orientações do serviço de Nefrologia HC-FMUSP e, depois, no período entre 1 e 3 meses após o início da diálise. Foram utilizados os instrumentos Escala Hospitalar de Ansiedade e Depressão (HADS), Escala de Estresse Percebido (PSS) e Questionário de fatores pessoais que interferem na escolha do método dialítico, instrumento elaborado pelo autor. Características demográficas e clínicas também foram avaliadas. RESULTADOS: A média de idade foi de 59±15 anos, em sua maioria homens (53,7%), brancos (59,7%) e casados (57,8%). As principais comorbidades foram HAS (83,6%) e DM (42,6%). As principais causas de DRC foram nefroesclerose (26,9%) e nefropatia diabética (22,4%). A média de eGFR por CKD-EPI foi 16±7. As medianas de escores de ansiedade, depressão e estresse foram, respectivamente, de 6 (4/10), 9 (5/12) e 30 (21/35). A partir dos valores de corte estabelecidos, 34,3% dos indivíduos foram considerados \"com ansiedade\" e 52,2% \"com depressão\". A comparação de escores de ansiedade revela não haver diferença entre homens e mulheres (p= 0,136), havendo, porém, tendência de maiores escores de depressão entre mulheres (p= 0,074) e de estresse entre homens (p= 0,081). Não foram observadas diferenças nos escores de ansiedade (p= 0,556), depressão (p= 0,467) e estresse (p= 0,971) entre grupos DP e HD. Houve correlação positiva entre ansiedade e depressão (r2= 0,574, p < 0,0001), ansiedade e estresse (r2= 0,555, p < 0,0001) e depressão e estresse (r2= 0,521, p < 0,0001). Após início da terapia dialítica, foram observadas reduções significativas nos escores de ansiedade (p < 0,0001), depressão (p < 0,0001) e estresse (p < 0,0001). Os motivos relacionados à família são os que mais influenciaram na escolha do método (32,8%, p= 0,165). A incompatibilidade com a rotina pessoal/de trabalho foi o principal motivo para não escolha do outro método dialítico (26,9%). CONCLUSÕES: Embora o processo de tomada de decisões na escolha do método dialítico esteja associado a altos escores de ansiedade, depressão e estresse, tais sintomas são atenuados de forma significativa após o início da terapia dialítica. Escores de ansiedade, depressão e estresse não foram determinantes na escolha do método dialítico / BACKGROUND: The need for dialysis and the imminent change in style and quality of life are great responsibilities deposited in patients with chronic kidney disease (CKD) in the process of choosing the dialysis modality. Some of the issues most often involved in choosing one or another dialytic method are depression, anxiety, and stress. In pre-dialysis CKD patients, it has not yet been shown whether anxiety is associated with clinical outcomes such as initiation of dialysis, hospitalization, or death. It has been suggested that depression affects clinical outcomes in patients with predialytic CKD, which may impact nutritional status and reduce adherence to prescribed dialysis. Stress is a very common factor in individuals with a long-term illness, including those with CKD. High levels of stress can have an impact on psychological and clinical outcomes, as well as contribute to health behaviors such as dialysis preferences. METHODS: This is a prospective observational study in which 67 patients were approached in two moments: during the first visit at the Dialysis Education Program of the HC-FMUSP Nephrology Service and then in the period between 1 and 3 months after the initiation of the dialysis. We used the Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale (HADS), Perceived Stress Scale (PSS) and Survey on personal factors that affects the choice of the dialysis method, an instrument developed by the author. Demographic and clinical characteristics were also evaluated. RESULTS: The mean age was 59 ± 15 years, mostly men (53.7%), caucasian (59.7%) and married (57.8%). The main comorbidities were hypertension (83.6%) and DM (42.6%). The main causes of CKD were nephrosclerosis (26.9%) and diabetic nephropathy (22.4%). The mean eGFR by CKD-EPI was 16 ± 7. Median anxiety, depression and stress scores were, respectively, 6 (4/10), 9 (5/12) and 30 (21/35). According to the established cutoff values, 34.3% of the individuals were considered \"with anxiety\" and 52.2% \"with depression\". The comparison of anxiety scores revealed no difference between men and women (p= 0.136), but there was a tendency for higher depression scores among women (p= 0.074) and stress among men (p= 0.081). There were no differences in anxiety scores (p= 0.556), depression (p= 0.467) and stress (p = 0.971) between DP and HD groups. There was a positive correlation between anxiety and depression (r2 = 0.574, p < 0.0001), anxiety and stress (r2 = 0.555, p < 0.0001) and depression and stress (r2 = 0.521, p < 0.0001). After initiation of dialysis therapy, significant reductions in anxiety scores (p < 0.0001), depression (p < 0.0001) and stress (p < 0.0001) were observed. The reasons related to the family were the ones that influenced the choice of the method (32.8%, p= 0.165). The incompatibility with the personal / work routine was the main reason for not choosing the other dialytic method (26.9%). CONCLUSION: Although the decision-making process in the dialysis modality choice is associated with high anxiety, depression and stress scores, such symptoms are significantly attenuated after the initiation of dialysis therapy. Anxiety, depression, and stress scores were not determinant in the choice of dialysis method

Nous avons argumenté, dans cette thèse, en faveur de l’idée selon laquelle l’anglais et l’arabe, deux langues très différentes, possèdent, l’une et l’autre, un système temporel et aspectuel. Ce point de vue a nécessité l’étude d’autres aspects des deux langues. C’est pour cela que nous ne nous sommes pas limitée à étudier uniquement les deux formes perfective (FP) et imperfective (FI) en arabe et les formes équivalentes en anglais. Nous avons également traité, pour les deux langues, la forme participiale, le système négatif, les adverbes temporels, le mode, et la modalité. Nous avons conclu que le temps et l’Aktionsart restent invariables d’une langue à l’autre et que seul l’aspect grammatical varie selon les langues. De fait, l’aspect morphologique détermine le temps en arabe. Nous avons essayé d’expliquer pourquoi Neg sélectionne FI et proposé que FI apparaît en bas de la structure et qu'elle est bloquée par Neg. FI est marquée pour [+Asp], contrairement à FP qui est [+ T]. Nous avons suggéré, finalement, que l’imperfectif en arabe fonctionne comme un infinitif, marqué pour les traits [-T] et [+Agr]. / Although English and Arabic are typologically two very different languages, we have argued in this thesis that both possess a temporal and an aspectual system. This view required the study of other aspects of these two languages. That's why we have not limited our study to only perfective (PF) and imperfective (IF) forms in Arabic and their equivalent in English. We also studied the participial form, the negative system, temporal adverbs, mood and modality. We concluded that tense and Aktionsart remain unchanged from one language to another and only the grammatical aspect varies according to the different languages. In fact, morphological aspect determines tense in Arabic. We tried to explain why Neg selects IF and proposed that IF appears at the bottom of the structure and it is blocked by Neg. IF is [+Asp], contrary to PF which is marked for [+T]. We suggested, finally, that the imperfective in Arabic functions like an infinitive with the ! features [-T] and [+Agr].

Students taking courses in developmental mathematics do so in one of three modalities - some take the classes face-to-face in a classroom with a professor who is physically present, others take the classes in what is known as a blended or hybrid mode in which the professor uses a combination of classroom and online time to teach the course, and another group takes the classes completely online. Increasingly, a growing number of students are taking these courses in a hybrid mode or completely online, and this phenomenon is causing educators to redesign their programs, offering more courses in these two modalities. However, some program leaders do so without any data about the achievement and course completion rates of students in the different modalities. This research 1) investigated the achievement rates of students taking an eight week developmental mathematics course, taught in three different modalities and 2) investigated the course completion rates of students taking an eight week developmental mathematics course, taught in three different modalities. Specifically, the purpose of this study was to examine the achievement and course completion rates of students enrolled in an eight week developmental mathematics course, Elementary Algebra, based on the delivery modality. The study was conducted at a large multi-campus institution located in the southeast United States as the research site. The theories used to frame the research were the Information Processing Theory and Cognitive Load Theory.

Devoir et pouvoir, comme les verbes modaux d’autres langues, ont déjà fait l’objet d’une littérature abondante. Le fait qu’ils puissent recevoir des sens différents selon leur contexte d’emploi a particulièrement suscité l’attention des sémanticiens et des pragmaticiens. Cette thèse revient sur la question de la nature des différentes interprétations de devoir et pouvoir, et tente d’établir si leur plurivocité relève de la polysémie ou de la sous-spécification. L’hypothèse polysémique, la plus répandue dans la littérature française, implique qu’au moins le sens radical et le sens épistémique soient inscrits dans la langue et donc représentés en mémoire. Selon l’hypothèse de la sous-spécification, la multiplicité de sens relève de l’enrichissement contextuel d’un unique sens sous-spécifié stocké dans le lexique mental. L’état actuel des recherches, l’examen des différentes interprétations de devoir et pouvoir et de la sous-détermination potentielle de leur sens en contexte, comme l’étude de leur évolution sémantique en diachronie, ne permettent pas de falsifier l’une ou l’autre hypothèse. Des méthodes expérimentales, développées en psycholinguistique et en pragmatique expérimentale, sont donc convoquées. Notamment, l’examen des temps de traitement en lecture, dans une expérience d’eye tracking manipulant le sens et le contexte, suggère une représentation effectivement polysémique pour devoir, mais une représentation monosémique sous-spécifiée pour pouvoir. Devoir et pouvoir sont souvent traités ensemble, les études considérant que l’un constitue, dans son domaine modal, le pendant de l’autre. Nous relevons que le parallèle effectué n’est pas aussi motivé qu’il n’y paraît. / Devoir and pouvoir, as modal verbs in other languages, have already been the subject of extensive literature. The fact that they can convey different meanings depending on the specific context in which they occur is of particular interest to semanticists andpragmaticians. This thesis focuses on the nature of the various interpretations of devoir and pouvoir and attempts to ascertain whether their meaning multiplicity is a result of their polysemy or of their underspecified semantics. The polysemy hypothesis, which is the prevalent view in the French literature, implies that at least both the root sense and the epistemic sense fully belong to the linguistic system and hence that both are represented in memory. On the contrary, according to the underspecification model, contextual enrichment of a unique underspecified meaning stored in the mental lexicon accounts for meaning multiplicity. The current state of research, the review of the several possible interpretations of devoir and pouvoir, the investigation of potential meaning underdetermination in context, as well as the study of their semantic evolution in diachrony, do not allow us to rule out any of the two hypotheses. Experimental methods, developed in psycholinguistics and in experimental pragmatics, are thus used. Notably, analysis of processing times in reading in an eye tracking experiment in which both meaning and context are manipulated favours a polysemic representation for devoir, but a monosemic and underspecified representation for pouvoir. The two modal verbs are traditionally examined together since it is assumed that one matches the other in its own modal domain. This thesis casts doubt on this assumption.

The aim of this study is to analyze the different discourses linked to so called honor related violence in course literature from term 1 through 6 during the fall of 2018 at the department of social work at Stockholm university. This due to the extensive debates on the subject that implies varied opinions from both media and the research community. To analyze the different discourses, Fairclough's critical discourse analysis is used by looking for modality, transitivity and intertextuality in the different texts. The analysis circles around three different discourses. One is the “us and them” discourse, which differentiates the Swedish ideals from “others” which are portrayed as worse. The second discourse handles “critique against polarization”, which can be connected to post colonialism that criticizes the “us and them” discourse. The third discourse is the “precautionary” discourse that can be connected to social constructionism, whereas the texts leave room for interpretation as they rarely make any certain statements. Throughout all of these discourses we also found that the perpetrator and the victim rarely is spoken of when talking honor related violence, as compared to “normal violence”, and more often structural explanations rather than individual ones were used.

This thesis presents TransLucid, a low-level, purely declarative, intensional programming language. Built on a simple algebra and with just a small number of primitives, TransLucid programs define arbitrary dimensional infinite data structures, which are then queried to produce results. The formal foundations of TransLucid come from the work in intensional logic by Montague and Scott. The background chapters give a history of intensional logic and its predecessors in the Western world, as well as a history of intensional programming and Lucid, the first intensional programming language. The semantics of TransLucid are fully specified in the form of operational semantics. Three levels of semantics are given, in increasing order of efficiency, with the sequential warehouse semantics, the most efficient, being presented together with a proof that any expression will be evaluated by only examining relevant dimensions in the current context. The language is then extended in three important ways, by adding versioned identifiers, (declarative) side-effects and timestamped equations and demands. Adding versioned identifiers to TransLucid enriches the expressiveness of the language and allows the encoding of a variety of programming paradigms, ranging from manipulating large data-cubes to pattern-matching. Adding side-effects supports one of the main reasons for TransLucid: namely, to provide a target language, together with a methodology, for translating the main programming paradigms, thus creating a uniform end platform that can be the focus for optimisation and program verification. A translation of imperative programs into TransLucid is given. Timestamped equations and demands enable TransLucid to become a language for synchronous programming in real-time systems, as well as allowing runtime updates to a program's equations. The language TransLucid represents a decisive advance in declarative programming. It has applications in many fields of computer science and opens up exciting new avenues of research.

影片在網路內容中的比重日益增加，但超文本閱讀理解研究卻很少探討影片元素。本研究以實驗法探討超文本內容以不同表達模態（影片結合文字呈現、純文字呈現） 對理解及超文本大綱瀏覽行為的影響。 實驗以科普內容做為素材，招募81位大學生，隨機分配到實驗組及控制組：網頁影片結合文字組、網頁純文字組、紙本組三組，並要求受試者閱讀後以自由回憶(free recall)、概念圖寫下所看到的內容。接著，以Kintsch(1998)的建構－整合模式為基礎，建立文本中的巨觀命題與情境模式，並以命題分析法比對三組讀者回憶內容的差異。同時，也記錄網頁組二組受試者的瀏覽行為及時間。 研究結果發現，相同的內容，影片結合文字表達、及以純文字表達，就整體內容的巨觀命題、情境模式理解而言，二組讀者的理解並無差異。然而，若將影片、文字內容的巨觀命題理解分別統計，則發現收看影片結合文字組的受試者對影片內容的理解程度較高；若單就文字內容的理解進行分析，則發現收看網頁文字組的受試者對文字的理解程度較高。不同表達模態也影響讀者的瀏覽時間分配與瀏覽行為。當文字內容加入影片時，相較於純文字組，讀者在影片的瀏覽時間增加，文字內容瀏覽時間則較短。若內容只有文字單一表達模態，讀者會更依賴點選大綱及在頁面間點閱來幫助理解。文字組受試者的大綱瀏覽頻率、瀏覽總頁數高於影片結合文字組。 本研究同時對照網路與紙本不同媒介對讀者理解的影響。結果發現，此二媒介對讀者的巨觀命題理解無影響，但對讀者理解整體概念有影響，網路超文本的讀者，概念圖的回憶表現優於閱讀傳統紙本文字者。