The term “phantom limb” is used to describe the phenomenal tingling sensation that occurs in the nerve endings of an amputated limb; though the limb is no longer physically attached to the body, the person experiences pain and physical sensation in the space the limb once occupied. Though the body part has been removed, it haunts both the body and the brain. It is through this metaphor that I am interested in investigating the connection between the disembodied and the embodied. The disembodied connects to the embodied through the loss or lack of a bodily form; the embodied, therefore, links the disembodied to movements and mannerisms of the body. Adopting Pierre Bourdieu’s Theory of Practice, I define manner as a fluctuating force that operates as a spectrum. Manner links, rather than separates, the internal and the external through the social. In other words, the interplay between the internal and external must be socially interpreted in order to be understood as manner. The first chapter of my thesis will focus on embodied manner and use Robert Louis Stevenson’s Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde as a case study to explain how society impacts the construction of normative manner. Building off Jack Halberstam, I adopt the theory that Mr. Hyde “is both a sexual secret, the secret of Jekyll’s undignified desires, and a visible representation of physical otherness” (82). My argument focuses on the connection between the “deformity hidden within” Mr. Hyde and that “inscribed upon his...skin” that Utterson, Enfield and Lanyon struggle to identify (82). The second chapter of my thesis will focus on how manner operates as both a disciplinary force and cultural haunting. In other words, just as the phantom limb reproduces a distorted version of the lost limb, the social control of manner ultimately reproduces imperfect replicas. In George Eliot’s The Lifted Veil, the protagonist, Latimer, begins suffering from visions after he parts ways with his dear friend Charles Meunier. Here, the unconscious operates at the individual level; I argue that these “visions” are the result of an implosion of Latimer’s repressed sexuality. I then turn to Charlotte Perkins Gilman’s The Yellow Wallpaper to argue that manner operates as a type of social law that attempts to stave off haunting but instead inadvertently reproduces it. In this section, I argue that the narrator’s secondary status as a female character gives her a different kind of agency from Mr. Hyde and Latimer, and that her husband’s ultimate failure to control her results in a type of queer production that calls into question the dialectical relationship between haunting and manner.

<p>Violence against children and particularly the “Bobby Case” in spring 2006 initiated an unprecedented debate in the Swedish media about child maltreatment and child murder. There are however some children whose death causes never will be solved, and some of these cases are erroneously classified as something else.</p><p>The present survey is commissioned by the Swedish Rescue Services Agency and the Swedish Centre for Lessons Learned from Incidents & Accidents, and will serve as the basis for a children safety council which will be established 2006.</p><p>In this survey the answer to the question how deaths among children and youth under the age of 18 years caused by accidents, suicides and violence are investigated when the background and the intention is uncertain is elaborated. A statistical report of how many deaths are classified as uncertain intent is given in the survey. The statistics shows that 26 children and youths under the age of 18 have died from uncertain intent between the years 1997-2003.</p><p>There are many purposes to a death investigation, for example to determine the cause and manner of death. With help from the Statue Book of Sweden knowledge has been obtained about which authorities that are handling death investigations when the cause and manner of death is uncertain. The authorities involved are the physicians, the police force and the National Board of Forensic Medicine. The physician determines whether deaths shall be reported to the police or not i.e. when the cause of death or the manner of death is uncertain. The police then make death investigations to determine whether there is a crime or not. The National Board of Forensic Medicine is contacted to perform autopsies.</p><p>Interviews were performed with police and forensic medicine staff to find out which methods they were using to investigate deaths. The methods used are autopsies and crime investigations. There are no differences when it comes to the age of the deceased, neither of the classification nor the investigation. The police use the classification “uncertain manner of death” when the main cause of death can’t be determined. The forensic medicine physician uses the classification uncertain when the body is so decomposed that there is no possible way to determine cause or manner of death.</p><p>A conclusion in this report is that lack of communication exists between the different government authorities and that this may be a reason to why deaths sometimes are classified incorrectly. Some investigations are also performed by policemen without proper education and this is a possible reason to why some classifications are changed during the process of investigation.</p> / <p>Den senaste tiden har våld mot barn och då framförallt omständigheterna kring tioårige Bobbys död våren 2006 gett upphov till en intensiv debatt i svenska media om barnmisshandel och barnamord. Ett i detta sammanhang mindre uppmärksammat problem är att det med stor sannolikhet finns barnamord som aldrig blir uppklarade eller som klassificeras som något helt annat.</p><p>Föreliggande arbete är ett uppdrag från Räddningsverket och NCO och undersökningen kommer att ligga som underlag i en nulägesredovisning till Barnsäkerhetsrådet som kommer att bildas under 2006. I uppsatsen beskrivs hur dödsfall utreds där barn och ungdomar under 18 år har avlidit på grund av olyckor, suicid och våld där bakgrund och avsikten är oklar.</p><p>Det finns en mängd syften med att göra en dödsfallsutredning, bland annat att fastställa dödsorsak och dödssätt. Med hjälp av bland annat lagtexter fås svar på vilka som utför dödsfallsutredningar där bakgrund och avsikt är oklar. En statistisk genomgång visade att 26 barn och ungdomar under 18 år har avlidit med oklar skadehändelse (avsikt) mellan åren 1997-2003.</p><p>Tillkallad läkare beslutar om att dödsfallet ska anmälas till polis. Detta görs bland annat när dödsfallets bakgrund och avsikt är oklar. Polisen gör då en dödsfallsutredning för att fastställa om något brott har begåtts. De tar då hjälp av Rättsmedicinalverket för att göra en rättsmedicinsk undersökning.</p><p>För att få reda på vilka metoder som användes för att utreda oklara dödsfall genomfördes intervjuer med rättsmedicinare och polis. Man gör inte någon skillnad på utredning beroende på ålder på den avlidne, varken utredningsmässigt eller klassifikationsmässigt. Polisen använder klassificeringen oklar när dödsfallen beror på kombinationer av olika faktorer och huvuddödsorsaken inte går att fastställa. Rättsmedicinarna använder klassificeringen oklar när den avlidne är så likomvandlad att varken dödssätt eller dödsorsak går att fastställa.</p><p>I undersökningen framkommer det att det finns en brist i kommunikationen mellan de olika myndigheterna och att detta kan vara en anledning till att det sker felklassificeringar. Det framkommer även att det ibland inte är utbildade poliser som påbörjar en utredning. Detta kan vara en bidragande orsak till att det är en så stor del av alla utredningar som ändrar klassificering under utredningens gång.</p>

Violence against children and particularly the “Bobby Case” in spring 2006 initiated an unprecedented debate in the Swedish media about child maltreatment and child murder. There are however some children whose death causes never will be solved, and some of these cases are erroneously classified as something else. The present survey is commissioned by the Swedish Rescue Services Agency and the Swedish Centre for Lessons Learned from Incidents &amp; Accidents, and will serve as the basis for a children safety council which will be established 2006. In this survey the answer to the question how deaths among children and youth under the age of 18 years caused by accidents, suicides and violence are investigated when the background and the intention is uncertain is elaborated. A statistical report of how many deaths are classified as uncertain intent is given in the survey. The statistics shows that 26 children and youths under the age of 18 have died from uncertain intent between the years 1997-2003. There are many purposes to a death investigation, for example to determine the cause and manner of death. With help from the Statue Book of Sweden knowledge has been obtained about which authorities that are handling death investigations when the cause and manner of death is uncertain. The authorities involved are the physicians, the police force and the National Board of Forensic Medicine. The physician determines whether deaths shall be reported to the police or not i.e. when the cause of death or the manner of death is uncertain. The police then make death investigations to determine whether there is a crime or not. The National Board of Forensic Medicine is contacted to perform autopsies. Interviews were performed with police and forensic medicine staff to find out which methods they were using to investigate deaths. The methods used are autopsies and crime investigations. There are no differences when it comes to the age of the deceased, neither of the classification nor the investigation. The police use the classification “uncertain manner of death” when the main cause of death can’t be determined. The forensic medicine physician uses the classification uncertain when the body is so decomposed that there is no possible way to determine cause or manner of death. A conclusion in this report is that lack of communication exists between the different government authorities and that this may be a reason to why deaths sometimes are classified incorrectly. Some investigations are also performed by policemen without proper education and this is a possible reason to why some classifications are changed during the process of investigation. / Den senaste tiden har våld mot barn och då framförallt omständigheterna kring tioårige Bobbys död våren 2006 gett upphov till en intensiv debatt i svenska media om barnmisshandel och barnamord. Ett i detta sammanhang mindre uppmärksammat problem är att det med stor sannolikhet finns barnamord som aldrig blir uppklarade eller som klassificeras som något helt annat. Föreliggande arbete är ett uppdrag från Räddningsverket och NCO och undersökningen kommer att ligga som underlag i en nulägesredovisning till Barnsäkerhetsrådet som kommer att bildas under 2006. I uppsatsen beskrivs hur dödsfall utreds där barn och ungdomar under 18 år har avlidit på grund av olyckor, suicid och våld där bakgrund och avsikten är oklar. Det finns en mängd syften med att göra en dödsfallsutredning, bland annat att fastställa dödsorsak och dödssätt. Med hjälp av bland annat lagtexter fås svar på vilka som utför dödsfallsutredningar där bakgrund och avsikt är oklar. En statistisk genomgång visade att 26 barn och ungdomar under 18 år har avlidit med oklar skadehändelse (avsikt) mellan åren 1997-2003. Tillkallad läkare beslutar om att dödsfallet ska anmälas till polis. Detta görs bland annat när dödsfallets bakgrund och avsikt är oklar. Polisen gör då en dödsfallsutredning för att fastställa om något brott har begåtts. De tar då hjälp av Rättsmedicinalverket för att göra en rättsmedicinsk undersökning. För att få reda på vilka metoder som användes för att utreda oklara dödsfall genomfördes intervjuer med rättsmedicinare och polis. Man gör inte någon skillnad på utredning beroende på ålder på den avlidne, varken utredningsmässigt eller klassifikationsmässigt. Polisen använder klassificeringen oklar när dödsfallen beror på kombinationer av olika faktorer och huvuddödsorsaken inte går att fastställa. Rättsmedicinarna använder klassificeringen oklar när den avlidne är så likomvandlad att varken dödssätt eller dödsorsak går att fastställa. I undersökningen framkommer det att det finns en brist i kommunikationen mellan de olika myndigheterna och att detta kan vara en anledning till att det sker felklassificeringar. Det framkommer även att det ibland inte är utbildade poliser som påbörjar en utredning. Detta kan vara en bidragande orsak till att det är en så stor del av alla utredningar som ändrar klassificering under utredningens gång.

La presente investigación se centra en la semántica de los verbos de movimiento en inglés y en castellano. La primera parte de la tesis ofrece un análisis sistemático y detallado de los lexicones verbales de movimiento en ambas lenguas desde un punto de vista contrastivo. En este análisis, los patrones generales de lexicalización, los verbos de sendero y los verbos de manera son los objetos de interés. La segunda parte de la tesis explora el subdominio del movimiento humano empleando paradigmas experimentales, proporcionando evidencia empírica a algunas de las observaciones derivadas del análisis lingüístico llevado a cabo en la primera parte de la tesis. / The present thesis addresses the semantics of English and Spanish motion verbs. In the first part of this dissertation, a systematic and detailed account of the semantics of English and Spanish motion verb lexicons from a contrastive point of view is provided. The patterns of general conflations are explored, as well as more subtle path notions and fine-grained manner information which can be conveyed by motion verbs in these two languages. Comparison between English and Spanish leads to the identification of both crosslinguistic similarities and differences. The second part of this thesis aims to investigate an important subdomain of motion, that of human locomotion, using experimental methods. These studies offer interesting insights into how English and Spanish organise their motion verb lexicons and into the complex semantics of human locomotion verbs. In addition, the findings provide empirical support for some of the observations from the linguistic analysis undertaken in the first part of this thesis.

No description available.

The literature on J. K. Rowling’s Harry Potter is prolific. People have written on various topics dealing with issues such as translation, etymology and diverse areas concerning the language. In this essay, I examine whether linguistic features such as reporting verbs, adverbs of manner and adjectives contribute to the depiction of heroic and villainous characters. Before conducting this research, my assumptions were that there would be a great difference in the value of the words depending on the character they were associated with. I wanted to see if the heroic characters used verbs and adverbs with positive connotations, and the villainous characters verbs and adverbs with negative connotations. I also wanted to know if the adjectives describing the characters could, in themselves, clearly indicate whether a character was a hero or a villain. The results of my research suggested that the choice of particular verbs and adverbs contributed only indirectly to the depiction of the characters. Without context, it was not possible to know if the character was a hero or a villain simply by identifying the verbs and adverbs used to describe their speech. By contrast, the choice of particular adjectives did appear to indicate more clearly whether a character was hero or villain. Finally, the results of my research indicated that context, rather than the use of particular linguistic features was often the most important factor in contributing to the portrayal of characters in the novel.

Procura-se nesse estudo ler os Ensaios de Montaigne, menos em sua dimensão de descrição verdadeira dos casos que são abordados e dos arrazoados que são produzidos, e mais em sua dimensão de produção de efeitos verossímeis e persuasivos; atentos, pois, à intenção de um escritor em fazer crer (fidem facere) mais que em dizer a verdade. Assim, o propósito é o de relacionar o discurso deste autor com uma atividade plenamente ciente dos meios e instrumentos técnicos de produção da persuasão. Não se descarta a questão da veracidade do autorretrato, mas, entende-se que esta consiste em um dos elementos fundamentais por cuja construção verossímil prima o esforço do Ensaísta. Busca-se, pois mostrar que o que o livro nos dá a ler são as múltiplas operações do espírito que integram a maneira de uma persona construída nos convencer de sua coincidência espontânea, veraz e bem sucedida com seu autor. / This thesis investigates Montaignes Essays and the persuasive and verisimilar rhetorical effects that they manage to achieve, rather than consider them as true descriptions of the matters they discuss and the statements they entail. Thus, close attention is paid to Montaignes intention to create belief (fidem facere) rather than to state the truth. Accordingly, this thesis sets out to identify this authors discourse as one that is fully aware of the technical instruments of rhetorical persuasion. Likewise, the veracity of the authors self-portrayal is not ignored, but it is understood as one of the fundamental elements at which the essayists efforts to produce verisimilitude predominate. Therefore, this research intends to show that what one reads in Montaignes Essays are the multiple operations of a mind that compose the manner of a persona that was built to persuade the reader that it coincides spontaneously, truthfully and successfully with the author.

L’objectif de la présente étude est d’étudier les différences entre les homicides par strangulation et les suicides par pendaison ainsi que l’importance du rôle que jouent les lésions dans la détermination du mode de décès dans les cas apparents de pendaison, et ce dans l’optique d’établir un outil permettant de renseigner le coroner ou médecin légiste sur le mode de décès probable dans les cas apparents de pendaison. Deux cent quatorze cas de suicide par pendaison ont été révisés rétrospectivement et comparés à 51 cas d’homicide par strangulation. La fréquence d’ecchymoses (6,1 %), d’abrasions (4,7 %) et de lacérations (0,5 %) était significativement plus faible chez les victimes de suicide par pendaison que chez les victimes d’homicides par strangulation (58,8 %, 51,0 % et 5,9 % respectivement). Les ecchymoses, chez les victimes de suicide par pendaison, se trouvent habituellement sur les membres supérieurs antérieurs et postérieurs ou sur les membres inférieurs antérieurs. Elles se situent généralement soit sur les membres supérieurs, soit sur les membres inférieurs, et non aux deux endroits à la fois. Les abrasions sont davantage susceptibles de se trouver sur la face postérieure des membres supérieurs et sur la face antérieure des membres inférieurs. Cette concentration préférentielle n’est pas observée chez les victimes d’homicide par strangulation. De possibles critères de suspicion et des modèles de prédiction du mode de décès sont évalués. / The objective of the present study is to study the differences between the suicidal hangings and the homicidal nonhanging strangulations as well as the lesion’s role in the manner of death determination in apparent hanging cases, in order to create a decision tool that will inform the coroner or medical examiner on the probable manner of death in apparent hanging cases. Two hundred and fourteen cases of suicidal hanging were retrospectively reviewed and compared to 51 homicidal nonhanging strangulation victims. Bruises, abrasions and lacerations incidence were significantly lower in hanging victims (6.1 %, 4.7 % and 0.5 % respectively) compared to homicidal strangulation victims (58.8 %, 51.0% and 5.9 % respectively). Limb bruises were found as much on the anterior part of upper limbs as on posterior part, whereas limb abrasions were located mostly on the posterior aspect of upper limbs. Bruises and abrasions were also found exclusively on the anterior aspect of the lower limbs. Bruises are generally observed either exclusively on upper limbs, either exclusively on lower limbs, but rarely on both in a single case. In homicidal nonhanging strangulation cases, this preferential lesions concentration was not observed. Possible criteria for limb lesions distribution are discussed and prediction models of the manner of death are evaluated.

Dans le cadre des travaux sur le rôle des connaissances phonologiques dans le processus de reconnaissance de mot écrit, l’objectif de notre thèse est de contribuer à mieux décrire la nature du code impliqué et de comprendre les mécanismes par lesquels les connaissances phonologiques interviennent en lecture. Nous voudrions avant tout défendre l’idée selon laquelle les premières étapes du processus de reconnaissance de mot écrit impliquent un code phonologique suffisamment fin pour être décrit en termes de traits phonologiques, en montrant que les lecteurs sont sensibles à des aspects infra-phonémiques et qu’il existerait une organisation hiérarchique de ces traits. D’autre part, cette thèse vise à apporter des arguments en faveur de l’existence de troubles phonologiques chez les enfants dyslexiques, à préciser certaines anomalies de leurs représentations au niveau infra-phonémique, tout en tenant compte de disparités possibles dans ces anomalies selon le type de dyslexie.Nous présenterons en premier lieu le cadre théorique et les travaux expérimentaux en psychologie cognitive et psycholinguistique nous conduisant à formuler des questions précises à ce propos. La présentation de travaux réalisés en linguistique et en neuropsychologie étayera les hypothèses que nous proposerons ensuite. Dans la partie théorique, nous présenterons notamment une proposition de modèle de lecture articulant deux mécanismes basés sur les traits phonologiques et l’orientation de nos hypothèses sera guidée par les contraintes de ce modèle.Une démarche expérimentale sera développée en plusieurs étapes pour apporter des données comportementales permettant de discuter nos hypothèses à propos d’adultes bons lecteurs, d’enfants présentant un développement ordinaire et d’enfants dyslexiques. / Some studies in literature show the involvement of phonological knowledge in printed words processing. The goal of this work is to contribute to describe the nature of the code involved in printed word recognition, and to understand the mechanisms of phonological knowledge involvement in reading. We firstly want to show that the early steps of printed words recognition involve a phonological code described in terms of phonological features, by showing that skilled readers are sensitive to infra-phonemic elements and that a hierarchical organisation of these features could exist. Otherwise, this work aims to provide clues in favour of the existence of phonological impairments in dyslexic children, to define some deficits of their infra-phonemic organisation, and to show that these deficits could be different according to the type of developmental dyslexia. On the one hand, we present the theory and the experimental studies in cognitive psychology and in psycholinguistics that lead us to some questions. On the other hand, the presentation of studies in linguistics and in neuropsychology provide clues in favour of our hypothesis. In the theorical part, we present a reading model that involve two reading mechanisms based on phonological features, and our hypothesis allow us to test this model. Our experimental word is developped in several steps to provide behavior data that lead us to discuss our hypothesis about adult skilled readers, normal reading children, and dyslexic chilmdren.

Anna Šmilauerová: TV Sitcom Friends: Analysis of character humor strategies based on the violation of Grice's Conversational maxims Abstract The purpose of this diploma thesis is the analysis of the humor strategies employed by the characters of Phoebe and Chandler in the TV Sitcom Friends. The discovered prevailing strategies were then compared with the personalities of the two characters. The data analyzed were the written script of five exemplary episodes from the Season 1, 3, 5, 7 and 9, in which the utterances eliciting laughter from the audience were thoroughly analyzed from the point of Grice's Cooperative Principle: only those utterances were considered in which the characters violated one or more of the conversational maxims (quality, quantity, relation and manner). Phoebe was found to violate most often the maxim of relation, thus it is her being non-factual and non-conventional that constitutes her most entertaining quality. As she develops and grows more mature as a character, the frequency counts of this humor strategy evince a descending tendency. Chandler, on the other hand, is mostly being ironic, violating the maxim of quality. His character also gradually changes but his sense of humor remains the same - ironic throughout the show, as follows from the instances of almost fixed frequency....