半總統制的運作特色是行政權力分別由總統和總理掌握，當半總統制的總統權力較小，就會由總理主導行政權力，此時半總統制的運作模式趨近於內閣制。但過去較少有文獻比較總統權力較小的半總統制國家，與內閣制國家的實際政治運作，是否有顯著的差異。本文先參照Wu(2012)的分類，選擇準內閣制做為總統權力較小的半總統制次類型，再與內閣制國家做比較。 本文的研究結果，發現準內閣制與內閣制之間，在國會的有效政黨數目、無黨籍總理出現的機率、總統總理同黨的機率沒有顯著的差異。顯示準內閣制的總統如同Wu分類的定義，不會介入任命過程，另外，總統選舉的衣尾效應也無法使大黨的席次增加。在總理任期的比較方面，雖然兩種制度的總理任期沒有顯著的差異，不過準內閣制的總理遭遇提前選舉下台的風險，低於內閣制，且準內閣制的總理連任機率也低於內閣制。這些結果皆表示，準內閣制的總統雖然不會介入組閣過程，但有可能對於國會的選舉時程產生影響，使總理無法在最佳時機發動國會提前選舉，進一步降低總理的連任機率。 綜合本文的研究發現，再對照過去的相關理論。半總統制與內閣制在實際運作上，仍然有一些差異。近年來，學界認為總統權力不是半總統制的重要條件，實際上，即使在總統權力較小的國家，總統權力可能還是有重要的影響。 / The executive power in semi-presidentialism is shared by the president and prime minister where the prime minister will control executive power with a weak president, and the political practice will be like those found in parlimentarism. There are very few articles examining the difference between parlimentarism and semi-presidentialism with a weak president. This paper compares the political practice of semi-presidentialism with a weak president and parlimentarism in different countries. The case selection criteria of a weak president is based on Wu(2012). In his research, quasi-parlimentarism is a subtype of semi-presidentialism, that the president has weak power. The result of this research demonstrates that effective number of parties in parliamentary, probability of non-party prime minister, president and prime minister in the same party have no significant difference between two institutions. This means that in the quasi-parlimentarism the coattail effect of a presidential election does not ensure more seats for a large party, and the president has a weak power to appoint the cabinet. Although the duration of the term of a prime minister has no significant difference, the hazard of early election, and probability of prime minister renewal in quasi-parlimentarism is less than parlimentarism. This means that a president in quasi-parlimentarism has blocked dissolution of parliamentary, and the prime minister cannot call for an early election at his or her favorable time. In summary, the political practice of semi-presidentialism is different than parlimentarism. Presidential power is an important feature of semi-presidentialism, even in small presidential power, a semi-presidentialism country, and its president have great influence on politics.

The diploma thesis is dealing with theoretical concept of negativity and investigates its concrete form on the concept of "antibabisism". The thesis refers to concepts of negativity in general, negativity in media content and also to negativity in political media content. Individual research of the thesis focuses on quantitative content analysis in a few selected czech media and also tries to confirm or reject existence of "antibabisism" in media and politics.

Made available in DSpace on 2016-07-27T13:49:29Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 MARIA OLIVEIRA PAULO.pdf: 2082679 bytes, checksum: 7b51f313211dd727a40bc12c6c1e3d78 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2007-02-26 / The objectives of this study was the investigation of texts from the New Testament that concern the women s diakonia. We intend to investigate Lc 10,38-42 and Rm16,1-2, emphasizing Marta and Febe at the deacon minister. The reason was to recover the history of women s deacon in the socio-politics context of the first century, around the year 30 B.C., as Marta at the Jesus movement. The dissertation was subdivided in four chapters. We discuss Febe and the deacon minister around the years 56-57, date of the letter to the Jewish- Christian in Rome. We believe that these women played the same deacon activities in diverse time at the original Christianity. Febe did not follow, served Jesus and has not been healed by Him, because Jesus acted around the year 30 B.C. However, Febe was a deacon at the Paulinas Communities. We hope that the subject under study may bring new perspectives for future researches. / Nesta pesquisa temos como objetivo investigar textos do Novo Testamento que abordam a diaconia de mulheres. Pretendemos investigar Lc 10,38-42 e Rm 16,1-2 destacando Mar ta e Febe no ministério diaconal. O intuito é resgatar a história da diaconia de mulheres no contexto sóciopolítico do século primeiro, por volta do ano 30 d.C.; como é o caso de Marta no movimento de Jesus. Dividimos a dissertação em quatro capítulos. Abarcamos Febe e o ministério diaconal, por volta dos anos 56-57, data da carta à comunidade judaico-cristã em Roma. Acreditamos que essas mulheres exerceram a mesma atividade diaconal em épocas diversas nos cristianismos originários. Febe não seguiu, nem serviu a Jesus e nem mesmo foi curada por Ele, pois Jesus atuou por volta do ano 30 d.C.; enquanto Febe foi diácona das comunidades paulinas. Esperamos que o assunto pesquisado possa abrir novas perspectivas para futuras investigações.

Made available in DSpace on 2016-03-15T19:48:20Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Rita Coelho de Mello de Almeida.pdf: 782835 bytes, checksum: a1fa1d68354907a0c68ec8971b048afe (MD5) Previous issue date: 2012-02-21 / The Science of Religion is a kind of science that needs constant research because there are many issues that revolve in their fields, from biblical aspects, through its relationship with the company until the day-to-day life of the religious, this wide dynamic range combined with the world today needs to be continuously studied. Among the possible subjects met the life of the pastor who after years of studies, provision of services to the community and society and financial remuneration for their activity is seen in 70 years exonerated. With the dismissal is mandatory as the life of the Presbyterian minister? This dissertation aims to analyze the place occupied by the Presbyterian minister in the church after his retirement, still analyzing the conflicts arising in the social and property after retirement. To do so, use the deductive approach starting from the literature of the subject in various scientific sources, as well as the orders of the Presbyterian Church of Brazil. The intention with this paper to present all the issues related to the topic and present a dignified solution to life after the retirement of the pastor and the same current form given the current increase in life expectancy and quality of life of human beings humans, thus respecting the personal rights of the elderly. This dissertation examines the factual situation of the Presbyterian minister's retirement age of 70. This fact is true throughout the Presbyterian Church of Brazil, but the consequences in social life and heritage of this fact is rarely discussed. The life of a Presbyterian pastor is ruled by his studies and applying them to the community in the teachings of the various possible ways. After years of complicity pastor knows that the age of 70 will be retired, but currently have 70 years is quite different than having 70 years 10, 20 or more years ago. The index of life expectancy increases every year in Brazil and in most countries of the world, moreover, the quality of life is getting better due to greater knowledge of society and the practice of healthy attitudes and medical studies. All these factors lead to questioning the need for retirement at 70, since many times the pastor at that age these days can be at the peak of his knowledge and teachings to the community. However, this is the reality, the jubilation today significantly alter the social aspects of life and property of the pastor. The pastor takes a while in active social life according to their duties and obligations, but if you see a sudden you have to redo their activities, their routine tasks and duties may have several results that will be analyzed in this research. Moreover, as the pastor of retirement when his life has affected the equity principle, unless the same together with the Church to develop a retirement plan. These aspects of extreme importance for the correct and dignified conduct of the Presbyterian Church of Brazil, and other related is to be addressed in this work with the intuit to solve this major issue surrounding the current Presbyterian minister. / As Ciências da Religião são um tipo de ciência que precisa da pesquisa constante pois, muitos são os temas que orbitam nos seus domínios, desde aspectos bíblicos, passando por sua relação com a sociedade até o dia-a-dia da vida dos religiosos, esta vasta gama aliada dinâmica do mundo atual precisa ser continuamente estudada. Entre os temas possíveis encontrou-se a vida do pastor que após anos de estudos, prestação de serviços a comunidade e a sociedade e de remuneração financeira para sua atividade vê-se com 70 anos exonerado. Com a exoneração compulsória como fica a vida do pastor presbiteriano? A presente dissertação tem como objetivos a analise do lugar ocupado pelo pastor presbiteriano na igreja após a sua jubilação, analisando ainda os conflitos advindos nos aspectos sociais e patrimoniais após a jubilação. Para tanto, usará a metodologia dedutiva partindo da pesquisa bibliográfica do assunto nas mais diversas fontes cientificas, como por exemplo o senso da Igreja Presbiteriana do Brasil/2010 e os índices de desenvolvimento Humano(IDH), bem como nos ordenamentos da Igreja Presbiteriana do Brasil. Pretende-se com o presente trabalho apresentar todas as questões relacionadas com o tema e apresentar uma solução digna para a vida do pastor após a jubilação e da mesma forma atual tendo em vista os atuais aumento na expectativa de vida e da qualidade de vida dos seres humanos, respeitando assim os direitos de personalidade do idoso. Esta dissertação analisa a situação fática da jubilação do pastor presbiteriano ao completar 70 anos. Este fato é uma realidade em toda Igreja Presbiteriana do Brasil, porém as conseqüências na vida social e patrimonial deste fato é pouco discutida. A vida do pastor presbiteriano é regrada por seus estudos e a aplicação dos mesmos nos ensinamentos para a comunidade das diversas maneiras possíveis. Após anos e anos de cumplicidade o pastor sabe que aos 70 anos será jubilado, porém atualmente ter 70 anos é bem diferente do que ter 70 anos há 10, 20 ou mais anos atrás. O índice de expectativa de vida aumenta a cada ano no Brasil e na maioria dos países do mundo, além disso, a qualidade de vida é cada vez melhor devido ao maior conhecimento da sociedade e a prática de atitudes saudáveis e estudos médicos. Todos esses fatores levam ao questionamento da necessidade de jubilação aos 70 anos, uma vez que muitas vezes o pastor nessa idade nos dias de hoje pode estar no auge de seus conhecimentos e ensinamentos para a comunidade. Todavia, esta é a realidade, a jubilação hoje altera significativamente os aspectos da vida social e patrimonial do pastor. O pastor enquanto na ativa leva uma vida social de acordo com suas tarefas e obrigações, mas se ver de uma hora para outra obrigado a refazer suas atividades, sua rotina, suas tarefas e obrigações podem ter diversos resultados que serão analisados por essa pesquisa. Além disso, da mesma forma, o pastor quando da jubilação terá sua vida patrimonial afetada a princípio, a não ser que o mesmo em conjunto com a Igreja desenvolvam um plano de aposentadoria. Estes aspectos de extrema importância para a condução digna e correta da Igreja Presbiteriana do Brasil, além de outros correlacionados é que serão abordados neste trabalho com o intuído de solucionar esta grande questão atual que envolve o pastor presbiteriano.

Legal aspects of sports financing from the government budget Abstract The present thesis deals with legal aspects of sports financing process. Sports financing from the government budget, constitutes the greatest fraction of income to sports organizations and sports clubs. The present study scrutinizes the legal aspects of financial support of sports from the government budget, via thorough analysis anchored in legal research. Individual sections of the thesis ponder the redistribution of funds from the government budget. First, it explains how the whole process of funding from the state budget commences, what actors are involved in it and also what volume of financial aid is granted to the department of sport. The thesis describes and evaluates the individual parts of the process, which has led to an overview of the entire issue of state financing of sport. It also outlines the development of sports support throughout the past century and further explains why effective legislation is still considered to be inadequate. The present study further illustrates the current institutional provision of sport support system. The thesis deals with the issue of sports financing from levies on lottery companies and its influence on the support of sport. The governing point of the present thesis is the notion of state...

本文所論述者、厥為漢唐宰相制度。全文除緒論、結論、及附錄外，計分前後兩編： 前編論述漢代宰相制度，凡七章，第一章為「丞相制度的由來與漢代宰相名稱的遞變 」，第二章為「漢代宰相機關」，第三章為「漢代宰相的秩位尊榮與職責」，第四章 為「漢代宰相的權力（從權力行使之方式看）」，第五章為「漢代宰相的權力（從權 力所及之事項看）」，第六章為「漢代宰相實權的分析」，第七章為「漢代宰相的任 免人選及其下場」。後編論述唐代宰相制度，亦包括七章，第一章為「三省制度的由 來與唐代宰相名稱的遞變」，第二章為「唐代宰相機關」，第三章為「唐代宰相的品 秩尊榮與職責」，第四章為「唐代宰相的權力（從權力行使之方式看）」，第五章為 「唐代宰相的權力（從權力所及之事項看）」，第六章為「唐代宰相實權的分析」， 第七章為「唐代宰相的任免人選及其下場」。全文都七十餘萬言。

本文所論述者、厥為漢唐宰相制度。全文除緒論、結論、及附錄外，計分前後兩編： 前編論述漢代宰相制度，凡七章，第一章為「丞相制度的由來與漢代宰相名稱的遞變 」，第二章為「漢代宰相機關」，第三章為「漢代宰相的秩位尊榮與職責」，第四章 為「漢代宰相的權力（從權力行使之方式看）」，第五章為「漢代宰相的權力（從權 力所及之事項看）」，第六章為「漢代宰相實權的分析」，第七章為「漢代宰相的任 免人選及其下場」。後編論述唐代宰相制度，亦包括七章，第一章為「三省制度的由 來與唐代宰相名稱的遞變」，第二章為「唐代宰相機關」，第三章為「唐代宰相的品 秩尊榮與職責」，第四章為「唐代宰相的權力（從權力行使之方式看）」，第五章為 「唐代宰相的權力（從權力所及之事項看）」，第六章為「唐代宰相實權的分析」， 第七章為「唐代宰相的任免人選及其下場」。全文都七十餘萬言。

本文所論述者、厥為漢唐宰相制度。全文除緒論、結論、及附錄外，計分前後兩編： 前編論述漢代宰相制度，凡七章，第一章為「丞相制度的由來與漢代宰相名稱的遞變 」，第二章為「漢代宰相機關」，第三章為「漢代宰相的秩位尊榮與職責」，第四章 為「漢代宰相的權力（從權力行使之方式看）」，第五章為「漢代宰相的權力（從權 力所及之事項看）」，第六章為「漢代宰相實權的分析」，第七章為「漢代宰相的任 免人選及其下場」。後編論述唐代宰相制度，亦包括七章，第一章為「三省制度的由 來與唐代宰相名稱的遞變」，第二章為「唐代宰相機關」，第三章為「唐代宰相的品 秩尊榮與職責」，第四章為「唐代宰相的權力（從權力行使之方式看）」，第五章為 「唐代宰相的權力（從權力所及之事項看）」，第六章為「唐代宰相實權的分析」， 第七章為「唐代宰相的任免人選及其下場」。全文都七十餘萬言。

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Presidential power and constitutional issues are at the very core of recent popular upheavals in the former Soviet republics, as demonstrated by the Orange Revolution in Ukraine in 2004, and similar protests in Georgia in 2003 and in Kyrgyzstan in 2005. After the demise of the Soviet Union, these countries opted for a particular form of semi-presidentialism, here referred to as president-parliamentary. This dissertation deals with president-parliamentary systems, as well as with the other form of semi-presidentialism, namely premier-presidentialism. The study examines a typical feature of semi-presidentialism, i.e. intra-executive conflicts between the president and the prime minister/cabinet, by analysing the pattern, institutional triggers, and implications of such conflicts in Central and Eastern Europe. In addition, the choice of semi-presidentialism and differences in transitional context and constitutional building are accounted for. The following countries are specifically dealt with: Bulgaria, Croatia, Lithuania, Moldova, Poland, and Romania, Russia and Ukraine. The study’s empirical base is a mixture of data derived from literature, reports, review of constitutional documents, as well as from an expert survey conducted among analysts with an expert knowledge on the countries under scrutiny. The results suggest that both actor-oriented and historical-institutional factors have to be considered in order to understand why so many post-communist countries ended up with semi-presidentialism, and why there is such a sharp divide between Central Europe and the (non-Baltic) former Soviet republics with regard to the choice of semi-presidential type. The pattern of intra-executive struggles reveals that conflicts were somewhat more recurrent in the early period following the transition, but persist as a frequently occurring phenomenon throughout the post-communist period. The most common type of conflict has revolved around division of powers within the executive branch. As for triggers of conflict, the study suggests that certain institutional factors, such as electoral concurrence and party system fragmentation, have been important. Regarding the management of conflict, and the options available to the conflicting parties, the analysis indicates that the constitutional courts have played an important role as conflict mediators, and that attempts of changing the constitution, and using public addresses are options preferred by the presidents. Finally, the analysis shows that intra-executive conflict is associated with cabinet instability. A case study example also illustrates how the president-parliamentary framework can be related to policy ineffectiveness. The study finally concludes that premier-presidential systems have great governance potential provided that the party systems develop and consolidate. The conclusions regarding the president-parliamentary system are less encouraging, and it is argued that the adoption of this system is an important factor in relation to the failed democratisation in many post-Soviet countries.