abstract: ABSTRACT In the 19th and 20th centuries, many Latin American intellectuals began to question why their countries had failed to modernize and produce the type of economic prosperity and democratic societies that they desired. Influenced by the scientific theories of their time, many of the explanations offered by these intellectuals centered on a single issue—race. Yet scientific and historical definitions regarding “race” have varied greatly ranging from a conceptualization of race as a cultural to a biological construct. This same time period also saw the emergence of two new literary genres which addressed “racial” conflict in their own right—indigenismo and neo-indigenismo. In the last thirty years, postmodernist and postcolonialist readings of these texts have tended to articulate these interethnic conflicts in highly racialized terms which diminish the importance of any cultural differentiation that may exist (i.e. attitudes, aptitudes, norms, religions, expectations) while simultaneously augmenting perceived racial discord between groups—even where racial difference barely exists. This dissertation is an analysis of Pueblo enfermo (1909) and Raza de bronce (1919) by Alcides Arguedas, as well as Sociología guatemalteca: el problema social del indio (1923) and Hombres de maíz (1949) by Miguel Ángel Asturias. By taking an interdisciplinary approach and drawing on texts from history, anthropology, economics and literature I challenge many of the commonly held notions regarding the issues of race in these texts. I argue that, despite tinges of what social scientists have termed “scientific racism” that these works should be interpreted as criticisms of what the authors understood as cultural problems and deficiencies within their societies. Additionally, I argue that this highly politicized cultural criticism of their countries by Arguedas and Asturias was meant to challenge the mestizo and Ladino hegemony of their times as a means of making their countries more democratic, and that the strident postmodernist and would-be postcolonial readings reveal actually hidden anachronistic and ahistorical bias of their authors. / Dissertation/Thesis / Doctoral Dissertation Spanish 2018

Orientador: Ana Raquel Marques da Cunha Martins Portugal. / Banca: Fernando Torres-Londoño / Banca: Lélio Luiz de Oliveira / Resumo: O presente estudo está concentrado em analisar as causas fundamentais da manutenção da independência política da província de Tlaxcala frente ao domínio mexica no território mesoamericano a partir da construção da narrativa dos cronistas mestiços do século XVI Hernando Alvarado Tezozomoc e Diego Muñoz Camargo. Dessa forma, através da análise de suas obras, procuraremos avaliar a construção da narrativa desses autores em relação ao conflito entre os tlaxcaltecas e mexicas, especialmente no século XV e início do XVI, e a contínua manutenção da autonomia dos primeiros até a chegada de Cortés na América / Abstract: This work is based on the analyses of the main causes of the political independence maintenance of the Tlaxcala Province face the Mexica's dominion on the Mesoamerican territory through the narratives of two mestizo writers of the XVI century, Hernando Alvarado Tezozomoc and Diego Muñoz Camargo. By analyzing their work, we try to evaluate the narrative construction related to the conflict between the tlaxcaltecas and the mexicas, specially during the XV and beginning of the XVI century, and the continuous maintenance of autonomy of the former until Cortés arrival to America / Mestre

No description available.

Made available in DSpace on 2016-08-03T12:19:33Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 JorgeEWOkada.pdf: 885065 bytes, checksum: 0a2b80399f453b019f10ce93a6b12d28 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2014-03-20 / Fundação Cearense de Apoio ao Desenvolvimento Cientifico e Tecnológico / Bolivian society is marked by the overt presence of ethnic cultural strata of indigenous origin. As a consequence of the colonial past,it is still assumed that status of peasant means belonging to an indigenous ethnic group. In this sociocultural reality the Evangelical Methodist Church in Bolivia (IEMB), since its implementation in the early 20th century, gained legitimacy and space in Bolivian society because of their contributions to society with their works of service (education, health, rural development). Currently the IEMB is configured as a rural church, and the Bolivian population is predominantly urban. So urbanity is the challenge for ecclesial and pastoral action, if the IEMB intends to maintain its relevance in Bolivian society. Attempts are made in this research, to point toward in the Wesleyan theological tradition ecclesial foundation for a relevant ecclesial and pastoral presence in the particularities of the Bolivian urban reality / A sociedade boliviana está marcada pela ostensiva presença dos estratos étnicos culturais indígenas originários. Como consequência do passado colonial ainda se vincula o status de camponês à pertença a uma etnia indígena. Nesta realidade sociocultural, a Igreja Evangélica Metodista da Bolívia (IEMB), desde sua implantação no princípio do século 20, ganhou legitimidade e espaço na sociedade boliviana pelos seus aportes à sociedade com suas obras de serviço (educativo, saúde, desenvolvimento rural). Atualmente a IEMB se configura como uma Igreja rural, sendo que a população boliviana é eminentemente urbana. Assim a urbanidade é o desafio para a ação eclesial e pastoral, se a IEMB pretende manter sua relevância na sociedade boliviana. Tenta-se, nesta pesquisa, apontar na tradição teológica eclesial wesleyana alicerces para uma relevante presença eclesial e pastoral nas particularidades da realidade urbana boliviana.

There is growing concern that the accelerated pace and increasing complexity of environmental change may be challenging people's ability to test, refine, and adjust livelihood strategies. This would be particularly challenging for poor households in hazardous environments, generating greater vulnerability to disasters. The context for this concern was examined in four rural communities from two different cultural realms along the Caribbean coast of Honduras. An ethnographic approach was used to understand how women household managers, community leaders, and elderly residents from Garifuna and Mestizo communities perceive and respond to hazards and other challenges in their environment. The analysis revealed how economic pressures combine with political context to contribute to an intensification of local land and resource use in the four communities. The consequent matrix of environmental hazards generates troubling uncertainties for these small-scale socioecological systems, particularly as the local ecological resources once available for livelihood adjustments become scarce. To make matters worse, institutional efforts to resolve environmental and economic challenges generating vulnerabilities for some rural communities are perceived as authoritarian, superimposed, and even culturally inappropriate. Confused or frustrated by so many uncertainties, households from both cultural realms try to adjust by increasing their dependence on an evolving web of political and financial resources beyond their communities, indeed from outside Honduras. / text

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Além disso, detectar a contribuição da cultura indígena à tradição cênica da região, através dos gestuais de animais presentes em seus rituais tão freqüentes na cultura popular brasileira e recorrente na manifestação foco deste estudo. Desde a concepção do projeto de pesquisa, levantamento teórico, observação participante, coleta de dados, análise crítica, até às considerações finais do trabalho, os objetivos propostos, nos empenhamos para que fossem corretamente atingidos inclusive procurando abrir uma teia de possibilidades para futuros desdobramentos na discussão e preocupação com o registro sistematizado de manifestações espetaculares da região amazônica. Assim também como sobre a contribuição indígena na dança popular dessa Região e do Brasil, o que certamente trará respaldo científica para futuros estudos na Universidade Federal do Pará, em outras instituições de ensino superior e centros de pesquisa em dança no Brasil. / RÉSUMÉ Cette dissertation, résultat de la corrélation d'études bibliographiques et rapports de sujets historiques de la culture populaire de la région nord brésilienne, il/elle a comme priorité principale, apporter une contribution à la construction de la connaissance à la culture amazonienne, à travers l'ethnographie critique qui a aidé décrire et analyser la manifestation panoramique connu comme Danse de l'once du district Municipal de Vigia de Nazare, de l'État du Pará, aussi bien que détecter la contribution de la culture indigène à la culture panoramique de la région, à travers les gestuals d'animaux présents dans leur rituels tels fréquents dans le la culture populaire dans sa Brésilienne et le centre de la manifestation de cette étude. De la conception de la recherche projetez, le soulèvement théorique, observation du participant, rassemble de données, analyse critique, à dernières considérations du travail, que les objectifs proposés ont été atteints entièrement, excepté ouvrir un tissu de possibilités pour les développements des futurs dans la discussion et s'inquiète de l'inscription réduite en système de manifestations spectaculaires de la région amazonienne, aussi bien qu'au sujet de la contribution indigène dans la danse populaire de la région nord et de Brésil qui apportera le dossier-lit scientifique pour les études des futurs dans l'Université Fédérale du Pará et dans les autres institutions des études supérieures et la recherche se concentre dans la danse au Brésil. / Programa de Mestrado Interinstitucional em Artes Cênicas: Convênio firmado entre a Universidade Federal da Bahia e a Universidade Federal do Pará

Unlike their European predecessors in the experimentation with hallucinogens and aesthetics who undertook it as an exotic tradition brought from afar, many Latin American and North American authors turned to visionary practices and substances (cannabis, peyote, psilocybin mushrooms and ayahuasca, among others) as a main element of their own cultural heritage and territory. Though commonly restricted to the specific category of "psychedelia," the narratives in this corpus from the 20th century only acquire their true depth once included within a much vaster realm, that of visionary traditions, mostly originated in non-Western sources --with exceptions among divinators, witches and sorcerers in Europe -- both in the Old World of the Orient and Africa, but particularly in the New World, in America. Problematically blurring use and exchange value, the 20th century seized these substances as sources of forbidden pleasures which alienated laborers, while their prohibition generated immense fortunes that destabilized democracies throughout the continent, motivated violence, and funded mafias, guerrillas and paramilitary groups. Yet, visionary plants and practices spread with a transcultural power that even today allows for the survival of ethnic groups and traditional knowledge long hidden, while also feeding urban consumptions that generate innumerable subcultures, time and again misunderstood as a sign of decadence. In this dissertation these "underworld" practices are also manifestations of something prior and parallel to the birth of a culture of mass consumers: they mark an encounter between Indigenous, Afro, rural and mestizo influences in the voices of authors who contributed to culture from the margins of very hierarchical and racist societies, and assumed a leading role in their intellectual debate, capturing its mixtures, dark humor, conflicts and transculturations via writing and films. Initially marginalized in the low worlds of taverns, destitute neighborhoods, crime, prisons and prostitution venues, hallucination and hallucinogens--simultaneously a colonial anathema and a sacred pre-Columbian ritual of transcendence--survive and thrive, passing on to the urban minorities of artists and thinkers I will examine in this dissertation, now even including synthetics like Lysergic Acid Diethylamide (LSD). Late Avant-gardes between the 1950s and 1990s--beatniks, counterculture, yippies and Chicanos in the US, the Onda generation and the "jipitecas'' in Mexico, and the "nadaístas'' and the Cali group in Colombia--partially rescued this knowledge, but, above all, its consumptions, preserving some of them as an original heritage within their metaphysics, politics and aesthetics, and as a core part of many of their ideological and secular inquiries. Banned and misconstrued by the viceregal, republican, national and transnational elites, both in the colonial past, and in the contemporary moment of an hemispheric circuit -- within the geopolitics of Nixon‘s War on Drugs -- visionary and hallucinogenic uses continue shaping much of the cultural panorama of America today. The variety of films and texts observed in this project gives a measure of the true heterogeneity of Latin American and US authors of the 20th century: In their works we reconnect a fracture that divides not only two, but many worlds, while it makes possible, for once, to conceive the simultaneous reality of them all.

O objetivo desta tese é compreender as tensões e metamorfoses existentes na análise social realizada por por alguns do principais autores brasileiros da virada do século XIX para o XX, rocurando demonstrar que, indo além das ideologias racistas presentes em suas obras, eles tentavam compreender e explicar a sociedade e a cultura rasileiras, abrindo, assim, novos caminhos e horizontes para outros estudos. Neste sentido, serão analisadas as obras de Sílvio Romero, Nina Rodrigues, Euclides da Cunha e Oliveira Vianna, tomando a perspectiva analítica de comparar como estes autores, clássicos e fundamentais para a compreensão do Brasil, conseguiram superar o racismo que aparecia inerente em suas obras, mostrando uma abordagem crítica em relação à sociedade brasileira e abordando aspectos culturais e sociais do Brasil, até então inéditos / The objective of this thesis is to understand the existing tensions and metamorphoses in the social analysis carried through by for some of the main Brazilian authors of the turn of century XIX for the XX, looking for to demonstrate that, going beyond the racist ideologies gifts in its workmanships, them they tried to understand and to explain the Brazilian society and the culture, opening, thus, to new ways and perspectives for other studies. In this direction the workmanships of Sílvio will be analyzed Romero, Nina Rodrigues, Euclides of Cunha and Oliveira Vianna, taking the analytical perspective to compare as these authors, basic classics and for the understanding of Brazil, had obtained to surpass the racism that appeared inherent in its workmanships, showing a critical boarding 6 in relation to the Brazilian society and approaching cultural and social aspects of Brazil, until then unknown.

本研究利用電影院的殖民建築、設計以及週遭的城市歷史變遷過程，探討「上海電影院」的空間歷史與殖民性。 　　進入本文分析之前，先從文獻中了解「後殖民」意義與源起。建立基本認知後，一併對後殖民理論重要概念，「東方主義」、「戲擬」與「混雜性」加以耙疏，歸納整理出後殖民主義的批評觀點，以作為本文在探討上海殖民及後殖民現象在問題上提供反思與運用。緊接著透過對「全球化」理論的認知，勾勒出上海作為後殖民城市的全球及在地思考。同時，為了讓思考更為緊密，分別就「後殖民主義與全球化」、「後殖民主義與民族主義」、「後殖民主義與帝國主義」作一整組概念的理解，以作為本研究的理論與概念架構。 　　本文分析十九世紀末到二十世紀的上海電影院與城市之歷史系譜，檢視上海殖民租界時期的影院建築與城市。其次，在殖民之後，對中國社會主義主政下的上海影院與城市做一發展脈絡的理解。最後，基於對上海影院與城市歷史的認知，進一步探求當前全球化架構下，「西方」與「中國」對上海城市及影院所採取的觀看方式與干預形式，是否存在著（後）殖民文化意義的肇因轉變。 　　研究結果發現，進入九○年代後，上海存在著「向前看」與「向後看」的兩股想像力量，同時影響上海城市與影院發展：一股「向前看」的想像力量，是在全球化架構下，國家與跨國資本合力打造了一座座新式電影城的崛起，淘汰了老舊電影院的動力來源。同時，在上海城市空間的劇烈變動過程中，中國有意引渡香港作為「第三勢力」，以便在上海城市影城發展上與西方跨國資本勢力抗衡。另一股「向後看」的想像力量則存在於後殖民語境裡。中國政府投入大量資金進行影院改建工程，大面積的修改、摹仿了原初殖民影院建築，以展露出一個全新的歷史空間。在這種狀況下，當前標誌著殖民霸權的上海影院跟過去有了分別：現在的上海殖民影院是中國政府通過與資本共謀，戲擬式的營造出三○年代老上海電影宮的摩登形象，以投射出中國政府積極推動下新的混雜產物。這一切的改變，使得原初上海影院空間所夾雜的殖民符號在意義的閱讀與指涉上有了不同。新創建的殖民影院不僅成了上海城市產業上文化空間及休閒娛樂的消費賣點。同時在九○年代上海懷舊熱潮席捲影響下，也開啟了殖民影院被重新閱讀及詮釋的可能。本文以為，當西方帝國以戀物凝視姿態持續對上海殖民影院刻版印象作確認，以維持“殖民凝視（殖民規訓）”穩定的同時，也一併在國家意志與懷舊氣氛當中，經由各種懷舊媒材創作、重寫，賦予了過去特性新的內涵，虛構了新的歷史深度。 / The study aims to explore the spatial history and colonialism of cinema, process as cinema of architecture, design and urban evolvement in colonial Shanghai. Prior to embarking on the textual analysis, a concise literature review has been made to instill a rudimentary conception on the significance and origin of post-colonialism, which is then used to discern some of the crucial concepts of post-colonial theories: Orientals, mimicy, mestizo. Drawing from post-colonialism, these critical viewpoints are adopted to facilitate the attempt of this study and to examine the issues of colonial and post-colonial phenomena in Shanghai. What follows is, through globalization theories, to map out a global and local thinking on Shanghai as a post-colonial city. In order to conclude the theoretical examination and conceptual ascertaining, this study sorts out the serial subjects of “Colonialism vs. globalization”, “Post-colonialism vs. nationalism”, and “Post-colonialism vs. imperialism” as a comprehensive understanding. 　 This paper reviews the paradigmatic relation between the city and the colonial cinema of Shanghai from late 19th to 20th century. Then, after the colonization, a comprehensive discerning of Shanghai cinemas and the city as a whole under the control of Chinese socialism is examined. Lastly, based on the understanding of Shanghai cinema and the city history, a further attempt is to figure out if there’s catalytic change of significance of the Shanghai City and its cinemas on (post) colonial culture from the West’ and China’s viewpoint and intervention. The study findings reveal that in the 90’s, there are two imagined forces: “looking forward” and “looking backward” that exist in Shanghai and the two forces have influenced the development of Shanghai cinemas and the city. The “looking forward” imagined force had spurred the mushrooming of cinemas, which are advocated by cross-nationally joint venture under the framework of globalization, and that became the dynamic for eliminating the old cinemas. Meanwhile, with dramatic changes in Shanghai, the Chinese regime intends to bring in Hong Kong industry as a third counterforce to withstand the dynamic of Western multinational capital in Shanghai city’s cinema development. On the other hand, the “looking backward” imagined force can be seen in the post-colonial context of China. In order to demonstrate a new historical space, the government of China invested quite a lot to reconstruct cinemas via simulating but refining the original colonial architecture style. Thus, it can be distinguished form the present Shanghai cinemas to the past: the present colonial cinemas in Shanghai are the new mestizo by the efforts of China government, and they have built a modern mimicry of old Shanghai cinemas in the 1930s. The process of transferring has made a difference in the textual meaning from old Shanghai cinemas to the new ones. As the cultural and entertaining space in Shanghai, the newly constructed cinemas has not only become the popular area for consumption, but also turned on the possibility of re-read and re-interpretation under the trend of nostalgia. As a result, when the Western imperialism continues to acknowledge its stereotype and takes a materialistic stance toward Shanghai to maintain the stability of a colonial doctrine, those old features are new-minted different meanings by various kinds of nostalgic creature, so that a new historical depth is fabricated at the same time.

Made available in DSpace on 2014-12-17T14:20:27Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 KilderBS_TESE.pdf: 880061 bytes, checksum: b2b07ae923aec3e72b5fa2984e2f2626 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2012-06-28 / Os Sert?es of Euclides da Cunha is one of the most studied books of Brazilian social thought, with approaches ranging from literature to geology, mobilizing concepts and theoretical and disciplinary perspectives the most diverse. This work aims to identify the process of building the concept of race by Euclides da Cunha in this work. To achieve this goal, will be studied, at first, the process of intellectual and political formation of Euclides da Cunha in the years prior to his trip to Canudos, in order to identify the presence of themes and authors in their thinking, using for this purpose, as the main source, your correspondence and press articles, which are expressed in the basic references of his training and dialogue on topics and authors that permeated their way of thinking about the Brazilian reality in the late nineteenth century and early twentieth century. In the second stage of labor, with reference to the study of the presence of several theories that explain human behavior from racial lines, with a strong Brazilian influence in the intellectual environment of the late nineteenth century, an analytical effort will be made in order to understand the synthesis made specific by Euclides da Cunha in the preparation of his work, to identify the main authors based their thinking on this aspect of the changes in your way of thinking about the man of the interior in an attempt to understand how the concept this race is in the interpretation of the conflict happened in Canudos and action of some of her protagonists / Os Sert?es de Euclides da Cunha ? um dos mais estudados livros do pensamento social brasileiro, com abordagens que v?o da literatura a geologia, mobilizando conceitos e perspectivas te?ricas e disciplinares as mais diversas. Neste trabalho, pretende-se identificar o processo de constru??o do conceito de ra?a por Euclides da Cunha nessa obra. Para atingir esse objetivo, ser? estudado, num primeiro momento, o processo de forma??o intelectual e pol?tica de Euclides da Cunha nos anos anteriores ? sua ida a Canudos, com o prop?sito de identificar a presen?a de temas e autores no seu pensamento, utilizando-se, para essa finalidade, como fonte principal o seu epistol?rio e os artigos publicados na imprensa, nos quais est?o expressas as refer?ncias b?sicas da sua forma??o e o di?logo sobre temas e autores que permearam a sua forma de pensar a realidade brasileira no final do s?culo XIX e in?cio do s?culo XX. No segundo momento do trabalho, tomando como refer?ncia o estudo da presen?a das diversas teorias que explicavam o comportamento humano a partir de crit?rios raciais, com forte influ?ncia no ambiente intelectual brasileiro do final do s?culo XIX, ser? realizado um esfor?o anal?tico no sentido de compreender s?ntese espec?fica realizada por Euclides da Cunha no processo de elabora??o de sua obra, no sentido de identificar os principais autores que fundamentaram o seu pensamento nesse aspecto, as mudan?as na sua de forma de pensar sobre o homem do sert?o, na tentativa de compreender como o conceito de ra?a est? presente na interpreta??o do conflito acontecido em Canudos e na a??o de alguns dos seus protagonistas