Convidamos os leitores a nos seguir numa viagem pelo tempo e pelo espaço para observarmos o percurso realizado por um conjunto de artefatos bororo colocados em trânsito pelos padres salesianos há mais de 80 anos. Levados para Itália para serem exibidos em exposições missionárias, esses objetos foram repatriados em 2001 para serem expostos no então recém-inaugurado centro de cultura da aldeia indígena de Meruri, Estado do Mato Grosso, Brasil. Ao colocarmos essa coleção em foco, observaremos, em um só tempo, os processos sociais que a constituíram, assim como as transformações nas trajetórias de pessoas, coletividades e instituições que gravitam em seu entorno. Antes de tomá-los de partida como elementos de uma determinada coleção etnográfica bororo sob guarda da missão salesiana, interessa-nos compreender sua produção enquanto tal. Distante de uma perspectiva que os referenciam a uma escala cultural fixa, nossa viagem transforma tal coleção em um fio condutor para adentrarmos em um emaranhado de relações sociais e simbólicas, das quais essas peças emergem como signos moventes entre variados sistemas de significação / We invite readers to follow us on a journey through time and space, in order to observe the path taken by a number of bororo artefacts set in motion by Salesian priests more than 80 years ago. Taken to Italy to be displayed in missionary exhibitions, these objects were repatriated in 2001 to be shown at the just then inaugurated cultural center of the Meruri indian village, in Brazils Mato Grosso State. By highlighting this collection, we will observe, at once, the social processes that have constituted it, as well as the transformations of peoples trajectories, of collectivities and institutions that gravitate around it. Before assuming these artefacts as elements of a specific bororo ethnographic collection under control of a Salesian mission, our interest is to understand its production as such. Far from a perspective that makes reference to a fixed cultural scale, our journey transforms such collection into a thread that penetrates in a tangle of social and symbolic relations, from which these pieces emerge as moving signs among variable systems of meanings.

Esta investigação tem o objetivo de comparar as duas primeiras gramáticas produzidas sobre o quechua no século XVI. A primeira, Grammatica o arte de la lengua general de los incas de los reynos del Peru, foi escrita pelo dominicano Domingo de Santo Tomás (1499-1570) e publicada em Valladolid, no ano de 1560. A segunda, Arte y vocabulario en la lengua general del Peru llamada quichua, y en la lengua española, de autoria anônima, surgiu das atividades do Terceiro Concílio Limenho (1582-1583) e foi publicada em Lima, no ano de 1586. A hipótese inicial deste trabalho é a de que ambos os textos configuram modelos distintos de descrição gramatical da língua-objeto, se levadas em consideração as especificidades históricas e políticas que contextualizam a produção e circulação das duas gramáticas examinadas. Do ponto de vista lingüístico, os textos gramaticais materializam continuidades e descontinuidades em relação ao repertório gramatical latino de base e em relação ao quadro universalista renascentista que situa tais produções. Procurou-se demonstrar que o tratamento dos metatermos gramaticais e as opções metodológicas verificadas em cada caso encaminham concepções distintas para o homem e a língua quechua e diferentes projetos de colonização para o Peru do século XVI. / This report has the objective to compare the two first grammar books produced by the quechua in the sixteenth century. The first one Grammatica o arte de la lengua general de los incas de los reynos del Peru, was written by the Dominican Domingo de Santo Tomás (1499-1570) and published in Valladolid, in the year of 1560. The second one, Arte y vocabulario en la lengua general del Peru llamada quichua, y en la lengua española, whose author is unknown, came up during the activities of the Third Concilio Limenho (1582-1583) and it was published in Lima, in 1586. The first hypothesis of this work is that both texts have distinct patterns of grammatical descriptions of the language-object, if taken into consideration the political and historical specificities which contextualize the production and the circulation of both examined grammars. From the linguistic point of view, the grammar texts materialize the continuity and the lack of continuity related both to the Latin grammar repertoire basis and in relation to the renaissentist universalistic scenery where such productions are. Trying to demonstrate that the grammatical metaterms and the methodological options verified in each case have different conceptions for the man and the language quechua and different projects of Colonization for Peru in the sixteenth century.

As traduções de textos religiosos e as obras de José de Anchieta (1534-1597) em tupi, destinadas à catequese, apresentavam um alto grau de inculturação e tendiam a mesclar termos católicos e indígenas. Basicamente, seus propósitos eram o de introduzir e difundir os preceitos do Cristianismo na cultura dos nativos do Brasil colonial. O objetivo deste estudo é demonstrar que Anchieta usou em suas traduções termos da cosmologia indígena para ilustrar conceitos cristãos sem, contudo, levar em conta seus verdadeiros significados originais. Para isso, inicialmente, analisaremos o cenário da colonização na América espanhola e portuguesa e as ações missionárias lideradas pela Companhia de Jesus. Também serão analisadas as características da língua tupi e, a seguir, compararemos o trabalho de Anchieta com outras traduções jesuíticas ao redor do mundo no mesmo período. Para que possamos discorrer sobre as estratégias usadas por Anchieta, recorreremos à perspectiva das teorias de Eugene Nida (em especial o conceito de equivalência dinâmica), de Lawrence Venuti e de Maria Tymoczko. Tais autores nos fornecem parâmetros para classificar as escolhas tradutológicas feitas pelo missionário. Por fim, serão discutidos detalhadamente trechos dos escritos de Anchieta nos quais ele traduziu para o tupi importantes conceitos cristãos. / This thesis will examine the translation of religious texts by the Jesuit missionary José de Anchieta (1534-1597) in Brazil in the 16th century. The study shows that the translations of Anchieta contain a large amount of inculturation, a readiness to mix Catholic and native Indian terms, in order to achieve the catechism of the Indians, and thus their acculturation into Catholicism. However, this inculturation always remained at a superficial level. The study will show that Anchieta used terms from the spiritual world of the Tupi Indians in his translations as \"equivalents\" for Christian terms as a way of introducing Christianity but made no attempt to understand the deeper meaning of these terms. I make a parallel of Anchieta\'s readiness to mix Christian Catholic terms and concepts from the spiritual world of the Brazilian Indians. The thesis will initially examine the background of both Spanish and Portuguese colonizers of what is now called Latin America and the missionary movement. It will then examine some of the characteristics of the Tupi Indian language and Anchieta´s writings and compare them to other missionary translations in various countries. It will also analyze the translation strategies used by Anchieta from the perspective of the theories of Eugene Nida (specially the concept of \"dynamic equivalence\"), of Lawrence Venuti and Maria Tymoczko in order to classify the translation choices of Anchieta. It will finally analyze a number of Anchieta\'s writings in Tupi in which he translated certain important Christian concepts into Tupi.

Convidamos os leitores a nos seguir numa viagem pelo tempo e pelo espaço para observarmos o percurso realizado por um conjunto de artefatos bororo colocados em trânsito pelos padres salesianos há mais de 80 anos. Levados para Itália para serem exibidos em exposições missionárias, esses objetos foram repatriados em 2001 para serem expostos no então recém-inaugurado centro de cultura da aldeia indígena de Meruri, Estado do Mato Grosso, Brasil. Ao colocarmos essa coleção em foco, observaremos, em um só tempo, os processos sociais que a constituíram, assim como as transformações nas trajetórias de pessoas, coletividades e instituições que gravitam em seu entorno. Antes de tomá-los de partida como elementos de uma determinada coleção etnográfica bororo sob guarda da missão salesiana, interessa-nos compreender sua produção enquanto tal. Distante de uma perspectiva que os referenciam a uma escala cultural fixa, nossa viagem transforma tal coleção em um fio condutor para adentrarmos em um emaranhado de relações sociais e simbólicas, das quais essas peças emergem como signos moventes entre variados sistemas de significação / We invite readers to follow us on a journey through time and space, in order to observe the path taken by a number of bororo artefacts set in motion by Salesian priests more than 80 years ago. Taken to Italy to be displayed in missionary exhibitions, these objects were repatriated in 2001 to be shown at the just then inaugurated cultural center of the Meruri indian village, in Brazils Mato Grosso State. By highlighting this collection, we will observe, at once, the social processes that have constituted it, as well as the transformations of peoples trajectories, of collectivities and institutions that gravitate around it. Before assuming these artefacts as elements of a specific bororo ethnographic collection under control of a Salesian mission, our interest is to understand its production as such. Far from a perspective that makes reference to a fixed cultural scale, our journey transforms such collection into a thread that penetrates in a tangle of social and symbolic relations, from which these pieces emerge as moving signs among variable systems of meanings.

O objetivo geral deste Trabalho, contextualizado no campo da historiografia linguística, é proceder a um estudo sistemático sobre a emergência e o desenvolvimento da produção gramatical quéchua, em âmbito hispano-americano, entre os séculos XVI e XIX. Para tanto, buscamos examinar os domínios contextuais/institucionais, documentais e metodológicos que organizam as práticas linguísticas, nesse contexto, em perspectiva historiográfica. Tencionamos, ainda, de maneira específica, mapear a sistematização da metalinguagem gramatical relativa à categoria de caso nominal nos nomes substantivos, na língua andina, observando as continuidades e descontinuidades das perspectivas linguísticas que enquadram tal categoria no plano metodológico. Os autores considerados nesta Investigação são os seguintes: Santo Tomás (1560), Anônimo (1586), González Holguín (1607), Huerta (1616), Torres Rubio (1619), Roxo Mexia y Ocón (1648), Aguilar (1690), Melgar (1691), Nieto Polo (1753), Mossi (1857), Montaño (1864), Nodal (1872), Anchorena (1874), Mossi (1889), Paris (1892) e Grimm (1896). / The general objective of this report, contextualized in the field of linguistic historiography, is to carry out a systematic study about the emergence and development of Quechua grammar production, in Spanish-American context, between the sixteenth and nineteenth centuries. To this end, we seek to examine the contextual / institutional, documentary and methodological areas that organize linguistic practices in historiographical perspective. We also intended, on a specific way, to map the systematization of grammatical metalanguage related to the category of nominal case at the nouns names, in the Andean language, observing the continuities and discontinuities of linguistic perspectives that fits in this category on the methodological plane. The authors considered in this research are the following: Santo Tomás (1560), Anônimo (1586), González Holguín (1607), Huerta (1616), Torres Rubio (1619), Roxo Mexia y Ocón (1648), Aguilar (1690), Melgar (1691), Nieto Polo (1753), Mossi (1857), Montaño (1864), Nodal (1872), Anchorena (1874), Mossi (1889), Paris (1892) and Grimm (1896).

A integração regional da América do Sul se faz presente de forma física através da iniciativa da IIRSA, que, com o advento da UNASUL, passa a ser integrada ao COSIPLAN. Assim, novas infraestruturas são implementadas, provocando alterações no território. A fim de que se desvende essas alterações nos municípios-sede das futuras hidrelétricas, a presente dissertação traz à tona a análise do projeto do Complexo Hidrelétrico Garabi-Panambi na visão de três diferentes atores territoriais locais (dois prefeitos e MAB), traçando semelhanças e disparidades com hidrelétricas instaladas em diferentes tempos do século XX no território histórico missioneiro. Com o presente estudo, entende-se que a implementação do projeto hidrelétrico é vista como algo imposto pelo governo federal e pelo interesse internacional. Quanto às possíveis repercussões, compreende-se que elas se darão de forma negativa para as pessoas que serão removidas e também para o meio ambiente. As repercussões positivas poderão ser sentidas no desenvolvimento econômico através do turismo e do aumento de recurso para os municípios. / South American regional integration is physically present through the initiative of IIRSA, now integrated to COSIPLAN after the advent of UNASUL. Thus, new infrastructures are implemented causing changes in the territory. In order to disclose these changes in the host cities of future hydroelectric dams, this dissertation brings to light the implementation of the Garabi-Panambi Hydroelectric Complex, under the perspective of three different local territorial actors (mayors and MAB), drawing similarities and disparities with preivously installed hydroelectric dams in different moments of the twentieth century in the historical missionary territory. With the present study, we understand that the implementation of the hydroelectric project is seen as something imposed by the federal government and by international interest. Concerning the possible repercussions, we undesrtand that they will be negative to the people who will be removed from the area and for the environment too. The positive repercussions can be observed in economic development through tourism and the resources growth for municipalities.

The current study examines the implementation of one computer-assisted language learning program (CALL) called Technology Assisted Language Learning (TALL) in a pilot language curriculum at the LDS Missionary Training Center. Because CALL implementation is determined in large part by how successfully users are able to use the computer program to learn language, a primary purpose of this study was to investigate which implementation issues affected the language learning success of the missionaries that used TALL in the pilot curriculum. A survey was, therefore, designed and administered to 86 missionaries from French, Spanish, German, and Mandarin language areas in order to determine which CALL user characteristics were predictive of TALL user success. Through a regression analysis , this study found that the most highly predictive factors on TALL user success were (a) a high indication of pro-activity on the part of the learners in figuring out how to use TALL to their advantage, (b) a high indication of goal-orientation in approaching TALL use with a specific purpose in mind, and (c) a high indication of interaction with the TALL program through frequent use of the electronic glossary feature, the "listen to your voice" feature, and the strategy of repeating out loud the words and phrases encountered while working on TALL. The missionary survey was also analyzed descriptively, and results from this analysis revealed that missionaries in the pilot curriculum felt that more training on how to use TALL effectively would have helped them to be more successful. Focus groups with the missionaries were also conducted in order to better understand their experiences with the TALL program. The analysis of these focus groups revealed that although many missionaries reported liking TALL, there were many who did not sufficiently understand how to successfully use it within the pilot curriculum; a lack of training seemed to be a big contributor to this lack of user success. Additionally, focus groups found that missionaries believed the TALL listening activities to be the most helpful TALL activities. A teacher survey was also designed and administered to the 19 teachers who taught missionaries in the pilot curriculum. Results of the teacher survey revealed a desire for more formal training on how to train missionaries to use the TALL program effectively. In conclusion and based on evidence in the literature and from this study, suggestions are provided for more effective teacher and learner training on TALL.

The purpose of this work is to chronicle the growth of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil from its earliest beginnings in the late 1930s to the events surrounding the revelation on the priesthood in 1978. This thesis will show that as the Church in Rio became less American and more Brazilian, Church growth accelerated. When missionaries first began working in the city, its membership, leadership, culture, and even language was based on North American society and practices, and the Church struggled to establish itself. Only as these aspects of the Church became more Brazilian did it begin to have greater success in the area. This survey history of the Church in Rio de Janeiro will begin in 1935 with the influential work of Daniel Shupe—a North American Church member who lived and worked in Rio and translated the Book of Mormon into Portuguese. We will then examine the work of the missionaries both before and after World Warr II, the growth of Brazilian Church leadership in the city, and how the Church established itself as a center of strength for the Church. Finally, our study will conclude with the 1978 revelation extending the priesthood to all worthy male members regardless of race and the immediate influence of that shift on the Church in the city. The focus of this work will be on the major factors and most influential individuals that affect Church growth and stability in Rio, thereby providing an in-depth study of the effects of language, culture, leadership, and race on the Church in this intriguing and influential city.

<p>Vårt syfte med uppsatsen är att göra en jämförelse av synen på mission mellan tre samfund som är etablerade och tre nya religiösa rörelser. Samfunden vi valt att studera är Evangeliska frikyrkan, Pingstkyrkan, Svenska missionskyrkan, Mormonerna, Livets Ord och Jehovas vittnen.</p><p>Det etablerade samfunden</p><p>• Det man ser är att inom de etablerade samfunden så för alla ut evangeliet. Alla delar samma vision genom att följa det som står i Bibeln.</p><p>• Inom de etablerade ser man att de har en gemensam helhetssyn på världen, människan och på Kristi uppdrag.</p><p>• De etablerade samfunden följer samma grundprinciper och missionen bedrivs med kärlekens styrka. Genom missionen bär man vittnesbörd om Kristus.</p><p>• Hur man missionerar är väldigt lika mellan det etablerade samfunden. Man använder sig av den nya tekniken för att nå ut med sitt budskap. Som radio, internet, satellit och teve.</p><p>De nya religiösa samfunden</p><p>• Inom de nyreligiösa samfunden eftersträvar man också att nå ut med evangeliet och kunskap men metoderna kan skilja sig åt.</p><p>• De nyreligiösa samfundens grundprinciper för att bedriva mission är snarlika de etablerade samfundens. Förutom Mormonerna som betonar Joseph Smiths uppenbarelser.</p><p>• Hur man missionerar inom de nya religiösa samfunden varierar. Tar man Jehovas Vittnen så är det deras kall att vara ute och knacka dörr, de använder sig inte av den nya tekniken på det sätt som Mormonerna och Livets Ord gör. De vill använda samma metod som Jesus själv använde.</p><p>Gemensamt för alla samfunden</p><p>• Missionen anses som en förutsättning för samfundens fortlevnad. Missioner är det absolut det viktigaste för samfunden. Det beror på att alla följer Guds vilja som det står så tydligt i missionsbefallningen.</p><p>• Kvinnorna har alltid haft en central roll i samfundens missionsverksamhet</p><p>• Samfunden har en drivkraft att göra gott för människor.</p><p>Det är intressant att notera hur viktig kvinnorna varit för samfundens utvecklig. Att det fanns så många eldsjälar som kämpade på tack vare sin starka kallelse att följa Gud. Trots att förhållanden ibland var mindre gynnsamma för deras hälsa.</p><p>Det vi upplever är att Jehovas Vittnen är ett mer slutet samfund som hela tiden är beroende av sitt huvudorgan. I alla de övriga samfunden finns en möjlighet att påverka ledningens beslut. Om församlingen anser att missionen är viktig inom ett visst område och inte ledningen kan församlingen få ledningen att ändra sitt beslut. Det är vanligt att olika församlingar inom samma samfund hjälps åt i missionsarbetet. Tar man Pingstkyrkan i Gävle som ett exempel så hjälper andra Pingstkyrkor till med att sponsra deras missionär. Sedan sponsrar Pingstkyrkan i Gävle en av de andra församlingarnas missionärer.</p>

King Ngungunyana was the lord of the mighty Gaza Empire, covering most of the interior Mozambique south of the Zambezi and parts of present Zimbabwe, when the Portuguese in 1885 were requested by the Berlin Congress to accelerate their colonization. The small enclaves around certain port towns were no longer sufficient, in order to claim the territory as one's colony. "Effective occupation" was the new precept, leading very soon to conflict with King Ngungunyana and, in 1895, the defeat of the Gaza Empire. Thus began Portugal's factual colonization of Mozambique. A few years earlier, Protestant missionaries of the American Board of Commissioners for Foreign Mission bad attempted to begin mission work within the Gaza Empire. Although invited by the King, the effort failed and the missionaries settled near the town of Inhambane, within the Portuguese realm. Catholic Missions, which had been successful during the previous centuries, had ceased to function in all Mozambique, as Religious Orders bad been prohibited since 1834. Seemingly, the arrival of Protestants to Inhambane and also to Lourenço Marques, however, stimulated the Catholic Church into action, and around 1890 new Missions were established "to combat the Protestant propaganda". Meanwhile, the American Board missionaries withdrew, and from 1893 we find American Methodists working in their stead. Part Two of the dissertation deals with the time of the Republic in Portugal, from 1910. Strongly anti-clerical, the Republicans enforced the separation of the Church from the State. This led to difficult times for the Catholic Missions in Mozambique, while it facilitated, somewhat, the task of the Protestants. However, the urge to "civilize the natives" gradually made the Republicans accept the Catholic Missions as "civilizing factors". The spirit of this period allowed for the development of the first Independent African Churches in Mozambique, as well as a first African attempt at political independence. Part Three, 1926-1960, pictures the firmer political grip of "0 Estado Novo", under dictator Antonio Salazar. Forced labour and oppression were the lot of the people, and the Portuguese Catholic Church became the "spiritual arm of the State". "Portugalization" was the new formula. This placed all education of the Africans into the bands of the Catholic Missions, simultaneously closing all Protestant village schools. The period is characterized by a "tug-of-war" between Catholics and the Protestants, who survived by experimentation with new methods and, paradoxically, grew in numbers. The final part of this dissertation, 1961-1974, deals with the Liberation Struggle of FRELIMO, and the Portuguese response. The Portuguese Catholic Church was still, unfailingly, supporting the political regime and its war efforts. Gradually, a growing force of opposition within the Church became courageously active. Meanwhile, Protestant Missions prepared for the future by "africanizing" their structures, and some were made to suffer for alleged subversion, before the "Carnation Revolution" in 1974 put a sudden end to war activities. I suggest that several elements within the Church history of Mozambique contributed to the negative attitude towards religion, which was displayed by FRELIMO during the first years of independence.